search after Proserpina. At times she appears in her | territory), and the Ceretani Juliani, who possessed chariot drawn by dragons. (Keightley's Mythology, the Jus Latü. Their country answers to the district p. 170, segg.)—The Latin name CERES is in reality of of Cerdagne in Catalonia. (Plin., 3, 3.-Petr. de the same force with the Greek appellation DEMETER Marca, 1, 12.) (Δημήτηρ, i. e., γῆ μήτηρ), the Roman C being origi- CESTRINE, a district of Epirus, separated from nally the same letter, both in figure and power, as the Thesprotia by the river Thyamis. It was said to Greek I, which was often employed as a mere gut-have taken its name from Cestrinus, the son of Heletural aspirate, especially in the oid Æolic dialect, from nus, having previously borne the appellation of Camwhich the Latin is principally derived. (Compare mania. It is now called Philates. (Pausan., 1, 11. Knight on the Greek Alphabet, p. 4, seqq.) The hiss-Steph. Byz., s. v. Kappavia-Thucyd., 1, 46.) ing termination, too, in the S, belonged to the same: CETHEGUS, I. a Roman consul, A.U.C. 421. He wherefore the word, which the Attics and Ionians was obliged to lay down his office on account of some wrote EPA, EPE, or HPH, would naturally be writ- informality in his election.-II. M. Cornelius, a disten TEPE by the old Æolics; the Greeks always ac- tinguished Roman orator. Being sent as prætor to commodating their orthography to their pronunciation; Sicily, he quelled a sedition of the soldiers in that isl and not, like the English and French, encumbering and. He was called to the censorship before he had their words with a number of useless letters. Ceres, been consul, a thing not in accordance with Roman however, was not a personification of the brute matter usage, and obtained this latter office six years subse which composed the earth, but of the passive pro- quently, B.C. 204. He carried on the war against the ductive principle supposed to pervade it (Ovid, Fast., Carthaginians in Etruria, and defeated Mago, who was 1, 673.-Virg., Georg., 2, 324); which, joined to the coming with succours for Hannibal. (Liv., 27, 11.active, was held to be the cause of the organization Id., 30, 18.)-III. C. Cornelius, proconsul in Spain, and animation of its substance; from whence arose A.U.C. 552, defeated a numerous army of the Sedeher other Greek name AH," the inventress." She tani. Being elected consul, A.U.C. 557, he gained is mentioned by Virgil (loc. cit.) as the wife of the a great victory over the Insubres, and on his return to omnipotent Father, Ether or Jupiter, and therefore Rome obtained the honours of a triumph. The peothe same as Juno; who is usually honoured with that ple having afterward chosen him censor, he assigned title, and whose Greek name HPH signifies, as be-distinct places to the senators at the public games. fore observed, precisely the same. (Plutarch, ap. (Liv., 31, 49.-Id., 32, 30.—Id., 35, 9.)-IV. Č. CorEuseb., Præp. Evang., 3, 1.) The Latin name Juno nelius, a Roman rendered powerful by his influence is derived from the Greek AINH, the female Zeus or with Marius. He himself was wholly governed by a Aig; the Etruscan, through which the Latin received female named Præcia, who obtained for Lucullus the much of its orthography, having no D or O in its al- government of Cilicia. (Plut., Vit. Lucull.)—V. C. phabet. The ancient Germans worshipped the same Cornelius, a Roman of the most corrupt and abangoddess under the name of Hertha, the form and doned character, and one of the accomplices of Catimeaning of which still remain in our word Earth. line. He was strangled in prison by order of the senThe Greek title seems originally to have had a more ate. (Sall., Bell. Cat.) general signification; for without the aspirate (which was anciently added and omitted almost arbitrarily) it becomes EPE; and by an abbreviation very common in the Greek tongue, PE, or PEE; which, pronounced with the broad termination of some dialects, become PEA; and with the hissing one of others, PEZ of RES; a word retained in the Latin, signifying properly matter, and figuratively every quality and modification that can belong to it. The Greek has no word of such comprehensive meaning; the old general term being in the refinement of their language rendered more specific, and appropriated to that principal mass of matter which forms the terraqueous globe, and which the Latins also expressed by the same word united to the Greek article rǹ ipa-TERRA. (Knight, Inquiry, &c., 35, seqq.