After having squandered his patrimony, he became a pupil of Socrates, and was advised by that philosopher to turn his attention to public affairs. This advice proved unfortunate, for Charmides, having joined the party of Critias, was made one of the ten tyrants whom Lysander established in the Piræus, to govern conjointly with the thirty in the city. He was slain along with Critias in the first battle between the exiles under Thrasybulus and the forces of the tyrants. Plato has called one of his dialogues after him. Xenophon makes mention of him on several occasions, especially der, ad loc.-Xen., Sympos, 4, 31, &c.)-II. or CHARMIDAS, an academic philosopher, the companion of Philo. He was celebrated for the compass and fidelity of his memory, and for his moral wisdom. (Cic., Tusc. Quæst., 1, 24.-Davies, ad loc.) CHARMION, one of Cleopatra's female attendants, who killed herself after the example of her mistress. (Plut., Vit. Anton., c. 86.) CHARMIS, a physician of Marseille, in Nero's age, who revived the use of cold baths at Rome in cases of sickness, after the practice had been discontinued since the time of Antonius Musa. (Vid. Musa.) He was very successful in his professional labours, and amassed great riches. (Plin., 29, 1.—Sprengel, Hist. de la Med., vol. 2, p. 24.) are graceful and beautiful themselves, and the bestow-life for his beauty and his dissipated mode of life. ers of all grace and beauty both on persons and things. They seem to have been particularly attached to the train of the goddess of love, although the queen of heaven had authority over them (Il., 14, 267); and she promises Pasithea, one of the youngest of them, as a wife to Somnus, in return for his aid in deceiving Jupiter by later writers she is even said to be their mother. (Nonnus, 31, 184.-Eudocia, ap. Villois., Anecd Gr., vol. 1, p. 430.) Orchomenus, in Bœotia, was the chief seat of the worship of these goddesses. Its introduction was ascribed to Eteocles, the son of the river Cephissus. The Lacedæmonians worship-in his Banquet. (Xen., Mem. Socr., 3, 7, 1.-Schneiped only two Graces, whom they name Cleta (Renowned) and Phaenna (Bright), as we are informed by Pausanias (1. c., et 3, 18, 6). The Athenians originally adored the same number, under the names of Hegemone (Leader) and Auxo (Increaser). The Graces were at all times, in the creed of Greece, the goddesses presiding over social enjoyments, the banquet, the dance, and all that tended to inspire gayety and cheerfulness. They are represented as three beautiful sisters, either dancing together, or standing with their arms around each other. Sometimes they are nude, sometimes habited. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 192, seq.)-The Graces, like the Hora and Muses, appear to have had originally a reference to the stars and seasons. The Greeks deprived them of their astronomical functions, and substituted such CHARON, I. a deity of the lower world, son of Ereattributes as were merely of a poetic character. We bus and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in still see, however, on an ancient gem, the Graces dan- a boat over the river Acheron to the infernal regions. cing upon the head of Taurus, while two of them are The sum exacted for this service, from each of the turning towards seven stars, at which they point with shades ferried over by him, was never less than an the hand. (Borioni, Collect. Antiq. Rom, fol. 1736, obolus, nor could it exceed three. A piece of money, n. 82.-Passerat, Thesaur. gemm. astrifer., 1, tab. therefore, was generally placed by the ancients under 144.) At a later period, when moral ideas began to the tongue of the deceased, in order to meet this necesbe more intimately blended with parts of the Grecian sary demand. Such as had not been honoured with a system, the Graces assumed analogous attributes. funeral were not permitted to enter Charon's boat, One of them was supposed to represent a favour con- without previously wandering on the shore for one ferred, another a favour received, while the third des- hundred years. If any living person presented himignated the return made for benefits. (Aristot., Eth., self to cross the river of the dead, he could not be 5, 8.-Senec., de Benef, 1, 3.-Constant, de la Reli- admitted into the bark before he showed Charon a gion, vol. 2, p. 402.-Winckelmann, Essai sur l'Al- golden bough, obtained from the Cumaan sibyl; and legorie, c. 2.