3.-Id., 4, 22.-Liv., Epit., 48.-Eutrop., 4, 16.Isidor., Hisp. Chron. Goth., p. 173.)

CELTICI, a people of Lusitania, whose territory lay below the mouth of the Tagus, and between that river and the Turdetani. They were of Celtic origin, as their name imports, and their country answered to what is now the southern part of Alontejos. Their chief town was Pax Julia, now Beja. (Plin., 3, 1.— Id., 4, 21.)

CENÆUM, a promontory of Euboea, which formed the extreme point of the island towards the northwest. The modern name is Lithada. (Strab., 444.—Plin., 4, 12.-Ptol., p. 87.)

wrote a small work entitled " De die Natali," which was so called because composed on occasion of the birthday of his friend Cerellius. It treats of the time of birth, of the influence of one's Genius, as well as that of the stars, upon the birth-period of an individual; and embraces many other topics of a chronological, mathematical, and cosmographical character. Canio, therefore, who edited the work in 1583, separated the latter part of this production from the rest, and regards it as a fragment of an unknown author, "De naturali institutione." The style of Censorinus is good, though not free, of course, from the blemishes natural to his time. We have also a fragment, de Metris, by this same writer. He composed also a work have not reached us. The best edition of Censorinus is that of Havercamp, Lugd. Bat., 1743, 8vo, reprinted in 1767. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm Lit., vol. 1, p. 661.) The latest edition is that of Gruber, Nuremb., 1805, 8vo.

CENCHREE, I. a harbour of Corinth, on the Saronic Gulf, from which this city traded with Asia, the Cyc-on accents, and another on geometry, but these last two lades, and the Euxine. (Strabo, 380.) It was about seventy stadia from the city itself; and the road thither appears, from the account of Pausanias, to have been lined with temples and sepulchres. Dr. Clarke observes, that the remains at Cenchreæ faithfully correspond with the description given by Pausanias of the spot. Sir W. Gell says the place is still called Kenchres. (Ilin. of the Morea, p. 207.)-II. A village of Argolis, near the frontiers of Arcadia, southwest of Argos. A tumulus was here erected to some Argives who had fallen in a battle with the Spartans. (Strabo, 376.)

CENCHREIS, a small island off the Spiræum Promontorium of Argolis. (Plin., 4, 11.)

CENCHRIUS, a river of Ionia rear Ephesus and Mount Solmissus, where the Curetes, according to some, concealed and protected Latona after her delivery, when she was pursued by the power of Juno. (Strab., 639. -Tacit., Ann., 3, 61.)

CENIMAGNI, a people of Britain, north of the Trinobantes, on the eastern coast, forming part of the great nation of the Iceni. (Vid. Iceni.) Lipsius, however, rejects the term Cenimagni, where it occurs in the text of Cæsar (B. G., 5, 21), on the ground that this race are nowhere else mentioned among the British tribes, and he proposes to read in place of it, Iceni, Cangi. The author of the Greek paraphrase of Cæsar has Keviuavoi, whence Vossius conjectured the true reading to be Cenomani, and supposed this nation to have crossed over from Gaul. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr. ad Cæs., p. 231, seqq.)

CENINA. Vid. Canina. CENOMANI, a people of Gaul, belonging to the nation of the Aulerci. (Vid. Aulerci.)