-Class. Journ., vol. 23, p. 228, and vol. 25, p. 39-SainteCroix, Mystères du Paganisme, vol. 1, p. 159.) CERINTHUS, a town of Euboea, in the vicinity of Histica, and near a small river called Budorus. The name of Geronda, attached to a hamlet on the western coast, seems to recall that of Cerinthus. (Scymn., Ch., 574-Plut., Quæst. Gr.—Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 187.) CETO, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by whom she had the three Gorgons, the Græa, Echidna, and the serpent that watched the golden apples. (Hesiod., Theog., 270.) CAUS, an incorrect form for Cous or Coios. (Vid. Cous.) CEYX, a king of Trachinia, and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros; and his wife, having been apprized of his fate in a dream, found his corpse on the shore. They were both changed into Halcyons. (Vid. Alcyone.) CHABORAS, a river of Mesopotamia, springing, according to Ptolemy, from Mount Masius, a little to the west of Nisibis, but, according to other authorities, a little east of Charræ. These last are followed by D'Anville. It fell into the Euphrates near the town of Circesium. Its modern name is the Khabour. In the Anabasis of Xenophon (1, 4, 19.-Compare Ind. Nom. to the edition of Zeune), it is called the Araxes, which appears to be an appellative term, as we find it applied to many other rivers in antiquity. The Chaboras is called by Strabo (747) the Abborras; by Zosimus (3, 13) the Abōras. (Compare Amm. Marcell., 14, 1, and 23, 5.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 5, p. 268, seqq.) CERNE, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African coast, mentioned by Hanno in his Periplus, as it is usually though incorrectly termed. CHABRIAS, a celebrated Athenian general, at first a Here he established a colony, and it was always the disciple of Plato's, who distinguished himself in the depôt of the Carthaginians on the Atlantic coast of military movements of Athens during the fourth cen Africa. Hanno says that it was the same distance tury before our era, after the termination of the Pelofrom the Columns of Hercules that Carthage was. ponnesian war. One of his first exploits was the aid. According to Rennell, the island of Cerne is the mod-ing of Evagoras, king of Salamis, in the island of Cy ern Arguin. Gossellin, however, makes this island to be the modern Fedala. (Vid. the account of Hanno's voyage under the article Africa.) CERETANI, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and to the east of the VasPliny divides them into the Ceretani Augustani (so named from Augustus having enlarged their cones. prus, against the Persian arms. He was after this sent to the aid of the Baotians, who had been attacked by Agesilaus, and he disconcerted the Spartan general by a manoeuvre hitherto unknown to the Greeks. His army, on this occasion, being hard pressed by the foe, who had already become sure of victory, Chabrias ordered his soldiers to plant one knee on the ground, and was subsequently appointed librarian to the Sera- and rest their spears firmly on the other, covering panied Ælius Gallus in his journey through Egypt, their persons at the same time with their shields. Agesilaus, not daring to attack them in this position, drew back his forces into camp. A statue was erected to Chabrias in honour of this exploit, and he was represented in the posture just described. Some of the learned of modern times think that they recognise this statue in that of the "Gladiator." Chabrias afterward defeated near Naxos the fleet of the Lacedæmonians, and thus restored to Athens the control of the sea, which she had lost since the battle of Egos Potamos. Subsequently to this he was accused of treason for having allowed Oropus to be sur-ible worlds (opouevo коσμо) played a principal part. prised by the Theban exiles, but was acquitted notwithstanding the powerful efforts of his foes, and particularly of Callistratus. Finding a stay at Athens rather unsafe, he accepted the offer of Tachus, king of Egypt, who already had Agesilaus in his service, and accepted the command of his naval forces. Ta-zer, Symbolik, vol. 1, p. 383.) chus, however, having been abandoned by Agesilaus, who sided with his son Nectanebis, Chabrias returned to Athens, and he was then sent into Thrace to take charge of the war against Chersobleptes. His