acquainted, and may be regarded in the light of an In both of these pieces Claudian shows imagination innovation. Prose panegyrics had been in use from and talent. The first of these epithalamia is followed the second century of our era. These eulogiums in by a poem, to which the copyists have given the title verse, composed by the poet, are as follows: 1st. A of Fescennina. There exist also five poetical epistles Panegyric on the consulship of Probinus and Olybrius, of Claudian, which may be ranked among the feeblest which took place in 395: 2d. Panegyrics on the third, of his productions. Under the name of Idyls, we have, fourth, and sixth consulships of Honorius, which took moreover, seven didactic or descriptive poems. There place in the years 396, 398, and 404: 3d. A Pane- are likewise some epigrams remaining, but many of gyric in honour of Mallius Theodorus, A.D. 399: them appear to have been written, not by Claudian, 4th. A Eulogium on Stilicho, in three parts: 5th. A but by a Christian bard. To the works of Claudian Eulogium on Serena. In reading these productions it has been customary to join a poem in honour of we are at a loss which to wonder at most, the base Hercules. It is more correctly assigned, however, flattery of the poet, or the effrontery of those who re- to Olympius Neroesianus. (Wernsdorff, Poet. Lat. ceived his gross adulation without a blush.-In epic Min., vol. 1, p. 275.) The best editions of Claudian poetry Claudian has left us a piece in three cantos or are, that of Gesner, Lips., 1759, 8vo; that of Burbooks, entitled "De Raptu Proserpine;" and the mann (secundus), Amst., 1760, 4to; and that of Arcommencement of a second production, entitled "Gi- taud (in Lemaire's collection), Paris, 1824, 2 vols. 8vo. gantomachia," the war of the Giants. As regards CLAUDIOPOLIS, I. a city of Bithynia, previously the first of these works, critics have considered the called Bithynium. It was situate above Tium, in a third book inferior in polish to the other two, and show-district named Salone, celebrated for its excellent pasing less of a finishing hand. The plan of the poem, tures, and a cheese much esteemed at Rome. (Strab., moreover, is a defective one. Instead of hurrying us 565.- Pliny, 11, 42.) From Pausanias (8, 9), it at once into the very midst of the action, as an epic would appear to have been either on the banks of the bard should do, he recounts his fable from its very Sangarius, or near them. It obtained the name of commencement, as an historian would relate an event. Claudiopolis in the reign of Tiberius. At a later All the actors, too, being deities, and, consequently, period, as the birthplace of Antinous the favourite of elevated above the level of human nature, can only in- Hadrian, it received several privileges from that emspire a feeble interest. This defect Claudian seeks to peror. (Dio Cass., 69, 11.) Under Theodosius it remedy by a style always elevated, by striking imagery was made the capital of the province Honorias. Many and brilliant descriptions: but this tone pervading the years after, we learn from Anna Comnena (p. 967) whole work, and the uniformity of the characters, have and Leo Diaconus (4, 9), who describe it as the most spread over it a monotony which becomes fatiguing in wealthy and flourishing city of Galatia, that it was the extreme. Notwithstanding all this, however, Clau- almost totally destroyed by an earthquake, attended dian is, perhaps, next to Statius, the Latin epic poet with vast loss of lives. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, that has come nearest to Virgil, especially in some of p. 209.)-II. A city of Cilicia Trachea, but assigned his descriptions and comparisons, and his merit will no by Ammianus and Hierocles to Isauria. (Ammian. doubt appear in a much more favourable light if we take Marcell., 14, 25.-Hierocl., p. 709.) It was founded into consideration the period when he lived.-Two by Claudius the Roman emperor, and was situate in a other works of Claudian may be ranked in the class of plain between two summits of Mount Taurus, and epic poems. One is entitled "De Bello Gildonico;" probably also on the Calycadnus, or one of its branches. the other," De Bello Getico, sive Pollentiaco." Gil-(Wesseling, ad Hierocl., l. c.-Cramer's Asia Minor, don, son of a king of Mauritania, had made himself in- vol. 2, p. 332.) dependent in Africa during the reign of Theodosius CLAUDIUS, I. Appius. (Vid. Appius.)