CLIMAX, a narrow passage on the coast of Lycia, | to Eustace, white herds are still seen wandering over near Phaselis. (Vid. Phaselis.) the rich plain watered by this river. (Classical Tour, vol. 1, p. 322.)

CLINIAS, I. a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before the Christian era. (Elian, V. H., 14, 23.)-II. An Athenian, said by Herodotus (8, 17) to have been the bravest of his countrymen in the battle fought against the Persian fleet at Artemisium: and the Athenians are said by the same writer to have conducted themselves on that occasion

with the greatest valour of any of the Greeks.-This Clinias was the father of the celebrated Alcibiades. He married Dinomache, the daughter of Megacles, grandson to Agariste, the daughter of Clisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon. He fell at the battle of Coronea. Consult the learned note of Valckenaer (ad Herodot., 1. c.) for other particulars respecting this Clinias. III. The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B.C. 263. (Vid. Aratus II.)

CLIO, one of the Muses. She presided over history, and was generally represented as holding a halfopened roll. The invention of the cithara was ascribed to her. Having drawn on herself the anger of Venus, by taunting her with her passion for Adonis, Clio was inspired by the goddess with love for Pierus, the son of Magnes, and bore him a son named Hyacinthus. (Apoliod., 1, 3, 2, seqq.) Her name (K2ɛw) is derived from Khɛlog (lonic for khéoç), glory, renown, &c., because she celebrates the glorious actions of the good and brave.

CLITUS, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander, who had saved the king's life in battle. Alexander killed him with a javelin in a fit of inebriety, because, at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. (Vid. Alexander.)

CLOACINA, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the cloace. These cloaca were sewers for carrying off the filth of the city. The main one was called Cloaca Maxima. From what remains of the Cloaca Maxima at the present day, we may infer that the praise which the ancients bestowed on the Roman cloaca generally was not unmerited. The first cloaca were constructed by the two Tarquins. Tarquinius Priscus drained the low grounds of the city about the Forum, and the valleys lying between the hills (the Palatine and Capitoline), by cloace, which were carried into the Tiber. (Liv., 1, 38.) But the draining was imperfect, and the Cloaca Maxima was in consequence built by Tarquinius Superbus. (Lưv., 1, 56.) It crossed the Roman Forum beneath the level of the pavement, and in ancient times it is said that the tunnel was so large that a wagon loaded with hay could easily pass under it. (Strabo, 235.) Pliny expresses his wonder at the solidity and durability of this great undertaking, which, after a lapse of 800 years, still remained uninjured and entire (36, 15). At the present day, however, all that we see of it is the upper part of a gray massy arch of peperin stone, as solid as the day it was built, through which the water almost imperceptibly flows. Though choked up nearly to its top by the artificial elevation of the surface of modern Rome, it is curious to see it still serving as the common sewer of the city, after the lapse of nearly three thousand years. When the Tiber, into which it flows, is flooded, the water in the cloaca is driven back so as to rise above the keystone of the arch, and hide it from view. When the Tiber is low, not only this arch, but also the arch through which it discharges its sordid flood into the river, may be seen from the Ponte Rotto, or still more distinctly from the river itself. Dionysius informs us (3, 67), that it cost the state the enormous sum of 1000 talents to have the cloaca cleaned and repaired. We hear also of other sewers being made from time to time on Mount Aventine and other places, by the censors M. Cato and Valerius Flaccus (Liv., 39, 44), but more especially, by Agrippa, who, according to Pliny (l. c.), is said to have introduced whole rivers into these hollow channels, on which the city was, as it were, suspended, and thus was rendered subterraneously navigable. (Compare Strabo, l. c.-Cassiod, Var. Ep., 3, 30.) It would seem, according to the common account, that the early cloaca were at first carried through the streets; but that, through want of regularity in rebuilding the city after it was burned by the Gauls, they in many places passed under private houses.-Some architects, in order to support their improbable theory CLITUMNUS, a river of Umbria, rising in the vicinity that the construction of the arch was not known even of Spoletum, and falling into the Tinia, and both to- in Greece (where the art had reached a perfection it gether into the Tiber. The modern name of the Cli-will never more attain) till about a hundred years betumnus is Clitunno. It was famous, according to Virgil, for its milk-white herds, selected as victims in the celebration of the triumph. (Virg., Georg, 2, 146-Propert., 2, el. 19, 25.-Sil. Ital., 8, 452.Juv., 12, 13-Claud., 6, Cons. Hon., 506.) The beautiful description which the younger Pliny (Ep., 8,8) has left us of this sacred river and its little temple, the ruins of which are still to be seen near the posthouse of Le Verre, between Foligno and Spoleto, will be read with most pleasure in the original. (Compare Venuti, Osservazioni sopra il fiume Clitunno, del suo Culto e Tempio, Rom., 1773, 4to.Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 270.) According