operations, however, were not very successful in this quarter, owing to the disorganized state of the Grecian forces, in consequence of the failure of their pay. Not long after this the social war, as it has been termed, broke out between the Athenians on the one side, and the Byzantines, together with the inhabitants of Chios, Rhodes, and Cos, on the other. The Athenians gave the command of their forces to Chares, and Chabrias went with him as second in authority, having charge of the fleet according to Diodorus Siculus, but, as Nepos informs us, in the character of a simple volunteer. They proceeded to attack Chios; and Chares, wishing to make an onset by both sea and land, gave the command of his ships to Chabrias. The latter succeeded in forcing an entrance into the harbour, but, not being followed by the remainder of the squadron, he was surrounded by the vessels of the enemy, and fell bravely defending his ship, although he might have escaped had he felt inclined. Great honours were paid to his memory at Athens. Demosthenes says, that he took in the course of his life seventeen cities and seventy vessels; that he made three thousand prisoners, and brought one hundred and ten talents into the public treasury; that he erected also many trophies, but his foes not a single one for any victory over him. He adds, that the Athenians, during the whole time Chabrias was commander, never lost a single city, a single fortress, a single vessel, or even a single soldier. In this, no doubt, there is great exaggeration; still, however, he appears to have been a very able general, and one that would have equalled all who went before him, had he lived in more favourable times. Plutarch says, that Chabrias, though at other times scarcely anything could move him, was in the moment of action impetuously vehement, and exposed his person with a boldness ungoverned by discretion. We have his life by Cornelius Nepos, but it is a very meager one. Xenophon, in his Greek history, might have given us more details respecting him; but the partiality of this writer for Sparta prevented him from saying much in favour of the Athenian commander. (Corn. Nep. in Vit.-Perizon. ad Æl., V. H., 5, 1.-Diod. Sic., 15, 32, seqq.-Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 1, 10, seqq.-Demosth., adv. Leptin., 17, &c.) CHÆREMON, I. a tragic poet of Athens, who flourished about 338 B.C. The earliest testimony, perhaps, in relation to this poet, is the mention made of him by the comic writer Eubulus. (Athenæus, 2, p. 43, c.-Compare Aristot., Poet., 2, 25.-Id., Rhet., 2, 23, et 29.-Theophrast., Hist. Plant., 5, 9, 5.Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, 2d ed., p. xxxii.)—II. A philosopher and historian of Alexandrea. He accom CHERONEA, a city of Boeotia, to the northeast of Lebadæa. It was about sixteen English miles from Elatea, twenty-seven from Thebes, and sixty-two from Athens (Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, 2d ed., p. 295, in notis), and was remarkable for the important military events which occurred in its territory, and also as being the birthplace of Plutarch. Pausanias is inclined to look upon this city as the Baotian Arne mentioned by Homer (Il., 2, 507.-Pausan., 9, 40). According to some traditions, however, Arne and Midea had both been swallowed up by the waters of the Copaic Lake; but others considered the town of Acræphium as the Arne of the poet. (Strabo, 413.) Pausanias reports, on the authority of Hesiod, that the name of Charonea was derived from Charon, the son of Apollo. It was memorable for the defeat of the Athenians by the Baotians, B.C. 447, and much more for their irretrievable defeat by Philip, B.C. 338. (Plut., Vit. Demosth., c. 24. Strabo, 414.) Pausanias observes, that no trophy was erected by Philip after this signal victory, as it was not the practice of the Macedonian kings. Several years after this place witnessed another bloody engagement, between the Romans, under the conduct of Sylla, and the troops of Mithradates, commanded by Taxiles and Archelaus, B.C. 86. Charonea is now called Kaprena, and is still a populous village, with many vestiges of the ancient town. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 241, seqq.-Dodwell's Tour, vol. 1, p. 220.