-II. Pulthe Great. The loss of this province, one of the gran- cher, a Roman consul, in the first Punic war. When, aries of the empire, was severely felt. Under Hono- previous to a naval engagement with the Carthaginirius, however, Africa was reconquered, and it is this ans, the person who had charge of the sacred fowls exploit that Claudian celebrates in a poem, of which told him that they would not eat, which was esteemed we have only the first canto, containing the cause and a bad omen, he ordered them to be thrown into the the preparations of the war. The poem "De Bello sea, exclaiming, "Then let them drink." After this, Getico" turns on the war with the Visigoths, called joining battle with the foe, he was defeated with the also the war of Pollentia, which occurred A.D. 402, loss of his fleet. Having been recalled by the senate, when Honorius was consul for the fifth time with his he gave another specimen of the haughty temper of the brother Arcadius, emperor of the East. Alaric, king Claudian race, for, on being directed to nominate a of this Germanic race, having entered Italy by the way dictator, he purposely named his own viator, an indiof Pannonia, was defeated by Stilicho near Pollentia, vidual of the lowest rank. (Liv., Epit., 19.—Cic., among the Cottian Alps. This war is the subject of a N. D., 2, 3.-Id., de Div., 1, 16.)—III. Nero, a Ropoem by Claudian, in six hundred and forty-seven ver- man consul in the second Punic war, who, in conses. Cassiodorus, it is true, and likewise Jornandes, junction with his colleague Livius Salinator, defeated say directly the contrary in relation to this affair; but Hasdrubal in Umbria, on the banks of the Metaurus. m admitting the fact of the overthrow, as stated by (Vid. Metaurus and Hasdrubal.)-IV. Tiberius Nero, Claudian, we do not intend to prejudge a question of father of the Emperor Tiberius. He was distinguished history.--Claudian is the author also of some poems, for his naval skill in the Alexandrine war, under Juwhich one would be tempted to rank in the class of lius Cæsar. At a subsequent period he excited a sesatires, if the manner in which he treats his subject dition in Campania, by promising to restore the propwas not rather of an epic, or, if we may so speak, of erty of those who had suffered in the civil wars. This a rhetorical character, and if these pieces were not tumult, however, was soon quelled by the arrival of composed with the same view as his panegyrics, Octavius; and Tiberius, together with his wife Livia, namely, that of pleasing Stilicho. The productions to took refuge in Sicily and Achaia until the establishwhich we refer are his invectives against Rufinus and ment of the second triumvirate made it safe for him to Eutropius, two enemies of the minister's. These are, return to Rome. Livia having after this engaged the perhaps, Claudian's chef-d'œuvres. Some critics, how- affections of Octavius, Tiberius transferred to him the ever, consider the poem against Eutropius superior to name and privileges of a husband. (Tacit., Ann., hat against Rufinus. We have also two Epithalamia 5, 1.)-V. Tiberius Nero Cæsar, the successor of Auby Claudian; one on occasion of the marriage of Ho-gustus, and son of the preceding. (Vid. Tiberius.)— norius and Maria, the daughter of Stilicho and Serena; VI. Tiberius Claudius Drusus Cæsar, more comthe other on the marriage of Palladius and Celerina.monly known by his historical name of Claudius, suc After the defeat of Croesus, however, they were terrified, and withdrew to a neighbouring island, where they built the second Clazomenæ, so often mentioned in Roman history. (Strabo, 645.— Compare Pausanias, 7, 3.) Alexander joined it to the continent by a causeway 250 paces long; from which time it was reckoned among the cities on the continent. (Plin., 5, 29.) Augustus greatly embellished it, and was styled, on some medals, its founder, through flattery. Anaxagoras was born here. On or near its site stands the small town of Dourlak or Vourla. There are still some remains of the ancient causeway, by which one can reach, with some risk, however, from the force of the sea, the island of St. John. (Pococke, vol. 3, book 2, c. 2.-Chandler, c. 24.