-Traités sur l'Allegorie, vol. 1, p. 132.) the ferryman was on one occasion imprisoned for an CHARITON, of Aphrodisias (a Carian town), the entire year, because he had, though against his own name by which we know the author of a Greek ro- will, conveyed Hercules across the stream without mance, entitled, Tov Tepì Xaipéav кaì Kahλiþþóny first receiving from him this necessary passport. The Eрwτikov dinуnuáтwv λóyoι ý: "The Loves of Cha- poets have represented Charon as a robust old man, reas and Callirhoë, in eight books." The appellation of a severe though animated countenance, with eyes is probably an assumed one, as well as the title he glowing like flame, a white and bushy head, vestments gives himself of "Secretary to the rhetorician Athen- of a dingy colour, stained with the mire of the stream, agoras." This rhetorician is supposed by some to be and with a pole for the direction of his bark, which the same with the one of whom Thucydides makes last is of a dark ferruginous hue. (Virg., Æn., 6, mention (6, 35, seqq.) as enjoying great credit among 298, seqq.)-The earliest mention of Charon in Grethe people of Syracuse. He was opposed to Her-cian poetry seems to be in the ancient poem of the mocrates, the general who vanquished the Athenians. The daughter of this Hermocrates is the heroine of the romance, and it is probable that the writer wished to appear to his readers in the light of a contemporary. We have no data by which to fix the period when Chariton flourished. Some place him at the end of the 4th century of our era. As regards the romance itself, it may be observed, that, though by no means remarkable for its invention, it is smooth and easy in the story. "Villemain has said no worse about it," observes a writer in the Foreign Quarterly (No. 9, p. 132), "than that it is a work which the learned Larcher has translated without being able to render it amusing and Larcher himself, in his preface, resolves, with great good sense, to say nothing about t.' In fact, it is by no means easy to say anything about a book which is too dull for praise and too harmless for censure."-The best edition of Chariton is that of D'Orville, with some excellent conjectural emendations of Reiske, Amst., 1750, 3 vols. 4to. CHARMIDES, son of Glaucon, was famed in early Minyas, quoted by Pausanias (10, 28). The fable itself is considered by some to be of Egyptian origin, and in support of this opinion they refer to the account of Diodorus Siculus, relative to the statements made by the Egyptian priests. (Diod. Sic., 1, 92, et 96.) The latter asserted, it seems, that Orpheus and Homer had both learned wisdom on the banks of the Nile; and that the Erebus of Greece, and all its parts, personages, and usages, were but transcripts of the mode of burial in Egypt; and here the corpse was, on payment of an obolus, conveyed by a ferryman (named Charon in the language of Egypt) over the Acherusian lake after it had received its sentence from the judges appointed for that purpose. (Diod., 1. c.) Lobeck, in his Aglaophamus (vol. 2, p. 811), despatches all these fictions of the Egyptian priesthood in a very plain and summary manner, dignifying them with the appellation of "portentosa mendacia," a title which they fairly deserve. "Quin tota Orci et locorum inferorum descriptio ad Orpheum refertur auctorem, ab Ægyptiis illis, qui, præter reliqua portentosa mendacia a Diodoro relata, Orpheum nar- CHAUCI, a people of Germany, of Suevic race, and κακὶ τὰς καὶ τῶν ἀσεβῶν ἐν ᾅδου τιμωρίας, κ. τ. λ. divided into the Chauci Majores and Minores. The (Keightley's Mythology, p. 92.)-II. One of the ear- former were situate between the Visurgis (Weser) lier Greek historical writers, a native of Lampsacus, and Albis (Elbe); the latter between the Amisia supposed to have flourished between the 75th and 78th (Ems) and Visurgis. Tacitus draws a very flatterOlympiads. Charon continued the researches of He-ing picture of the Chauci. He represents them as the catæ us into eastern ethnography. He wrote (as was noblest of the German tribes, as distinguished for a the custom of the historians of his day) separate works love of justice and peace, but able, when attacked, to upon Persia, Libya, Ethiopia, &c. He also subjoined bring a powerful army of horse and foot into the field. the history of his own time, and he preceded Herod- (Tacit, Germ., 35.) What is very surprising, Pliny otus in narrating the events of the Persian war, al- describes the Chauci as a miserable race, weak in though Herodotus nowhere mentions him. From the numbers and resources, compelled to build their cabfragments of his writings which remain, it is manifest, ins on hills, their country being twice every day inunthat his relation to Herodotus was that of a dry chroni- dated by the sea, without cattle or pasturage, or even cler to an historian, under whose hands everything a single tree in their territory. (Plin., 16, 1.) How acquires life and character. Charon wrote, besides, a are these two writers to be reconciled? Probably in chronicle of his own country, as several of the early the following way. The Chauci, about the fourth historians did, who were thence called Horographers: century of our era, formed part of the confederation of (pot, corresponding to the Latin annales, ought not to the Saxones. This confederation, however, appears to be confounded with opot, termini, limites.