-Gell, Itin., p. 221.) CHALCEDON, a city of Bithynia, situate at the southern extremity of the Thracian Bosporus, nearly opposite to Byzantium or Constantinople. It was founded by a colony from Megara, about seventeen years prior to the settling of Byzantium. Chalcedon was called by the Persian satrap Megabyzus, in derision, the city of the blind, because the inhabitants had overlooked the superior position on the opposite side of the straits, where Byzantium was subsequently founded. (Herodot., 4, 144.) Strabo, however, ascribes this remark to an oracle of Apollo, which was received by the founders of Byzantium, and by which they were directed to select a spot for a city "opposite the blind" (drevavтiov Tāv Tvøλ@v.-Strab., 320). But, whichever be the true account, one thing is very certain, that the imputation attempted to be cast upon the Chalcedonians was any other than just. When Chalcedon was founded, the commerce of Megara bad not extended to the Euxine, and it would have been idle, therefore, to found a city, at that period, on the European side of the Bosporus, along which a steady current sets down from the Euxine Sea. It was only when traffic had spread to the shores of the Euxine, that the site occupied at present by Constantinople became an important one; since the vessels from that sea would then be carried down directly by the current into the harbour of the last-mentioned city. the Boeotians in their depredations on the coast of Attica, soon after the expulsion of the Pisistratida, afforded the Athenians just grounds for reprisals. They accordingly crossed over into Euboea with a large force, and, after defeating the Chalcidians, occupied the lands of the wealthiest inhabitants, and distributed among them 4000 of their own citizens. These, however, were obliged to evacuate the island on the arrival of the Persian fleet under Datis and Artaphernes. (Herod., 6, 100.) The Chalcidians, after the termination of the Persian war, became again dependent on Athens with the rest of Euboea, and did not regain their liberty till the close of the Pelopon (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, p. 155.) Chalcedon was always a considerable place. It preserved its independence until the reign of Darius, to whose arms the Chalcedonians were forced to submit. They recovered their freedom, however, after the defeat of Xerxes, and became the allies, or, rather, tributaries of the Athenians, to whom the ports of the Bosporus were an object of the highest commercial and financial importance. After the battle of Egos Potamos, however, Chalcedon opened its gates to Lysander, whose first object seems to have been to secure the entrance of the Bosporus by the possession of this city and Byzantium. (Xen, Hist. Gr., 2, 2, 1.) Theopompus, who is quoted by Athenæus, observes, that the Chal-nesian war, when they asserted their freedom, and, cedonians at first possessed good institutions, but, having been tainted by the democratic principles of their neighbours, the Byzantines, they became luxurious and debauched. (Athen., 12, p. 526, f.) This city is also celebrated in ecclesiastical history for the council held there against the Eutychian heresy (A.D. 451). Hierocles assigns to it the first rank among the cities of the province then called Pontica Prima (p. 690) It is to be observed, that in writing the name of this city ancient authors have not been uniform, some giving Kaxŋdúv, others Xaλkηdóv. The former mode is, however, much more frequent, and it is confirmed by the existing coins, the epigraph of which is invariably KAAXAAONION, according to the Doric form. (Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., p. 1, vol. 1, p. 410.)—The site of this ancient city is now occupied by the Turkish village of Kadikevi, but the Greeks still preserve the classical name. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 190.-Mannert, Geogr., l. c. -Walpole, Memoirs, vol. 2, p. 8, Append., n. 41.) CHALCIDICE, I. a district of Macedonia, between the Sinus Thermaicus and Strymonicus. The lower part of it formed three peninsulas, Phlegra or Pallene, Sithonia, and Athos. The small town of Chalcis gave name to this district.