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 329.) ceeaed to the Roman empire on the death of Caligula. | by which he is best known, Nero, and constituting He was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, and, him heir to the imperial throne. Claudius having af consequently, grand-nephew to Augustus. When the terward shown a disposition to change the succession assassination of Caligula was made known, the first and restore it to Britannicus, fell a victim to the amimpulse of the court party and of the foreign guards bition of Agrippina, who caused him to be poisoned. was to massacre all who had participated in the mur- A dish of mushrooms was prepared for the purpose, a der. Several persons of distinction, who imprudently kind of food of which the emperor was known to be exposed themselves, became, in consequence, the vic- especially fond, and the effects of the poison were tims of their fury. This violence subsided, however, hastened by the pretended remedies exhibited by Xenoupon their discovering Claudius, who had concealed phon, the physician of the palace. It was given out himself in an obscure corner of the palace, and, being that Claudius had suffered from indigestion, which his dragged from his hiding-place, threw himself at their habitual gluttony rendered so frequent that it excited feet in the utmost terror, and besought them to spare no surprise and his death was concealed till Domihis life. The soldiers in the palace immediately sa- tius Nero had secured the guards, and had quietly luted him emperor, and Claudius, in return, set the taken possession of the imperial authority. Claudius first example of paying the army for the imperial dig- died in the sixty-fourth year of his age, and the fournity by a largess from the public treasury. It is dif- teenth of his reign, A.D. 54. (Sueton, Vit. Claud. ficult to assign any other motive for the choice which-Dio Cass., lib. 60.-Encyclop. Metropol., div. 3, the army made of Claudius than that which they them- vol. 2, p. 443, seqq.) selves professed, "His relationship to the whole fami- CLAZOMENÆ, a city of Ionia, on the coast of the ly of the Caesars." Claudius, who was now fifty Egean Sea, west of Smyrna. There were two places years old, had never done anything to gain popularity, of this name; the more ancient stood on the contior to display those qualities which secure the attach-nent, and was strongly fortified by the Ionians to rement of the soldiery. He had been a rickety child, sist the Persians. and the development of his faculties was retarded by his bodily infirmities; and although he outgrew his complaints, and became distinguished as a polite scholar and an eloquent writer (Tacit., Ann., 13, 3.—Sueton., Vit. Claud., c. 41), his spirits never recovered from the effects of disease and of severe treatment, and he retained much of the timidity and indolence of his childhood. (Sueton., Vit. Claud., c. 2.) During the reign of Tiberius he gave himself up to gross sensuality, and consoled himself under this degradation by the security which it brought with it. Under Caligula also he found his safety consist in maintaining his reputation for incapacity, and he suffered himself to beconte the butt of court parasites, and the subject of their practical jokes. (Sueton., Vit. Claud., c. 7.) The excitement of novelty, on his first accession to CLEANTHES, I. a Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydthe throne, produced efforts of sagacity and prudence, ia, disciple of Zeno. After the death of Zeno he of which none who had previously known him believed presided over his school. His first appearance was in him capable; and during the whole of his reign, too, the character of a wrestler. In this capacity he viswe find judicious and useful enactments occasionally ited Athens, where the love of philosophy was diffused made, which would seem to show that he was not in through all ranks of people. He soon caught the genreality so silly an emperor" as historians have general spirit, and though he was possessed of no more erally represented him to be. It is most probable, than four drachmæ, he determined to put himself under therefore, that the fatuity which characterizes some the tuition of some eminent philosopher. His first parts of his conduct was the result, not of natural im- master was Crates, the Academic. He afterward bebecility, but of the early and unlimited indulgence of came a disciple of Zeno, and a celebrated advocate of the grossest sensuality. Claudius embellished Rome his doctrines. By night he drew water as a common with many magnificent works; he made Mauritania a labourer in the pubiic gardens, that he might have Roman province; his armies fought successfully against leisure in the daytime to attend the schools of phithe Germans; and he himself triumphed magnificently losophy. The Athenian citizens observing that, though for victories over the Britons, and obtained, together he appeared strong and healthy, he had no visible with his infant son, the surname of Britannicus. But means of subsistence, summoned him before the Arein other respects he was wholly governed by worthless opagus, according to the custom of the city, to give an favourites, and especially by his empress, the profligate account of his manner of living. Upon this he proand abandoned Messalina, whose cruelty and rapacity