CLITOMACHUS, a native of Carthage. (Diog. Laert., 4, 67, seqq.) In his early years he acquired a fondness for learning, which induced him to visit Greece for the purpose of attending the schools of the philosophers. From the time of his first arrival in Athens he attached himself to Carneades, and continued his disciple until his death, when he became his successor in the academic chair. He studied with great industry, and made himself master of the systems of the other schools; but professed the doctrine of suspension of assent, as it had been taught by his master. Cicero relates, that he wrote four hundred books upon philosophical subjects. At an advanced age he was seized with a lethargy. Recovering in some measure the use of his faculties, he said, "The love of life shall deceive me no longer," and laid violent hands upon himself. He entered, as we have said, upon the office of preceptor in the academy immediately after the death of Carneades, and held it thirty years. According to Cicero, he taught that there is no certain criterion by which to judge of the truth of those reports which we receive from the senses, and that, therefore, a wise man will either wholly suspend his assent, or decline giving a peremptory opinion; but that, nevertheless, men are strongly impelled by nature to follow probability. His moral doctrine established a natural alliance between pleasure and virtue. He was a professed enemy to rhetoric, and thought that no place should be allowed in society to so dangerous an art. (Sext. Emp. adv. Rhet, § 20.—Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 258.)

fore the Christian era, have attempted to controvert the antiquity of the Cloaca Maxima, and attribute it to a much later period. (Compare Hirt, Gesch. der Baukunst, vol. 2, p. 123, and Müller, Etrusker, vol. 1, p. 259.) But if it had really been rebuilt, as a late learned antiquary chose to imagine, by Angustus, would it have escaped the notice of Suetomus? or would Livy, that minute and accurate historian, who extols its grandeur and antiquity, and carefully chronicles the erection of every temple and basilica, have failed to record such a work as this, which must have been executed before his own eyes, and by the very prince in whose court he was living? On the

CLO

keep him in check, Pompey procured the recall of Ci-
cero from exile, which he could not effect, however,
without the strenuous aid of the tribune Milo; and
not long after Clodius was slain in a conflict that took
place between his followers and those of Milo. (Cic.,
Or. pro Mil.-Plut., Vit. Cic.)

contrary, he expressly says, "that Tarquin made the | did he become even to his own party, that, in order to great subterranean cloaca to carry off the filth of the city, a work so vast that even the magnificence of the present age has not been able to equal it." (Liv., 1, 56.) Pliny also, who records its repair in the reign of Augustus, expressly says, that, after 800 years, this opus omnium maximum continued as strong as when first built by Tarquin. It may, indeed, seem incredible, that the Romans, in that rude age, should have been capable of executing so noble a piece of architecture; but Livy tells us, that Tarquin sent for artists from every part of Etruria," for this and his other public works. Nothing can be clearer than this evidence of the Cloaca Maxima being the work of the Tarquins; and its denial only affords one of the many proofs, that antiquaries will pervert or overlook facts when they interfere with their favourite theories. This cloaca, therefore, is doubly interesting, not only from its extraordinary grandeur and antiquity, but from being, perhaps, the sole, and certainly the finest, remains of Etruscan architecture that have come down to our times. (Rome in the 19th Century, vol. 1, p. 249, not. Compare Burgess, Antiquities of Rome, vol. 2, p. 223.)

CLOANTHUS, one of the companions of Eneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome claimed descent. (Virg., Æn., 5, 122.)

CLODIA, I. a sister of Clodius the tribune, and a female of the most abandoned character. She married Q. Metellus Celer, and was suspected of having poisoned him.-II. The younger sister of the preceding, and equally infamous in character. She married Lucullus, but was repudiated by him for her scandalous conduct. (Plut., Vit. Lucull)

CLODIA LEX, I. de Cypro, was brought forward by the tribune Clodius, A.Ü.C. 695, that Cyprus should be taken from Ptolemy and made a Roman province. This was done in order to punish that monarch for having refused Clodius money to pay his ransom when taken by the pirates, and to remove Cato out of the way by appointing him to see the law executed.-II. Another, de Magistratibus, A.U.C. 695, by the same. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both of them.-III. Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same distribuion of corn among the people gratis, as had been given .hem before at six asses and a triens the modius.-IV. Another, A.U.C. 695, by the same, de Judiciis. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the Cicero was aimed at by this formalities of a trial. law, and soon after, by means of a hired mob, was actually banished.