CENTAURI, a Thessalian race fabled to have been half-men half-horses.-The Centaurs and Lapithæ are two mythic tribes, which are always mentioned together. The former are spoken of twice in the Iliad, under the appellation of wild-creatures (Pīpeç), and once under their proper name. (Il., 1, 268.—Ib., 2,742. —Ib., 11, 832.) We also find the name Centaurs in the Odyssey (21, 303). They seem to have been a rude mountain-tribe, dwelling on and about Mount Pelion. It is very doubtful whether Homer and Hesiod conceived them to be of a mingled form, as they were subsequently represented. In the fight of the Centaurs and Lapitha on the shield of Hercules, the latter appear in panoply fighting with spears, while the former wield pine-clubs. (Hes., Scut. Herc., 178, seqq.) Pindar is the earliest poet extant who expressly describes them as semi-ferine. According to him (Pyth., 2, 78, seqq.), the offspring of Ixion and the cloud (vid. Ixion) was a son named Centaurus, who, when grown up, wandered about the foot of Mount Pelion, where he united with the Magnesian mares, who brought forth the Centaurs, a race partaking of the form of both parents, their lower parts resembling their dams, their upper their sire. The common account makes the Centaurs to have been the immediate offspring of Ixion and the cloud. By his wife Dia, Ixion had a son named Pirithous, who married Hippodamia, daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos. The chiefs of his own tribe, the Lapithe, were all invited to the wedding, as were also the Centaurs, who dwelt in the neighbourhood of Pelion. Theseus, Nestor, and other strangers were likewise present. At the feast, Eurytion, one of the Centaurs, becoming intoxicated with the wine, attempted to offer violence to the bride; the CENSORINUS, I. one of the ephemeral Roman emper- other Centaurs followed his example, and a dreadful ors who appeared in so great numbers under the reign conflict arose, in which several of them were slain. of Gallienus, and are known in later Roman history The Centaurs were finally driven from Pelion, and as "the thirty tyrants." (Treb. Pollio, in Hist. Aug. obliged to retire to other regions. (Ovid, Met., 12, Script., vol. 2, p. 254, ed. Hack.) Censorinus had 210, seqq.-Diod. Sic., 4, 70.)-According to the been distinguished in camps and in the senate; he had earliest version of this legend, Eurytion, the Centaur, been twice consul, twice prætorian prefect, three times being invited to the mansion of Pirithous, got intoxiprefect of Rome, and four times proconsul. After cated, and behaved so ill, that the heroes rose, and, having passed through this honourable career, he re- dragging him to the door, cut off his ears and nose,. tired to the country, being now advanced in years, and which was the occasion of strife between the Cenlame from a wound he had received in the war against taurs and men." (Od., 21, 295, seqq) When Herthe Persians during the reign of Valerian. It was un- cules was on his way to hunt the Erymanthian boar, der these circumstances that he was proclaimed em- he was entertained by the Centaur Pholus; and this peror, A.D. 269, in spite, as it would appear, of his gave rise to a conflict between him and the other Cenown wishes; and by a species of pleasantry he was taurs, which terminated in the total discomfiture of the surnamed, or rather nicknamed, Claudius, in allusion to latter.-The most celebrated of the Centaurs was his lameness (claudus, "lame"). The strict disci- Chiron, the son of Saturn by the nymph Philyra. pline, however, which he wished to introduce, gave of- (Vid. Chiron.)-It is the opinion of Buttmann (Myfence, and he was slain by the very soldiers who had thologus, vol. 2, p. 22), that the Centaurs and Lapithe raised him to the throne. (Treb. Poll., Vit. Cens.)—are two purely poetic names, used to distinguish two II. A grammarian and philosopher, who flourished opposite races of men; the former, the rude horseunder Maximus and Gordianus, about A.D. 238. He riding tribes, which tradition records to have been

CENSORES, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created A.U.C. 312. The office of the censors was chiefly to estimate the fortunes, and to inspect the morals of the citizens. For a full account of their duties, &c., consult Adams, Rom. Ant.

causes, they judged all together. A cause before them could not be adjourned. (Plin., Ep., 1, 18Id., 4, 24.) Ten men were appointed, five senators and five equites, to assemble these councils, and preside in them in the absence of the prætor. (Sueton., Aug., 36.) Trials before the centumviri were held usually in the Basilica Julia, sometimes in the forum. (Consult Heineccius, Antiq. Rom., ed. Haubold, 4, 6, 9, p. 664.)

spread over the north of Greece; the latter, the more civilized race, which founded towns, and gradually drove their wild neighbours back into the mountains. He therefore thinks the exposition of Centaurs as Airpiercers (from Kevteiv tηv aŭpav) not an improbable one, for that very idea is suggested by the figure of a Cossack, leaning forward with his protruded lance as he gallops along. He regards, however, the idea of κένταυρος having been in its origin simply κέντωρ as much more probable. Lapitha may, he thinks, have CENTURĪPA (τὰ Κεντόριπα Ριοί, Κεντούρι παι. signified Stone-persuaders (from hñaç kɛitɛiv), a po- Sil. Ital., CENTURIPE), an ancient city of the Siculi, etic appellation for the builders of towns. He supposes on the eastern shore of Sicily, near Catana. After Hippodamia, as her name seems to intimate, to have the Roman conquest of the island it became an imbeen a Centauress, married to the prince of the Lapi-portant place in the corn-trade to Italy. The modern thæ, and thus accounts for the Centaurs having been Centorbi appears to mark the ancient site. (Manat the wedding. (Mythologus, l. c.-Keightley's My-nert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 416.) thology, p. 316, seqq.)-Knight takes a very different view of the legend. The horse, as he observes, was sacred to Neptune and the Rivers, and was employed as a general symbol of the waters. The Centaurs appear to him to have been the same symbol partly humanized. According to this explanation, the legend respecting the Centaurs and Lapitha will have reference to the draining of some parts of Thessaly by that old Pelasgic race. (Knight's Enquiry, &c., § 111, seqq.-Class. Journ., vol. 25, p. 34, seqq.)