duced the gardener for whom he drew water, and a were as unbounded as her licentiousness. At her inwoman for whom he ground meal, as witnesses to stigation it was but too common for the emperor to prove that he subsisted by the labour of his hands, put to death, on false charges of conspiracy, some of and the judges of the court were struck with such adthe wealthiest of the nobles, and to confiscate their es- miration of his conduct, that they ordered ten mine to tates, with the money arising from which she openly be paid him out of the public treasury; which, howpampered her numerous paramours. When the ca- ever, Zeno would not suffer him to accept. (Diog. reer of this guilty woman was terminated, Claudius Laert.-Val. Max, 8, 7.-Sen., Ep., 44) Antigowas governed for a time by his freedman Narcissus, nus afterward presented him with three thousand mina. and Pallas, another manumitted slave, until he took to From the manner in which this philosopher supported wife his own niece, Agrippina, daughter of Germani- himself, he was called opeúvτ2oç, or “the well-drawer." cus, a woman of strong natural abilities, but of insa- For many years he was so very poor that he was com tiable avarice, extreme ambition, and remorseless cru- pelled to write the heads of his master's lectures on elty. Her influence over the feeble emperor was shells and bones, for the want of money to buy better boundless, and was displayed in the most glaring man-materials. He remained, however, notwithstanding every obstacle, a pupil of Zeno for nineteen years. His natural faculties were slow; but resolution and perseverance enabled him to overcome every difficulty; recommending Christianity to his catechumens (for. after Pantænus, he had the charge of the Christian catechetical school in Alexandrea), Clemens made a large collection of ancient wisdom, under the name of Stromata, an epithet borrowed from carpet-work, and intended to denote the miscellaneous nature of the philosophical and religious topics of which the work treats. He assigned this reason for the undertaking, that much truth is mixed with the dogmas of philosophers, or, rather, covered and concealed in their wri and at last he became so complete a master of the Stoic philosophy as to be perfectly well qualified to succeed Zeno. His fellow-disciples often ridiculed him for his dulness by calling him an ass; but his answer was, that if he were an ass he was the better able to bear the weight of Zeno's doctrine. He wrote much, but none of his writings remain except a most beautiful hymn to Jupiter, preserved in the Anthology. After his death, the Roman senate erected a statue in honour of him at Assus. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. (Enfield's His-tings, like the kernel within its shell. This work is tory of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 354, seqq.)-II. A Corinthian painter, whom some make to have been the inventor of drawing in outline. (Plin., 35, 3.) Athenagoras mentions him among the first that practised this branch of the art. (Sillig, Diet. Art., s. v.) CLEARCHUS, I. a tyrant of Heraclea Pontica, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato's pupils, during the celebration of the festival of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power for twelve years, 353 B.C. (Consult Memnon, fragm., c. 1, and Hoffmann's Prolegomena in Chionis Epist.Compare also remarks under the article Chion.) H. A Lacedæmonian, one of the Greek commanders in the army of Cyrus the younger, and held by that prince in the highest estimation of all the Greek leaders that were with him. A sketch of his character and history is given by Xenophon (Anab., 2, 6), | in which many things appear to be softened down. He had been governor previously of Byzantium, under the orders of the Spartan Ephori, and had conducted himself so tyrannically that the government at home sent an armed force against him. Clearchus, anticipating the arrival of these troops, left Byzantium and seized upon Selymbria, and when the Spartan forces came he engaged in battle with them, but was defeated. After this he fled to Cyrus. He was entrapped along with the other Greek leaders, after the battle of Cunaxa, by the satrap Tissaphernes, and put to death in common with them. (Xen., Anab., 2, 5, 31, seqq.-Id. ib., 2, 6, 1, seqq.-Divd. Sic., 14, 12.) 