CLODIUS, Publius, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, but notorious as a bold and reckless demagogue, and a man of the most corrupt morals. Besides being guilty of the most revolting turpitude in the case of his nearest female relatives, he introduced himself, in woman's clothing, into the house of Julius Cæsar, with improper designs against Pompeia, the wife of Cæsar, of whom he was enamoured, and who was then celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea, at which no male was allowed to be present. He was tried for the sacrilege, but escaped punishment by bribing the judges. In order to be eligible to the tribuneship, he relinquished his patrician rank, and had himself adopted into a plebeian family. While filling the office of tribune he had numerous laws passed, favourable to the people and adverse to the patriHe procured for Cato, whom he detested, the government of Cyprus, in order that he might lose his reputation in this difficult office, and along with it the influence which he enjoyed at Rome. He cherished equal hatred towards Cicero, whom he finally succeeded in driving from the city. So troublesome at last

cians.

CLELIA, a Roman virgin, given as a hostage to PorAccording to the old Roman legend, when senna. Porsenna and the Romans made a peace after the affair of Mucius Scævola, the latter people gave hostages to the king, ten youths and ten maidens, children of noble parents, as a pledge that they would truly keep the peace which had been made. It happened, as the camp of the Etrurians was near the Tiber, that Cloelia, one of the maidens, escaped with her companions, and fied to the brink of the river; and, as the Etrurians purBut the Romans, jealous of sued them, they all rushed into the water and swam in safety across the stream. their reputation for good faith, sent them all back to the camp of Porsenna. Not to be outdone in generosity, the monarch gave her and her female compan ions their freedom, and permitted her to take with het half of the youths; whereupon, with the delicacy of a Roman maiden, she selected those only who were of The Romans raised an equestrian tender years. statue in honour of her, on the highest part of the Sacred Way. (Liv., 2, 13.) She was also rewarded with a horse and arms. (Fragm. Dion. Cass., 4.-Bekker, Anecd., 1, p. 133, 8.) There is another story, that Tarquinius fell upon the hostages as they were conducted into the Etrurian camp; and, with the exception of Valeria, who fled back to the city, massacred them all. (Plin., 34, 13.)

CLOTHO, the youngest of the three Parce, daughters of Jupiter and Themis. (Vid. Parca.) She held the distaff, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (kλúbεw, to spin).

CLUENTIUS, a Roman, who, at his mother's instigation, was accused of having poisoned his stepfather Oppianicus. He was defended with great ability by Cicero, in an oration which is still extant. (Vid. Cicero.)

CLUSIUM, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, on the banks of the Clanis. Its more ancient name was Camers. (Liv., 10, 25.-Compare Muller, Etrusker, vol. 1, p. 102, where the name Camers or Camars is regarded Conas a proof of the place's having been originally possessed by the Umbrian race of the Camertes. sult also Cluver, It. Ant., vol. 2, p. 567.) The Gauls under Brennus besieged it, but marched to Rome withIt was at Clusium that Porsenna held out taking it. his court; and near this city he erected for himself the splendid mausoleum of which Pliny has transmitted to us a description on the authority of Varro. (Plin., 36, 13.) The whole account seems to bear no small appearance of fiction; for, had such a stupendous work really existed, some traces of it would surely have remained, not merely in Pliny's day, but even in the present age.-Pliny (3, 5) makes a distinction between Clusium Vetus and Novum; and a village, named Chiusi, supposed to represent the latter, is pointed out at the foot of the Apennines, north of Arezzo, in confirmation of this distinction. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 219.)

CLUSIUS, I. or CLESIUS, a river of Gallia Transpada na, rising among the Euganei, and flowing between the Lake Benacus and the river Mela. It is now the Chiese, or Chiso, one of the tributaries of the Oglio.-II. The surname of Janus, when his temple was shut. (Ovid, Fast., 1, 130.)