-II. Another in Syria, adjacent to the town of Chalcis. (Vid. Chalcis V.) CHALCIDICUS (Chalcidian), an epithet applied to Cuma in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis in Euboea. (Virg., En., 6, 17.) aided by the Boeotians, fortified the Euripus and established a communication with the continent by throwing a wooden bridge across the channel. Towers were placed at each extremity, and room was left in the middle for one ship only to pass. This work was undertaken, according to Diodorus, 410 B.C. (Diod. Sic., 13, 47.) From the advantages of its situation and the strength of its works, Chalcis was considered, in the latter period of the history of Grecce, as one of the most important fortresses of that country; hence we find it a frequent object of contention between the Romans and Philip, son of Demetrius, who termed it one of the chains of Greece. (Polyb., 17, 11.-Id., 18, 28.) In the war with Perses, the Chalcidians were cruelly oppressed and plundered by the Roman prætors Lucretius and Hortensius. (Livy, 43, 7.) They were subsequently treated with still greater severity by Mummius, the destroyer of Corinth, for having favoured the Achæans in their contest with Rome; and the epitomist of Livy asserts that their town was actually destroyed. (Liv., 52.-Compare Freinsh., Suppl., 19.) Pausanias informs us that Chalcis no longer existed in his day (5, 23.— Compare Steph. Byz., s. v. Xahкíç.—Hierocles, p. 645). Procopius names it among the towns restored by Justinian (4, 3). In the middle ages it assumed the name of Euripus (Apospasm., Geogr., vol. 4, p. 42, Geogr. Min., ed Hudson), which was in process of time corrupted to Negropont, the modern appellaCHALCICUS, an epithet applied to Minerva at tion of the whole island, as well as that of its capital. Sparta, from her having a brazen temple (xaλкoйç (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 134.)-II. A oikoç). Sir W. Gell, in his account of the Treasury town of Ætolia, at the foot of Mount Chalcis, and on at Argos, gives a reasonable explication of this seem- the right bank of the Evenus. It was sometimes ingly strange term. He discovered in the interior called Hypochalcis, with reference to its situation at of the Treasury, which still remains in a great de- the base of the mountain, and is now represented by gree entire, a number of brass nails, placed through- the modern village of Galata. Thucydides (2, 83) out at regular intervals on the walls, and these he places it near the mouth of the Evenus. Livy says supposes were originally used for securing plates of it stood on the road from Naupactus to Lysimachia the same metal to the wall; and hence the seeming and Stratus (36, 11). Polybius calls it Chalcia, and fables of brazen chambers and brazen temples. In a speaks of it as a maritime town (5, 94).—III. A similar manner may be explained the account, given small maritime town of the Corinthians, situated toby the ancients, of the brazen vessel made by Eurys-wards Sicyon. (Thucyd., 1, 108.)-IV. A city of theus, and into which he retired whenever Hercules returned from his labours. (Gell's Argolis, p. 33.) CHALCIS, I. the most celebrated and important city of Euboea, situate on the narrowest part of the Euripus. According to the common account, it was founded after the seige of Troy by an Ionian colony from Athens, under the conduct of Cothus. (Strabo, 447.) Other authorities, however, have assigned to it a much greater antiquity, and it is certain that Homer speaks of Chalcis as already existing before the event above mentioned. (Il., 2, 537.) The flourishing condition of this great Ionian city, at a very early period, is attested by its numerous colonies on the shores of Italy and Sicily, as well as on the Thracian coast around Pallene and Mount Athos. Aristotle, as Strabo reports, dated these establishments from the period when the government of Chalcis, through the influence of the wealthiest inhabitants, named Hippobotæ, became a pure aristocracy. From Herodotus (5, 77) we learn, that the Chalcidians, having joined Macedonia, in the district of Chalcidice, to which it gave name. It was founded at an early period by a colony from Chalcis in Euboea.-V. A city of Syria, capital of the district of Chalcidice, and of Grecian origin, having been settled by the Macedonians. It was superseded afterward by Chaleb or Bercea. It is represented by the modern Kinnesrin or Chinserin. (Appian, Bell. Syr., 20.