91. CLEMENS, I. (commonly called Romanus, for distinction' sake from Clemens of Alexandrea), one of the early Christians, the friend and fellow-traveller of St. Paul, and afterward bishop of Rome, to which station he was chosen A.D. 67, or, according to some, A.D. He was the author of an epistle to the church of Corinth, printed in the "Patres Apostolici" of Le Clerc, Amst., 1698. Of this work, the only manuscript of which now extant is in the British Museum, Archbishop Wake printed a translation in 1705. The best edition of the original is Jacobson's, 2 vols. 8vo, Oxon., 1838. Clemens is supposed to have died at Rome about the close of the first century.-II. An eminent father of the church, who flourished between A.D. 192 and 217, and is commonly called Alexandrinus, to distinguish him from Clemens of Rome. He is supposed by some to have been a native of Athens, and by others of Alexandrea, but of his real origin very little is known. He early devoted himself to study in the schools of the latter city, and had many preceptors. (Strom., 1, p. 274.-Euseb., Hist. Eccl., 5, 2) His Hebrew preceptor, whom he calls "the Sicilian bee," was unquestionably Pantanus, a Jew by birth, but of Sicilian extraction, who united Grecian with sacred learning, and was attached to the Stoic philosophy. (Vales. ad Euseb., 5, 10.) Clemens so far adopted the ideas of this preceptor as to espouse the moral doctrine of the Stoics. In other respects he followed the Eclectic method of philosophizing. While the pagan philosophers pillaged the Christian stores to enrich the Eclectic system, this Christian father, on the contrary, transferred the Platonic, Stoic, and Oriental dogmas to the Christian creed, as relics of ancient tradition originating in Divine revelation. (Strom., 1, p. 313.) In hopes of of great value, as it contains many quotations, and relates many facts, not elsewhere preserved. But, though the object of his labours was laudable, it must be confessed that his inclination to blend heathen tenets with Christian doctrines rendered his writings in many respects injurious to the Christian cause. His vast reading encumbered his judgment; and his injudicious zeal sometimes led him into credulity, if not into dishonesty. We frequently find him adopting Platonic and Stoic tenets as Christian doctrines, and thus sowing the seeds of error in the Christian church. Besides the Stromata, we have the following works of Clemens remaining: 1. Protrepticon, or an exhortation to the Pagans; 2. Pædagogus, or the in structer; 3. The fragments of a treatise on the use of riches, entitled, What rich man shall be saved?"In these works he approaches the strict standard of orthodoxy; but in one which is lost, and the title of which was Hypotyposes, or "Institutions," he is stated by Photins (Cod., 109.—vol. 1, p. 89. ed. Bekker) to have maintained sentiments which were unscriptural. The works of Clemens were first printed in Greek only, at Florence in 1550. Of the various editions with Latin versions, the best is that of Archbishop Potter, 2 vols. fol., 1715, Oxon. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 2. p. 274, seqq.) CLEOBIS and BITON, two youths, sens of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos, and remarkable for physical prowess, having both carried off prizes in the public games. Solon, in his conversation with Cresus on the subject of human felicity, related, according to Herodotus (1, 31), the following incident respecting them. Their mother Cydippe was required by sacred custom to be drawn to the temple of Juno, on a certain festival, by a pair of oxen. The animals happening not to be brought up from the field in due season, and Cydippe being pressed for time, her two sons put themselves under the yoke, drew the chariot in which their mother sat for the distance of forty-five stadia (nearly six miles), and brought her in that manner to the temple. The men of Argos who stood around commended the strength of the youths, and the women felicitated their mother on having such sons; while Cydippe herself, in a transport of joy, prayed to the goddess that Cleobis and Biton might obtain the greatest blessing man could receive. When she had finished her prayer, and her sons had sacrificed and feasted with her, they fell asleep in the temple, and awoke no more. The Argives, in commemoration of their filial piety, caused statues to be erected to them at Delphi. Servius (ad Virg, Georg., 3, 532) says, that the want of oxen on this occasion was owing to a pestilential malady, which had destroyed all the cattle belonging to Argos.-This touching little story is frequently alluded to by the ancient writers. (Compare Cic., Tusc. Quæst., 1, 47.—Plut., Consol. ad Apoll., p 108, F.-Id, Vit. Sol., c. 27.--Stobœus, p. 603, &c.