—Schweigh. have been better known by the name of Chauci than ad Athen., 11, p. 475, b; 12, p. 520, d.) The frag- that of Saxones. Now Pliny may have meant the ments of Charon have been collected by Creuzer, in people termed Chauci, and Tacitus the confederation. his Historicorum Græcorum Antiquissimorum Frag-(Consult Malte-Brun., Geogr., vol. 1, p. 105, Brusmenta, p. 89, seqq. sels ed.) CHELIDONIÆ, now Kelidoni, small islands south of the Sacrum Promontorium, on the coast of Lycia, very dangerous to sailors. The Chelidonian isles were two in number, according to Scylax (p. 38), or three as Strabo reports: the latter geographer says that they were six stadia from the land, and five from each other. Captain Beaufort, however, distinctly counted five of these islands; whence he is led, not without reason, to think that this increase of number has been produced by the shock of an earthquake: two are from four to five hundred feet high, the other three are small and barren. (Karamania, p. 37, seq.) After the victory at the river Eurymedon, it became the boast of the Greek nation, that no armed ship of Persia was to be seen westward of the Chelidonian isles, or of the Cyanean rocks at the entrance of the Euxine; and that no Persian troops dared to show themselves within a horseman's day's journey of the Grecian seas. In after times a report arose, that a treaty of peace had been regularly made between the Persian monarch and the Greeks, in which it was forbidden for any Persian forces to come within the limits just mentioned. As regards this pretended treaty, consult the remarks towards the close of the article Cimon. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 256.) CHARONDAS, a celebrated legislator, born at Catana CHELIDONIA, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was in Sicily, where he flourished about 650 B.C. We customary for boys to go asking for presents from have very few details of his life. Aristotle merely door to door, and singing a song called Chelidonisma, informs us, that he was of the middling class of citi- so named because it began with an allusion to the arzens, and that he framed laws for the people of Cata-rival of the swallows, and the consequent approach of na as well as for other communities, which, like them, spring: 'H20', ÿ20e xehɩdiv, k. T. 2. (Athenæus, 8, were descended from Chalcis in Euboea. Elian adds p. 360, b, c.—Casaub., ad loc.) (V. H., 3, 17), that he was subsequently driven into exile from Catana, and took refuge in Rhegium, where he succeeded in introducing his laws. Some authors inform us, that he compiled his laws for the Thurians; but he lived, in fact, a long time before the foundation of Thurium, since his laws were abrogated in part by Anaxlias, tyrant of Rhegium, who died 476 B.C. It is not necessary, therefore, to suppose, with SainteCroix (Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscript., vol. 42, p. 317), that there were two legislators of the same name, one a native of Catana, and the other of Thurium. The laws of Charondas were, like those of many of the ancient legislators, in verse, and formed part of the instruction of the young. Their fame reached even to Athens, where they were sung or chanted at repasts. The preamble of these laws, as preserved to us by Stobæus, is thought, as far, at least, as regards the form of expression, not to be genuine; and Heyne supposes it to have been taken from some Pythagorean treatise on the laws of Charondas.