CLYMĚNE, I. a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, who married Iapetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menoetius, and Epimetheus. (Hesiod, Theog., 508, seqq.)-II. The mother of Phaethon. (Ovid, Met., 1, 756.)-III. A female servant of Helen, who ac

companied her mistress to Troy when she eloped with | obtained the dominion of nearly the whole island. The Paris. (Orid, Heroid., 17, 267.—Hom., Il., 3, 144.) vestiges of this city are discernible at the present day, CLYMENEIDES, a patronymic given to Phaethon's to the east of the town of Candia, which has commusisters, who were daughters of Clymene. nicated to the island its present name. The precise CLYPEA (called by the Greek writers ASPIS), now site of the ruins is called Long Candra. (Cramer's Aklibia, a town of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 368, seqq.) The name of this Carthage. It was built upon a promontory which was city is sometimes written with an initial G, as Gnoshaped like a shield. Agathocles seized upon this sus, and the I occurs actually on some coins, but the place when he landed in Africa, fortified it, and gave more common initial letter in Greek inscriptions and it, from the shape of the promontory, the name of As-on coins is the K. (Compare Rasche, Lex. Rei pis ("a shield" in Greek, same as Clypeus in Latin). The natives called the promontory Taphitis. This town served as a stronghold to Regulus in the first Punic war. (Lucan, 4, 586.-Liv., 27, 29.—Cas.,

from innumerable weeds upon its banks, and occasions the greatest part of the malaria of the plain." (Hughes, Travels in Greece, &c., vol. 2, p. 311.-Compare Wordsworth's Greece, p. 254, seqq.)

CODANUS SINUS, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. Mela (3, 3, 6) represents it as full of large and small islands, the largest of which he calls Scandinavia; so also Pliny (4, 13). The name Codanus seems to have some reference to that of the Goths in sound. The modern term Baltic appears to be derived from the Celtic Balt or Belt, denoting a collection of water; whence also the name of the straits, Great and Little Belt. (Malte-Brun, Dict. Geogr., p. viii.) CODOMANNUS, a surname of Darius the Third, king of Persia. (Vid. Darius III.)

the time of Dioclesian it received the name of Phonicia Libanesia. The modern appellation is given by some as El-Bokah. (Mela, 1, 11.-Plin., 5, 12.Jornand., de Regn. Success., p. 65, &c.)

CELIA LEX, a law passed A.U.C. 630, that in trials for treason the people should vote by ballot, which had been excepted by the Cassian law. (Consalt Cic, de Leg., 3, 16.)

CELIUS, a young Roman of considerable talents and acquirements, but of dissolute character, who had been intrusted to the care of Cicero on his first introduction to the Forum. Having imprudently engaged in an intrigue with Clodia, the well-known sister of Clodius, and having afterward deserted her, she accused him of an attempt to poison her, and of having borrowed money from her in order to procure the assassination of Dio, the Alexandrean ambassador. He was defended by Cicero in a speech still extant, and obtained an acquittal. We find him subsequently attaining to the prætorship, and engaging eventually in the civil contest, in which he lost his life. In this, as in most other prosecutions of the period, a number of charges, unconnected with the main one, seem to have been accumulated in order to give the chief accusation additional force and credibility. Cicero had thus to defend his client against the suspicions arising from the general libertinism of his conduct. Middleton has pronounced this to be the most entertaining of the orations which Cicero has left us, from the vivacity of wit and humour with which he treats the gallantries of Clodia, her commerce with Cœlius, and, in general, the gayeties and licentiousness of youth. This oration was a particular favourite with the celebrated Mr. Fox. (Dunlop's Roman Literature, vol. 2, p. 309, seqq.-Correspondence of Wakefield and For, p. 50.)

CŒLUS, one of the earlier deities, and the spouse of Terra. He is the same with the Grecian Uranus. (Vid. Uranus.)