CENTRITIS, a river of Armenia Major, flowing under the ramparts of Tigranocerta, and falling into the Euphrates. The Greeks gave it the name of Nicephorius, "that brings victory," probably on account of some battle gained in its vicinity during the time of the Syrian kings. It separated Armenia from the country of the Carduchi, and is now the Billis-Soo. (Xen., Anab., 4, 3.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 5, p. 236.)

CEOS (also called CEA, Plin., 4, 12.-Ovid, Met., 7, 368, &c.), an island of the Egean, one of the Cyclades, opposite the promontory of Sunium in Attica, It was famed for its fertility and rich pastures. Pliny (4, 12) writes, that it had been torn from Euboea, and was once 500 stadia in length, but nearly four parts were carried away by the sea on the side of Bœotia. Herodotus states, that it was an Ionian colony peopled from Africa, and furnished a few ships both at Artemisium and Salamis (8, 1). From this island, as Varro reports, a greater degree of elegance was introduced in female dress. (Plin., l. c.) It once possessed four towns, named Iulis, Carthæa, Coressia, and Paessa, but in Strabo's time only the two former remained, the population of the others having been transferred to them. Iulis was the birthplace of Simonides, and is probably represented by the modern Zea, which gives its name to the island. It is said CENTRONES, a people of Gaul, among the Alpes that the laws of this town decreed, that every man, on Graie, who, along with the Graioceli and Caturiges, reaching his sixtieth year, should destroy himself by were defeated by Cæsar in several engagements. poison, in order to leave to others a sufficient mainTheir chief city was Forum Claudii Centronum, now tenance. This ordinance is said to have been proCentron. (Lemaire, Index Geogr. ad Cæs., p. 231.) mulgated when the town was besieged by the AtheCENTUM CELLE, a seaport town of Etruria, north-nians. (Strabo, 486.-Elian, V. H., 3, 37.—Craeast of Cære. It is better known under the name of Trajani Portus, that emperor having caused a magnificent harbour to be constructed there, which Pliny the younger has described in one of his epistles (6, 31). Two immense piers formed the port, which was semicircular, while an island, constructed artificially of immense masses of rock, brought there by vessels and sunk in the sea, served as a breakwater in front and supported a pharos. The coast being very destitute of shelter for vessels of burden, this work of Trajan was of great national benefit. Previous to Trajan's improvements the place was very thinly inhabited, and received its name from the mean and scanty abodes scattered here and there along the shore. Centum Cellæ having been destroyed by the Saracens, the inhabitants built another town at some distance inland, but afterward they reoccupied the site of the old city, which, from that circumstance, obtained its present name of Civita Vecchia. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 201, seqq.--Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, p. 373.)

CENTUMVIRI, the members of a court of justice at Rome. There were originally chosen three from each of the 35 tribes of the people, and, though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were after ward increased to the number of 180, but still kept their original name. They seem to have been first instituted soon after the creation of the prætor peregrinus. The causes that came before them in the time of the republic are enumerated by Cicero. They judged then chiefly concerning testaments and inheritances. (Cic., Or., 1, 38.-Val. Max., 7, 7.—Quintil., 4, 1, 7.) After the time of Augustus, however, they formed the council of the prætor, and judged in the most important causes. When the number of the Centumviri reached 180, they were divided into four councils, sometimes only into two, and sometimes, in important

mer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 401, seqq.)