-Joseph., Bell. Jud., 20, 3.) CHALDEA, a country of Asia, at the head of the Persian Gulf, and south of Babylonia. Some writers, however, make Babylonia a part of it. With respect to the origin of the Chaldæans, who are called in scripture Chasdim, various opinions have been entertained. Michaelis considers them as a foreign race in Assyria. His chief reason for this opinion is founded on the names of Chaldæan and Babylonian kings preserved in scripture, and by Ptolemy and Syncellus, which differ from the Assyrian names, and bear an apparent resemblance to those of some northern nations of Sla vonic origin. Thus Nebucadnezzar would be in Sla en. ronie, Nebu-godnoi-tzar, i. e., a prince worthy of heav-| Cyrus: either, therefore, they must have shifted their Belshazzar would be equivalent to Bolshoi-tzar, position, or Croesus subsequently lost what he had i. e., a great prince; and so of others. It has been gained on the right bank of the Halys. Xenophon, objected to this, that the word Czar in Slavonic is who traversed the country of the Chalybes, speaks of nothing more than a corruption of Casar, an opinion them as being few in number, and subject to the Mohardly worth refuting. The orthography of the Rus-syncci; he adds, that their chief employment was sian term tsar sufficiently disproves such an idea. forging iron. But it is worthy of remark, that he Compare the Hebrew sar; the Arabic sary; the places these Chalybes more to the east than other Sanscrit shera; the English sire. So also we have writers. (Anab., 5, 5, 2.) Zeunius, therefore, is of in the arrow-headed inscriptions of Persepolis, as in- opinion, that this people must have lived a wandering terpreted by Lassen, the form ksahiah for "king." sort of life, and have often changed their territory. (Lassen, Altpersischen Keil-Inschriften, &c., p. 141. (Dissert. Geogr. ad Anab., p. xxvii., ed. Oxon., 1809.) -Compare Michaëlis, Spicileg, Geogr., Heb. ext., Xenophon, however, speaks elsewhere of some other vol. 2, p. 77, seqq.)—The Chaldæans appear to have Chalybes, who were situated apparently on the borders been originally a mountaineer-race from the northern of Armenia, and were much more numerous and warparts of Mesopotamia, though not, as Michaëlis sup-like. (Anab., 4, 7, 10.) Strabo reports, that the poses, of foreign extraction, but in reality a branch of Chalybes, in his time, had changed their name to that the Semitic race. (Compare Adelung, Mithradates, of Chaldæi (Strab., 549), and it is remarked, that Xenvol. 1, p. 517.-Fürst, Chald. Gram., p. 5, seqq.-ophon speaks of an Armenian tribe of Chaldees, who Compare still farther, in relation to the Chaldee encountered the Greeks near the river Centritis (Anab., tongue, the remarks of Saint-Martin, as cited by Bal-4, 3, 4.-Compare Eustath. ad Dion. Perieg., 768); bi, Introduction a l'Atlas Ethnographique, p. 106, but Menippus, in his Periplus, calls the Pontic tribe and, as regards the pretended antiquity of the Chaldee Chaldi, and their canton Chaldia. (Ap. Steph. Byz., empire, consult Cuvier, on the Revolutions of the Sur- s. v. Xahdia.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 273, face of the Globe, p. 127, seqq., Eng. transl., 1829, seqq.) and Drummond's Origines, vol. 1, p. 13, seqq.) The Chaldæans are highly commended in many of the ancient writers for their skill in the sciences, especially in astronomy. If we are to believe Diodorus, how ever, their claims to this high character were very slight. They seem to have pursued the study of astronomy no farther than as it might tend to aid their astrological researches. They taught that the shape of the earth was that of a skiff or small boat, and of eclipses of the sun they knew but little, and never ventured to predict them, or fix the time of their oc- CHALYBS, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, in the curring. So says Diodorus. (Diod. Sic., 2, 31.-country of the Celtiberi, and one of the tributaries of Compare, however, in relation to the science of the the Iberus. Its waters were famed for hardening steel; Chaldæans, the remarks of Sir W. Drummond, Class. so that the name Chalybs was given to it from this Journ., vol. 16, p. 145 and 262; vol. 17, p. 19; vol. circumstance, by either the Romans or the Greeks, 18, p. 1 and 298; vol. 19, p. 296.) more probably the former. The modern name is the Queiles. (Justin, 44, 3.) CHALDEI, I. the inhabitants of Chaldæa.-II. The same with the Chalybes. (Vid. Chalybes.) CHALYBON, a city of Syria, capital of the district called Chalybonitis, and the same with the Scripture Helbon. (Ezek., 27, 18.) The surrounding country was famed for its wine. (Compare Casaub. ad Athen., 2, p. 66.-Bochart, Hieroz., pt. 1, lib. 2, c. 45, p. 485.