} CLEOBULUS, a native of Lindus, in the island of Rhodes, son of Evagoras, monarch of that city, and claiming descent from Hercules. He was not less remarkable for strength than for beauty of person. After travelling in Egypt for the purpose of acquiring knowledge, he ascended the throne on the death of his father. Plutarch says he usurped it. The rest of his life is unknown: we are merely informed that he at tained to the age of seventy years, and died about the 55th Olympiad. By some he is ranked among the wise men of Greece. His favourite maxim was "ApoTOV μETрov, “moderation is best," i. e., preserve a due mean in all things. (Diog. Laert. in Vit.) years king of Laconia. With him ended the race of the Heraclidae, which had so long sat on the throne of that country. Ptolemy ordered his body to be flayed and nailed to a cross, and his children to be put to death. (Plut., Vit. Cleom.) CLEOMBROTUS, I. a king of Sparta, who succeeded CLEON, an Athenian, bred among the lowest of the his brother Agesipolis I. He was defeated by Epam-people, the son of a tanner, and said himself to have inondas in the battle of Leuctra, and lost his life on exercised that trade. Of extraordinary impudence and that occasion. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 4, 13.)—II. A little courage, slow in the field, but forward and noisy son-in-law of Leonidas II., king of Sparta, who usurp-in the assembly, corrupt in practice as in principle, but ed the kingdom after the expulsion of that monarch, boastful of integrity, and supported by a coarse but but was soon after expelled in turn and sent into ban-ready eloquence, he gained such consideration by flatishment. (Plut., Vit. Ag. et Cleom.) tering the lower orders and railing at the higher, that he stood in the situation of head of a party. By an extraordinary train of circumstances he came off victorious in the affair of Sphacteria, the Athenian populace having chosen him one of their generals. Elated upon this with the idea that he possessed military talents, he caused himself to be appointed commander of an expedition into Thrace. He was slain in a battle at Amphipolis against Brasidas, the Spartan general, 422 B.C. (Consult the remarks of Mitchell, in his edition of the Acharnenses of Aristophanes, Appendix, note A, and compare Thucyd., 4, 28, seqq.—Id., 5, 2.— Id., 5, 8, seqq.) CLEONE, I. a town of Argolis, northeast of Nemea. According to Strabo, it was 120 stadia from Argos and eighty from Corinth; he adds, that it was situated on a rock, and surrounded by walls, which justified the epithet applied to it by Homer (Il., 2, 570). Hercules was said to have defeated and slain the Elean chief called Moliones, near Cleonæ. (Pindar, Olymp., 10, 36.-Compare Apollodorus, 2, 5, 1.) We learn from Pindar that games were there solemnized. (Nem., 4, 26.-Ibid., 10. 78.) Dodwell states, that the ruins of Cleone are to be seen on the site now called Courtese. They occupy a circular hill, which seems to have been completely covered with buildings. On the side of the hill are six ancient terrace-walls, rising one above another, on which the houses and streets were situated. (Tour, vol. 2, p. 206.-Chandler, vol. 2, p. 288.—Gell's Itin. of the Morea, p. 157.)— II. A town of Macedonia, in the peninsula of Athos, said to have been founded by a colony from Chalcis. (Herod., 7, 22.--Thucyd., 4, 109.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 260.) CLEOMENES I., king of Sparta, ascended the throne B.C. 519. At the beginning of his reign he undertook an expedition against the Argives, defeated them, and destroyed a large number who had taken refuge in a sacred grove. He afterward drove out the Pisistratida from Athens. This is the same Cleomenes whom Aristagoras endeavoured, but in vain, to involve in a war with the Persians. He afterward managed, by undue influence, to procure an oracular response from Delphi, pronouncing his colleague Demaratus illegitimate, and thus obtained his deposition. Becoming alarmed, subsequently, lest the fraud should be discovered, Cleomenes fled secretly to Thessaly, and from thence passing into Arcadia, he began to stir | up the people of this latter country against Sparta. The Lacedæmonians, fearing his intrigues, recalled him, but he died soon after his return, in a fit of insanity, by his own hand. (Herod., 5, 64.-Id., 5, 49, seqq.-Id, 5, 65, &c.)