-The manner of this legislator's death is deserving of mention. He had made a law, that no man should be allowed to come armed into the assembly of the people. The penalty for infringement was death. He became the victim of his own law: for, having returned from pursuing some robbers, he entered the city, and presented himself before the assembly of the people without reflecting that he carried a sword by his side. Some one thereupon remarked to him, "You are violating your own law." His reply was, "On the contrary, I am establishing it ;" and he slew himself on the spot. This action, however, is ascribed by others to Diocles, legislator of the Syracusans: perhaps it is true of neither. For farther details respecting Charondas, consult the memoir of Sante-Croix, cited above, and Heyne, Opuscula Academica, vol. 2, p. 74, seqq. CHELIDONIUM PROMONTORIUM, the same with the Sacrum Promontorium of Lycia, now Cape Kelidonia. (Vid. Sacrum Promontorium, II.) CHELONE, a nymph who was the only one of the deities that did not attend the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno; nay, she even made the celebration a subject of ridicule. Mercury thereupon precipitated her into a river on the banks of which her mansion was situated, and transformed her into a tortoise, under which shape she was doomed to perpetual silence, and to the necessity of always carrying her dwelling about with her. The Greek for a tortoise is xeovn, and hence the fable arose. (Serv. ad Virg., Æn., 1, 509.) CHARYBDIS, a dangerous whirlpool, mentioned in the Odyssey, and placed by Homer somewhere between his Wandering Rocks and his island of Thri- CHELONITES or CHELONATAS, Promontorium, a nakia. Directly opposite to it was the fearful Scylla. promontory of Elis, forming the extreme point of the The ancients, who were anxious to localize all the Peloponnesus towards the northwest. (Strabo, 338. wonders of Homer, made the straits of Messina the-Plin., 4, 5.) It is now called Cape Tornese. abode of Scylla and Charybdis. A full account of the whole fable, with its solution by Spallanzani, will be found under the article SCYLLA. CHEMMIS, I. a city of Egypt, the same as Panopolis. (Vid. Panopolis.)-II. A city of Egypt, mentioned by Herodotus (2, 91), and placed by him in the СНЕ Thebaïc nome, near Neapolis. There was in it, ac- move. -- quent attendance on the dissolute festivals so common CHEPHREN, a king of Egypt, brother and successor 66 CHEOPS, a king of Egypt, the successor, according to Herodotus (2, 124), of Rhampsinitus. According to Larcher (Chronol. d'Herod., vol. 7, p. 90), Cheops began to reign 1178 B.C. Herodotus makes him to have ruled over Egypt for the space of fifty years, and to have been a most oppressive monarch. He CHERSONESUS, a Greek geographical term, equivashut up all the temples, forbade public sacrifices, and compelled the people to undergo the severest labour. lent in meaning to the Latin "peninsula." The eara continent" or "mainTen years were occupied in constructing a causeway, lier form is Cherronesus, the word being derived from along which to draw the stones intended for a large χέρρος (later form χέρσος), pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect- land," and viooç, "an island," since a peninsula On this structure was an in- partakes, as it were, of the properties of both continen ing the pyramid itself. scription, in Egyptian characters, stating how much and island.-The most noted Chersonesi in ancient had been expended in radishes, onions, and garlic for times were the following: I. CHERSONESUS AUREA, the workmen. The interpreter informed Herodotus, or Golden Chersonese, a peninsula of farther India, that this sum amounted to no less than 1600 talents corresponding, according to D'Anville, Rennell, Manof silver. Taking the Attic talent at a valuation of nert, and others, to the modern Malacca, but, as Gos$1055,60, the sum expended will be nearly $1,700,000 sellin maintains, to the southern part of Pegu. The of our currency. The mode to which Cheops had re-positive knowledge of the ancient geographers can course in order to replenish his exhausted treasury, hardly be said to have extended much beyond this, although gravely related by Herodotus (2, 126), is ut- their account of the regions farther to the east being terly incredible, and must have been a falsehood of principally derived from the natives of India. Even the Egyptian priests. Indeed, the whole account given the position of the Golden Chersonese itself is given of Cheops bears this same impress of mendacity. He differently by different writers. (Consult Gossellin, was, in all probability, a monarch who broke loose Recherches, &c., vol. 3, p. 49.-vol. 2, p. 262, &c.) from the restraints of the sarcedotal order, and not The name given to this region by the ancients has only curbed the power of the latter, but likewise em- reference to the popular belief of its abounding in ployed on public works a larger part of the population gold; and here, too, some inquirers into early geogra of Egypt, who were living in idleness, and whose mor-phy have placed the Ophir of Solomon, an opinion als were becoming more and more corrupted by a fre- I maintained also by Josephus. (Ant. Jud., 8, 6, 4.)