-Schleusner, Lex. V. T., s. v. Xɛžbúv.) Thevenot, Russel, and others make this city correspond to the modern Aleppo (Haleb). Pococke, however, is in favour of Kennesrin, to the south of Aleppo. (Vid. Berca.) CHAONES, a people of Epirus. (Vid. Chaonia.) CHALYBES, a people of Pontus, in Asia Minor, who CHAONIA, a region of Epirus. The ancients comInhabited the whole coast from the Jasonium Promon-prehended under the name of Chaonia that northwesttorium to the vicinity of the river Thermodon, together with a portion of the inner country. They were celebrated in antiquity for the great iron-mines and forges which existed in their country. (Apoll. Rh., 2, 1002, seqq.—Id., 2, 374.—Virg., Georg., 1, 58.-Dionys. Perieg., 768.) We are ignorant of the grounds on which the ancients attributed this active employment in the manufacture of iron to the Chalybes, for it does not appear at present that this part of Asia is at all productive of that most useful metal; perhaps, however, if the mountainous districts were accurately examined, there could be found traces of the ancient works. It is plain, however, that they had not ceased to furnish a good supply of metallic ore in Strabo's time, for he observes, that the two great articles of produce in the land of the Chalybes, who were then commonly called Chaldæi or Chaldi, were the fisheries of the pelamys and the iron-works; the latter kept in constant employment a great number of men. Strabo observes, also, that these mines formerly produced a quantity of silver; and this circumstance, together with some affinity in the names, led some commentators of Homer to identify the Alybe of that poet with the Chalybes of Pontus. (Il., 2, 856.) Strabo himself strongly contends for this interpretation, and it is in all probability the true one. (Strabo, 549, seqq.) It is remarkable, that Herodotus names the Chalybes among the nations of Asia that were conquered by Croesus (1, 28), and yet they certainly are found afterward considerably beyond the Halys, which separated his dominion from those of ern part of Epirus which bordered on the territory of foe, and excited the discontent of the allies, so that the CHARICLES, I. one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians, and possessing great influence among his colleagues. (Xen., Mem. Socr., 1, 2, 31. -Aristot., Polit., 5, 6.-Schlosser, ad Aristot., l. c.) s. v. Xaovía) Virgil uses the epithet Chaonius for Dodonaus (Georg., 1, 8) in referring to the acorns of Dodona. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 93.) CHAOS, a heterogeneous mass, containing all the seeds of nature. According to Hesiod (Theog., 116), "Chaos was first;" then came into being "broadbreasted Earth, the gloomy Tartarus, and Love." Chaos produced Erebus and Night, and this last bore to Erebus Day and Ether. The idea of Chaos and Night, divested of poetical imagery, is simply that of unformed matter, eternally existing as the passive principle, whence all forms are produced. Whether, besides this Chaotic mass, the ancient theogonies suppose an infinite, active, intelligent Principle, who from the first matter formed the universe, is a question which has occasioned much debate. It is evident, upon the most cursory review of all the ancient theogonies, that God, the great Creator of all things, is not expressly introduced, but it is doubted whether the framers of these theogonies meant to exclude him from their respective systems, or indirectly to suppose his exist-II. A celebrated physician in the train of Tiberius. ence and the exertion of his power in giving motion to matter. When divested of allegory and poetry, the sum of the doctrine contained in the ancient theogonies will, it is conceived, be found to be as follows: The first matter, containing the seeds of all future being, existed from eternity with God. At length the Divine energy acting upon matter produced a motion among its parts, by which those of the same kind were brought together, and those of a different kind were separated, and by which, according to certain wise laws, the various forms of the material world were produced. The same energy of einanation gave existence to animals and men, and to gods who inhabit the heavenly bodies, and various other parts of nature. Among men, those who possess a larger portion of the Divine nature than others are hereby impelled to great and beneficent actions, and afford illustrious proofs of their divine original, on account of which they are, after death, raised to a place among the gods, and become