-II. Cleomenes II, succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. on the throne of Sparta, B C. 371. The power of his country was then on the decline, and he possessed not the requisite talents to restore it to its former state. He reigned sixty years and ten months without having done anything worthy the notice of posterity. (Paus., 3, 6.) III. Cleomenes III., son of Leonidas II., ascended the Spartan throne B.C. 230. Dissatisfied at the prevailing manners of Sparta, he resolved to bring about a reform, and to restore the institutions of Lycurgus, after the example of Agis, who had lost his life in a similar attempt. Thinking that war would furnish the best opportunity for the execution of his design, he led his forces against the Achæans, who were commanded by Aratus, and greatly distinguished himself. Returning after this to Sparta, with a portion of his army, he put to death the Ephori, made a new division of the lands, and introduced again the old Spartan system of education. He also took his brother Euclidas as his colleague on the throne, and thus for the first and only time the Spartans had two kings of the same family. After a long, and in many respects successful, series of operations against the Achæans and Macedonians, the latter of whom had been called in by Aratus as allies, Cleomenes was defeated by Anti-was left guardian of her infant son Ptolemy VI., but gonus in the battle of Sellasia, and immediately after fled to Ptolemy Euergetes in Egypt. This monarch treated him with some degree of generosity, but his successor Ptolemy Philopator, a weak and suspicious prince, soon began to look upon him with an evil eye, and at last kept him in confinement. The Spartan monarch, in a fit of despair, and taking advantage of the temporary absence of Ptolemy from his capital, broke forth from the place where he had been kept in custody, along with thirteen of his friends, and endeavoured to arouse the inhabitants in the cause of freedom. But, finding their efforts fruitless, they fell by their own hands. Cleomenes had been sixteen CLEOPATRA, I. a daughter of Idas and Marpessa, and the wife of Meleager. (Hom., Il., 9, 557.)—II. The wife of Philip of Macedon, whom that monarch married after he had repudiated Olympias. (Justin, 9, 5.) After the death of Philip, Olympias compelled her to destroy herself. (Justin, 9, 7.)-III. A daughter of Philip and Olympias, and sister to Alexander the Great. She married Alexander of Epirus, who fell in Italy. (Justin, 9, 6, 1.) After the death of Alexander of Macedon, her hand was sought by Perdiccas and others of his generals, but she was put to death by Antigonus. Diod. Sic., 20, 37.-Compare Diod. Sic., 18, 23, and Wesseling, ad loc.)—IV. A daughter of Mithradates, and the wife of Tigranes. (Justin, 38, 3)-V. A daughter of Antiochus III. of Syria. She married Ptolemy V., king of Egypt, and she died soon after her husband, to the great regret of her subjects.-VI. A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, was the wife of three kings of Syria, and the mother of four; namely, of Antiochus Dionysius, by her first husband Alexander Balas; of Seleucus V. and Antiochus VIII., by Demetrius Nicator; and, lastly, of Antiochus IX., surnamed Cyzicenus, by Antiochus Euergetes or Sidetes. She was compelled by her son, Antiochus VIII, to drink the poison which she had prepared for him, B.C. 120. VII. The most famous of the name was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and remarkable for her beauty and personal accomplishments. According to the usage of the Alexandrean court, she - er. ease. married her eldest brother Ptolemy XII., and began pire of the world. After a fruitless attack upon the to reign with him in her seventeenth year. Both she territory of Palmyra, he hastened to forget his disgrace and her husband, being minors, were placed by the in the society of the Egyptian queen, passing several will of their father under the guardianship of Rome, months at Alexandrea in the most foolish and puerile an office which the senate transferred to Pompey. An dissipation. The death of his wife, and his subsequent insurrection breaking out in the Egyptian capital soon marriage with Octavia, delayed for a time the crisis after the commencement of this reign, Cleopatra was which his ungoverned passions were preparing for compelled to yield to the tide of popular fury, and to him. But, though he had thus extricated himself from fice into Syria, where she sought protection in tempo- the snares of Alexandrea, his inclinations too soon rerary exile. The flight of this princess, though mainly turned to that unhappy city; for we find that when arising from the tumult just mentioned, was unques- he left Rome to proceed against the Parthians, he detionably accelerated by the designs of the young king spatched in advance his friend Fonteius Capito, to and his ambitious ministers. Their object became conduct Cleopatra into Syria. On his return from manifest when Cleopatra, after a few months' residence this disgraceful campaign, he encountered still deeper in Syria, returned towards her native country to resume disgrace by once more willingly submitting to that her seat on the throne. Ptolemy prepared to oppose bondage which had rendered him contemptible in the her by force of arms, and a civil war would inevitably eyes of most of his followers.