— CHERSONESUS CIMBRICA, a peninsula in the northern | of Lycia; but Strabo seems rather to place the site in part of Germany, answering to the modern Jutland, Mount Cragus (Strab., 665), while Pliny, on the auSchlesswig, and Holstein. (Ptol., 2, 11.)—III. CHER- thority of Ctesias, whose words have been preserved SONESUS TAURICA, a peninsula between the Pontus by Photius (Cod., 72), fixes it near Phaselis, beyond Euxinus and Palus Mæotis, answering to the modern Olympus. (Plin., 2, 106.) Seneca, in his account Crimea. The name was derived from the Tauri, a of this natural phænomenon, says (Ep., 79): “ In barbarous race who inhabited it. It was sometimes Lycia regio notissima est, Hephæstion incolæ vocant; called Chersonesus Scythica and Chersonesus Magna. perforatum pluribus locis solum, quod sine ullo nas(Ovid, Trist., 4, 4, 63.-ld., Pont., 3, 2, 5.)-IV. centium damno ignis innoxius circuit. Læta itaque CHERSONESUS THRACICA, often called simply the Cher-regio et herbida, nil flammis adurentibus, sed tantum sonesus, and the most important of all. It was a peninsula of Thrace, between the Sinus Melas and the Hellespont. The fertility of its soil, and its proximity to the coast of Asia Minor, early attracted an influx of Grecian settlers, and its shores soon became crowded with flourishing and populous cities. From this quarter the Athenians drew their chief supply of grain. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 322, seqq.) CHERUSCI, a people of Germany, between the We-ra flame, which, after the lapse of so many centuries, ser and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under the conduct of Arminius, they defeated and slew three Roman legions commanded by Varus, A.D. 10, in the Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Paderborn They were afterward defeated by Germanicus, and never recovered their former eminence. (Tacit., Ann., 1, 56 and 59.-Id. ibid., 2, 17, 26, 41, 45, and 64.-Id., Germ., 36.—Cæs., B. G., 6, 10.—Vell. Paterc., 2, 105.) vi remissa ac languida refulgentibus." From this description it is plain that the fire in question had little of the usual volcanic character, being perfectly harmless. Instances of this sort of flame are, however by no means uncommon; that of Pietra mala, in the Apennines, is well known, and there are others in Epirus and the Greek islands. We are indebted to Capt. Beaufort for an accurate account of the Chimais still unsubdued. This able navigator and antiquary, being at the time to the east of Olympus, says: "We had seen from the ship, the preceding night, a small but steady light among the hills; on mentioning the circumstance to the inhabitants, we learned that it was a yanar or volcanic flame; and they offered to supply us with horses and guides to examine it. We rode about two miles through a fertile plain, partly cultivated, and then, winding up a rocky CHILO, a Spartan, ranked, on account of his wis- and thickly-wooded glen, we arrived at the place. In dom and experience, among the seven sages of the inner corner of a ruined building the wall is underGreece. He directed his attention to public affairs, mined, so as to leave an aperture of about three feet and became one of the ephori, B.C. 556. (Diog. La- diameter, and shaped like the mouth of an oven; from ert., 1, 68.-Menag., ad loc.) Many of his maxims thence the flame issues, giving out an intense heat, are quoted by the ancient writers, which justify the yet producing no smoke on the wall; and though from high reputation connected with his name. He died the neck of the opening we detached some small of joy at an advanced age, while embracing one of lumps of caked soot, the walls were hardly discolourhis sons who had gained a prize at the Olympic games. ed. Trees, brushwood, and weeds grow close around The story told by Herodotus (1, 59) respecting Chilo this little crater, a small stream trickles down the hill and the father of Pisistratus cannot be true, since hard by, and the ground does not appear to feel the Pisistratus usurped the government of Athens B.C. effect of its heat beyond the distance of a few yards. 