objects of religious worship. (Enfield's Hist. of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 130, seqq.) CHARADRA, a town of Phocis, about 20 stadia from Lilaa. Near it flowed the river Charadrus, which fell into the Cephissus. Herodotus (8, 33) names this place among the Phocian cities destroyed by the army of Xerxes. Dodwell states, that the ruins of Charadra are to be seen near the village of Mariolates, at the foot of Parnassus. (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 2, p. 132.) CHARAX, I. a considerable emporium of Bithynia, in the later periods of the Byzantine empire. It was situate on the bay of Nicomedia, or Sinus Astacenus. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Xúpač.)-II. Another and earlier name for the city of Tralles, in Lydia. (Steph. Byz., 8. v. Τράλλις, Χάραξ.)-ΙΙ. Α town of Phrygia, between Lampe and Graosgala. (Nicet., Ann., p. 127, b.)-IV. A town of Armenia Minor, in the northeastern angle of the country. (Ptol.-Compare Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 154.) CHARAXUS, a Mytilenean, brother to Sappho. (Vid. Sappho, near the commencement of the article.) CHARES, I. an Athenian general, who succeeded to the command after the condemnation and death of Leosthenes. He was sent by the Athenians against Alexander, tyrant of Phere, but, instead of coming to action with the foe, he harassed the Athenian allies to such a degree by his extortions and oppression, that the social war was the result (B.C. 388). Although Chares was the principal cause of this war, yet the orators of his party shielded him from punishment, and succeeded in having him nominated commander-inchief. Little, if anything, was effected by him, and he was at length recalled for having aided Artabazus, who had revolted against the king of Persia. Some time after he was sent to aid Byzantium against Philip of Macedon, but he only incurred the contempt of his Towards the end of that emperor's life, Charicles, on taking leave of him, as if about to journey abroad, managed, in grasping the hand of Tiberius, to feel his pulse, and became instantly convinced that the latter had not more than two days to live, a secret which he soon divulged to Macro. (Tacit., Ann., 6, 50.— Gronov., ad loc.) CHARILA, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It owed its origin to this circumstance: in a great famine the people of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed the little corn he had among the better portion of them; but an orphan girl coming and importuning him, he beat her with his sandal. The girl, unable to endure the affront, hung herself with her girdle. The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a festival was instituted with expiatory rites. The king presided over this festival, and distributed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila's image was brought before the king, who struck it with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. (Plut., Quæst. Gr.-Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 4, p. 176.) CHARIS, a name applied by Homer (П., 18, 382) to the wife of Vulcan. In the Odyssey, on the other hand (8, 267), Venus is named as his spouse. It amounts to the same thing in the figurative explanation of the myth, since Grace and Beauty were both regarded as the characteristics of Vulcan's labours. (Heyne, ad Il., 1. c.) CHARISIA, a festival in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. A cake was given to those who remained awake during the whole time. (Eustath. ad Od., 18, 194.) CHARISTIA, a festival at Rome, on the 8th day before the Calends of March (February 22). It was celebrated among relations by a kind of family banquet, and presents were made. No stranger was allowed to be present. (Val. Max., 2, 1, 8.) CHARITES, the Graces, daughters, according to Hesiod (Theog., 907), of Jupiter and the ocean-nymph Eurynome. They were three in number, and their names, as the same bard informs us, were Aglaia (Splendour), Euphrosyne (Joy), and Thalia (the Blooming one). According to Antimachus (Pausan, 9, 35), the Graces were the daughters of Helius (the Sun) and Egle (Splendour); and Hermesianax made Peitho (Persuasion) one of their number. In Nonnus (Dionys., 24, 263) their names are Pasithea, Peitho, and Aglaia. The Graces, like the Muses and other sister-goddesses, are spoken of by Homer in the plural, and with him their number is indefinite. They |