-Passing over events have ensued, had not Cæsar at that very juncture which have been alluded to elsewhere (Vid. Augustus), sailed to the coast of Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. A we come to the period that followed the battle of Acsecret interview soon took place between Cleopatra tium. When Octavius advanced against Egypt, and and the Roman general. She placed herself on board Antony had been a second time defeated under the a small skiff, under the protection of Apollodorus, a walls of Alexandrea, Cleopatra shut herself up with a Sicilian Greek, set sail from the coast of Syria, reach- few, attendants, and the most valuable part of her ed the harbour of Alexandrea in safety, and had herself treasures, in a strong building which appears to have conveyed into the chamber of the Roman commander been intended for a royal sepulchre. To prevent inin the form of a large package of goods. The strata- trusion by friend or enemy, she caused a report to be gem proved completely successful. Cleopatra was circulated that she had retired into the monument to now in her twentieth year, distinguished by extraordi- put herself to death. Antony resolved to follow her nary personal charms, and surrounded with all the example, and threw himself upon his sword; but being graces which give to those charms their greatest pow-informed, before he expired, that Cleopatra was still Her voice sounded like the sweetest music; and she spoke a variety of languages with propriety and She could, it is said, assume all characters at will, which all alike became her, and the impression that was made by her beauty was confirmed by the fascinating brilliancy of her conversation. The day after this singular meeting, Cæsar summoned before him the king, as well as the citizens of Alexandrea, and made arrangements for the restoration of peace, procuring Cleopatra, at the same time, her share of the throne. Pothinus, however, one of Ptolemy's ministers, in whose intriguing spirit ail the dissensions of the court had originated, soon stirred up a second revolt, upon which the Alexandrean war commenced, in which Ptolemy was defeated, and lost his life by drowning. Cæsar now proclaimed Cleopatra queen of Egypt; but she was compelled to take her brother, the younger Ptolemy, who was only eleven years old, as her husband and colleague on the throne. The Roman general continued for some time at her court, and she bore him a son, called, from the name of his father, Cæsarion. During the six years which immediately followed these events, the reign of Cleopatra seems not to have been disturbed by insurrection, nor to have been assailed by foreign war. When her brother, at the age of fourteen, demanded his share in the government, Cleopatra poisoned him, and remained sole possessor of the regal authority. The dissensions among the rival leaders who divided the power of Cæsar, had no doubt nearly involved her in a contest with both parties; but the decisive issue of the battle of Philippi relieved her from the hesitation under which some of her measures appear to have been adopted, and determined her inclinations, as well as her interests, in favour of the conquerors. To afford her an opportunity of explain-ians, Medes, and Persians, without an interpreter. If ing her conduct, Antony summoned her to attend him in Cilicia, and the meeting which she gave him on the river Cydnus has employed the pen, not only of the historian, but of the prince of English dramatists. (Shakspeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act 1, scene 1.) The artifices of this fascinating princess, now in her twenty-fifth year, so far gained upon Antony, as not only to divert his thoughts from his original purpose of subjecting her kingdom to the payment of tribute, but entirely to lull his ambition to sleep, and make him sacrifice his great stake as a candidate for the em- Inoë. living, he caused himself to be carried into her pres- her conduct was not at all times strictly pure, we must seek for an apology in the religion and manners of her country, and must ascribe the most glaring of her frailties to the absurd institutions which regulated the matrimonial connexions of the Græco-Egyptian princes, and which paid no respect to the age, affections, or temper of the parties. (Plut., Vit. Cas.-Id., Vit. Ant.-Encyclop. Metropol, div. 3, vol. 2, p. 345.) CLEOPATRIS, a city of Egypt, at the head of the Sinus Arabicus, and in the immediate vicinity of Arsi(Vid. Arsinoë, VI.) |