CODRUS, the last king of Athens. He received the sceptre from his father Melanthus, and was now far advanced in years, having reigned for a considerable time, when some of the Dorian states united their forces for the invasion of Attica. The Dorian army marched to Athens, and lay encamped under its walls; and the oracle at Delphi had assured them of success. provided they spared the life of the Athenian king A friendly Delphian, named Cleomantis, disclosed the answer of the oracle to the Athenians, and Codrus resolved to devote himself for his country in a manner not unlike that which immortalized among the Romans, at a later date, the name of the Decii. He went out at the gate disguised in a woodman's garb, and, falling in with two Dorians, killed one with his bill, and was killed by the other. The Athenians thereupon sent a herald to claim the body of their king, and the Dorian chiefs, deeming the war hopeless, withdrew their forces from Attica -This story, which continued for centuries to warm the patriotism of the Athenians, has been regarded by some as altogether improbable. It would seem, however, to be confirmed by the fact mentioned by the orator Lycurgus (contra Leocr., p. 158), that Cleomantis, and his posterity, were honoured with the privilege, of sharing the entertainment provided in the Prytaneum at Athens for the guests of the state. But we scarcely know how the current tradition is to be reconciled with another preserved by Pausanias (7, 25), that a part of the Dorian army effected their entrance by night within the walls, and, being surrounded by their enemies, took refuge at the altars of the Eumenides on the Areopagus, and were spared by the piety of the Athenians. If, however, either must be rejected as a fabrication, this last has certainly the slighter claim to credit. After the death of Codrus, the nobles, taking advantage, perhaps, of the opportunity afforded by a dispute between his sons, are said to have abolished the title of king, and to have substituted for it that of archon. This new office was to be held for life, and then transmitted to the son of the deceased. The first of these hereditary archons was Medon, son of Codrus, from whom the thirteen following archons were called Medontidæ, as being his lineal descend-repute, and was made, according to Herodotus (2, 105), ants. (Vid. Archontes.-Thirlwall's Hist. of Greece, vol. 1, p. 275, vol. 2, p. 15.)

COELE (Kolan), or, the Hollow, I. the northern division of Elis.-II. A quarter in the suburbs of Athens, appropriated to sepulchres. Cimon and Thucydides were both interred in this place. (Herodot., 6, 103.-Plut., Vit. Cimon.-Pausan., 1, 23.) Coele is classed by Hesychius among the Attic demi or boroughs. Col. Leake places, with great probability, this hollow way or gate "to the south of the acropolis, near the gate of Lumbardhari, which answers to the Porta Melitenses." (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 336.)

CELESYRIA (Koiλn Evpía), or, the "Hollow Syria," a tract of country between the ranges of Libanus and Antilibanus; in Syria, and stretching inland from the coast as far as the country around Damascus. In

Caus (Koloç), one of the Titans, son of Calus and Terra, or, to adopt the Grecian phraseology, of Uranus and Gê (Gea). His name indicates his cosmogonical character, being derived from kaiw, “to burn.” (Vid. Titanes.) He was the father of Latona by Phoebe. (Hesiod, Theog., 404, seqq.) COHORS. Vid. Legio.

COLCHI, the inhabitants of Colchis. COLCHIS, a country of Asia, having Iberia on the east, the Euxine on the west, Caucasus on the north, and Armenia on the south. It is famous in poetic legends as having been the land to which the Argonautic expedition was directed in quest of the golden fleece. (Vid. Argonautæ.) It corresponds at the present day to what is called Mingrelia. Colchis abounded, according to Strabo, with fruit of every kind, and every material requisite for navigation. Its only exceptionable produce was the honey, which had a bitter taste. The linen manufactured here was in high

after the manner of Egypt; the two kinds, however, being distinguished from each other by name, since the Greeks called the Colchian by the name of Sardonian, but that which came from Egypt by the proper name of the country. This species of manufacture, together with the dark complexion and crisped locks of the natives, were so many arguments with the ancients to prove them of Egyptian origin, independently of other proofs drawn, according to Herodotus, from their language and mode of life. The historian farther informs us, that, being struck by the resemblance between the Colchians and Egyptians, he inquired, from motives of curiosity, of both nations, and discovered that the Colchians had more recollection of the Egyptians than the Egyptians had of the Colchians. The Egyptians, however, told him, that they believed the Colchians to have been descended from a part of the army of Se

COLIAS PROMONTORIUM, a promontory of Attica, about twenty stadia from Phalerum, and still retaining its ancient name, though occasionally designated by that of Trispyrgoi. Here was a temple consecrated to Venus, another to the goddesses named Genetyllides (Pausan., 1, 1.-Strab., 398), and also chapels of Pan and Ceres. (Meurs, de Pirao, c. 11, p. 574.) Colias was also celebrated for its earthenware. (Plut., de Audit.-Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 6, p. 153.-Etym. Mag-Suid.) Ritter indulges in some curious speculations on the name Colias, and finds in it a connect-assembly of the Ionians, on account of the service ing link between the religious systems of the eastern and western world. (Vorhalle, p. 54, seqq.)