561, only five years after Chilo became ephorus, and No volcanic productions whatever were perceived in there could not have been any very great difference the neighbourhood. The guide declared that, in the between their respective ages. Chilo appears to have memory of man, there had been but one hole, and travelled much abroad, and it is probable that he vis- that it never had changed its size or appearance. It ited Sardis, the capital of Croesus, a monarch who had was never accompanied, he said, by earthquakes or sought an alliance with Sparta. (Herod., 1, 69.) It noises, and it ejected neither stones, smoke, nor noxwas at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all proba-ious vapours; nothing but a brilliant and perpetual bility, that he saw Esop, since Diogenes Laertius flame, which no quantity of water could quench.' speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the (Beaufort's Karamania, p. 47, seqq. - Compare fabulist. (Diog. Laert., 1, 68, seqq.) Clarke's Travels, vol. 5, p. 427.-Cramer's Asia Mi CHIMERIUM, a promontory on the coast of Epirus, opposite the island of Paxos. It is mentioned by Thucydides (1, 30) as the place where the Corinthians formed a camp to protect their allies against the Corcyreans. (Compare Strabo, 324.-Pausan., 8, 7.) It seems to answer to Cape Saracinico, above Parga. (Cramer's Ancient Grecce, vol. 1, p. 111.) CHIMERA, a fabulous monster, the offspring of Ty-nor, vol. 2, p. 258, seqq.) phon and Echidna (Hesiod, Theog., 319), which ravaged the country of Lycia until slain by Bellerophon. It had the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat (xualpa), and the tail of a serpent, and vomited forth fire. (Hom., I., 6, 181.) Hesiod's account is somewhat different from that of Homer's, since he gives the Chimæra three heads, one that of a lion, another a goat's, and a third a serpent's. (Theog., 321.) CHION, a native of Heraclea Pontica, and disciple There is strong reason to believe, however, that this of Plato. Animated by the political fanaticism to passage in Hesiod is an interpolation. (Heyne, in which the young and inexperienced so easily abandon Comment. Soc. Gott., vol. 2, p. 144.) The Latin themselves, he left Athens, where he had resided for poets, in their description of this monster, have imita- the space of five years, attending the instructions of ted, as usual, their Grecian masters. (Consult Lu Plato, and returned home with the determination of cret., 5, 903.-Ovid, Met., 9, 646.-Virgil, Æn., 6, freeing his native city from the yoke of tyranny. 288.) The various explanations given to this fabu- Clearchus, who ruled at Heraclea, was not, it is true, lous legend by the Greeks may be seen in Eustathius a good prince; but, in slaying him, Chion was the (ad I., 6, 181, p. 634, 40). Servius, the great com- cause of this city's falling under a worse tyrant, Satymentator on Virgil, gives a curious one: This, in rus, the brother of Clearchus. Chion himself perishtruth," says he, speaking of the Chimera, "is a ed as the victim of the latter's elevation to power. mountain of Lycia, the top of which is on fire at the We have seventeen letters said to have been written present day near it are lions: but the middle region by this young philosopher. They are principally adis occupied by pastures which abound in goats. The dressed to his father Matris; but their authenticity lower parts of the mountain swarm with serpents. "has been called into question; and the real author is (Serv. ad Virg., En., l. c.)—The geographers agree supposed to have been a Platonist of the fourth cenin adapting this fable to the mountains on the coast tury. The style is clear, simple, and animated. CHI The best edition of these letters is that of Hoffmann, which is joined to the edition of the fragments of Memnon, by Orelli, Lips., 1816.-Consult, in relation to Chion, and the authenticity of these letters, the prolegomena of Hoffmann, p. 131, seqq. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 281.) CHIONIDES, said to have been the earliest writer of the old Athenian comedy. (Compare Aristot., Poet., 3, 5.-Suidas, s. v. Xuv.) His representations date from Olymp. 73, 2, or 487 B.C. The names of three of his comedies are recorded, "Hpwεç, Пɛpoaì 'Aooupioi, and II7wxoi. To judge from these titles, we should conclude that his comedies had a political reference, and were full of personal satire; and from an allusion in Vitruvius (Præf. in lib., 6) we may infer, that they were gnomic, like those of Epicharmus. (Theatre of the Greeks, p. 99, 4th ed.) CHIOS, now Scio, an island in the Egean Sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor. It is about 900 stadia in circuit, and was probably once connected with the main land, from which it is separated only by a strait three leagues wide. (Strabo, 645) It was known by the names of thalia, Macris, and Pityusa, but its most prevalent name was Chios, derived, according to some, from xiv, snow, because its mountains were often covered with it. Isidorus, however, deduces the name from a Syriac term signifying mastich, with which the island abounds. (Compare Dioscorides, 1, 90.-Plin., 12, 16.) It was well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour which could contain eighty ships. (Herodot., 6, 8, and 31-Thucyd., 8, 15.) The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in esteem. The Chians are said to have first known the art of cultivating the vine, taught them by Enopion, the son of Bacchus, and by them communicated to the rest of mankind. The first red wine was made here. The marble of Chios was also in repute. It was one of the places which contended for the honour of having given birth to Homer, and his school was shown in the island. Modern Scio, until the dreadful ravages of the Turks, contained 115,000 inhabitants, nearly all Greeks, and was the best cultivated and most flourishing island in the Archipelago. (Compare MulteBrun, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 86, Am. ed.) death from his misery. According to another account, CHLOE, I. a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her year- CHLORIS, I. the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. The name is derived from the Greek x2pós, "verdant," and, according to Ovid, she is the same as Flora. (Ovid, Fast., 5, 195.)-II. A daughter of Amphion son of Jason and Persephone, who married Neleus, king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and twelve sons, who all, except Nestor, CHLORUS. were killed by Hercules. (Pausan., 2, 21, 9, 36.) Vid. Constantius Chlorus. CHOASPES, I. an Indian river. (Vid. Suastus.)—II. A river of Susiana. (Vid. Eulæus.) CHOBUS, a river of Colchis, falling into the Euxine, north of the mouth of the Phasis. (Arrian, Peripl., Pont. Eux., p. 122, ed. Blancard.) Mannert supposes it to be the same with the modern Schijani. (Geogr., vol. 4, p. 394.) CHERADES, islands in the Ionian Sea, off the coast of Iapygia. (Thucyd., 7, 33.) D'Anville follows Cluverius in placing them near the harbour of Tarentum. (Compare Haack, ad Thucyd., l. c.) ra. CHERE, islands off the coast of Euboea, near Sty They coincide with the Cavalleri of modern maps. (Herodot., 6, 101.) CHIRON, the most celebrated of the Centaurs (vid. CHEERĬLUS, I. an Athenian tragic poet, the contem Centauri), and son of Saturn and the nymph Philyra. Dreading the jealousy of his wife Rhea, the god is said porary of Phrynichus, and, like him, the competitor of to have transformed Philyra into a mare, and himself Eschylus. With Pratinas and the last-mentioned into a steed: the offspring of this union was Chiron, dramatist he contended Olymp. 70, 2, or B.C. 499, half man and half horse. This legend first appeared the time when Eschylus first exhibited. It is stated in the poem of the Gigantomachia. (Schol. ad Apoll. that he contended with Sophocles also, but the differRh., 3, 554.) It is also noticed by Pindar. (Pyth., ence in their ages renders this extremely improbable; 3, 1, seqq.) Probably the praise of Chiron, by Homer and the mistake may easily have arisen from the way (Il., 11, 832), for his love of justice, led to the making in which Suidas mentions the book on the chorus him the offspring of the god who ruled over the gold- which Sophocles wrote against him and Thespis. en race of men; and if, as it would appear, he was (Charilus, ed. Näke, p. 7.) It would seem that traskilled in music, a more suitable mother could not have gedy had not altogether departed from its original form been assigned him than the nymph "Lyre-loving." (t-in his time, and that the chorus was still satyric. 2úpa, quasi Þiλíhupa-Welcker, Nachtrag zur Tril., p. 53, not.) Unto Chiron was intrusted the rearing and educating of Jason and his son Medeus, Hercules, Esculapius, and Achilles. Besides his knowledge of the musical art, which he imparted to his heroic pupils, he was also skilled in surgery, which he In the contest taught to the last two of the number. between Hercules and the Centaurs, Chiron was accidentally wounded in the knee by one of the arrows of the hero. Grieved at this unhappy event, Hercules ran up, drew out the arrow, and applied to the wound a remedy given by Chiron himself; but in vain; the Chiron venom of the hydra was not to be overcome. retired into his cave longing to die, but unable on account of his immortality, till, on his expressing his willingness to die for Prometheus, he was released by Chorilus is said to have written 150 pieces, but no |