CEPHALLENIA, an island in the Ionian sea, southwest of Ithaca, from which it is separated by a strait of six miles. It is now Cefalonia, and forms one of the seven Ionian islands. Strabo (456) asserts, that it was about three hundred stadia in circuit, or thirty-eight miles; Pliny (4, 12), forty-four miles; but both are very far short of the real measurement, which is little less than one hundred and twenty miles. The more ancient name of this large island was Samos, as we learn from Homer. (Od., 4, 671.) But the poet elsewhere speaks of the Cephallenians as the subjects of Ulysses. (Il., 2, 631.) All the writers of antiquity agree in deriving the name of Cephallenia from Čephalus, who settled here after his expedition against the Telebone, in which he accompanied Amphitryon. (Strabo, l. c.) The Cephallenians did not share in the glory of the victory of Salamis, but one of their cities sent a few soldiers to Platea. (Herodot., 9, 28.) Prior to the Peloponnesian war, the whole isl and was conquered by an Athenian fleet commanded by Tolmides. But its subjugation does not appear to have been permanent, since Thucydides mentions, that, towards the commencement of the war, it was brought under the dominion of Athens, without a struggle, by a fleet of one hundred triremes (2, 30). There were four cities in the island, Palle or Pale, Cranii, Same, and Proni. Besides these well-known cities, Stephanus Byzantinus assigns to Cephallenia a town called Taphos, of which some remains are said to exist near the modern village of Taphios, on the western coast of the island. (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 1, . p. 75.) Strabo reports, that, towards the close of the Roman republic C. Antonius, the colleague of Cicero in his consulship, resided in Cephallenia during his exile, and acquired such an influence over the inhabi

tants that he appeared to have the direction of the whole island. He had projected the foundation of a new city, but the work was never executed. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 49, seq.)

CEPHALION, a Greek writer, whose native country is unknown. Suidas, it is true, makes him to have been born at Gergitha in Troas, but the lexicographer evidently confounds him with another writer named Cephalon. (Voss., Hist. Gr., 2, 12.) Cephalion is said to have lived during the reign of Hadrian, and to have been exiled to Sicily for some offence given to the emperor. He wrote an Abridgment of Universal History (Σύντομος Ιστορικός) from Ninus to the death of Alexander. It was in the Ionic dialect, like the work of Herodotus, and, like this also, was divided into nine books, each named after one of the Muses. He composed also rhetorical declamations. His works are lost. (Photius, Cod., 68-vol. 1, p. 34, ed. Bekker.-Kuster ad Suid., s. v.)

CEPHALON, a native of Gergitha in Troas, not to be confounded with the preceding. Cephalon wrote an historical work, entitled Trojan Events (Towikú). He appears to have been anterior to Alexander the Great, and is considered by Dionysius of Halicarnassus worthy of reliance as an historical writer. His work is lost. (Dion. Hal., Ant. Rom., 1, 49, et 72.)

das makes Cephalus to have been the first orator that made use of an exordium and peroration. (Suid., s. v. Képañoç.)—III. The father of Lysias the orator. He was a native of Syracuse, but settled at Athens as a resident sojourner, or one of the péroikot. (Lys. contra Eratosth., 2.-Reiske, ad loc.)

CEPHEIS, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. (Ovid, A. A., 1, 193.)

CEPHENES, I. an ancient name of the Persians.
(Vid. Persia.-Herodot., 7, 61.)—II. A name of the
Ethiopians, from Cepheus, one of their kings. (Ovid,
Met., 4, 764.—Gierig, ad loc.)

CEPHEUS, a king of Ethiopia, father of Andromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after his death. (Ovid, Met., 4, 669.-Id., 5, 12.-Pausan., 4, 35.)

CEPHISIA, a borough of Attica, at the foot of Mount Brilessus, and near the source of the Cephissus. It was the favourite residence of Herodes Atticus, who had a beautiful villa here. The modern name is said to be Kissia. Cramer, however, gives Cephissia. (Aul. Gell., 18, 10.-Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 400.)

CEPHISODOTUS, I. a statuary of Athens, flourished about B.C. 372. Two works of his are spoken of by the ancients, a Mercury nourishing Bacchus when an infant, and one of a public speaker in the act of delivering an oration. (Plin., 34, 8, 19.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)-II. Another statuary, who flourished about Olym. 120. (Plin., 34, 8, 19.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

CEPHISUS and CEPHISSUS, I. a celebrated river of Greece, that rises at the foot of Parnassus, close to Lilæa, and, after traversing the plains of Phocis and part of the Baotian territory, empties into the Copa ic Lake in the latter country. Hesiod compared it to a serpent, from the many sinuosities of its course (Ap. Strab., 424.) The modern name is Mauro Potamo. According to the poets, the son of the rivergod Cephissus introduced the worship of the Graces into Boeotia (vid. Orchomenus), and hence the peculiar attachment which they were said to have for the waters of this stream. (Vid. Gratia.)-II. A river of Attica, generally distinguished by the name of Atticus, to prevent its being confounded with the Cephissus which flowed near Eleusis. Strabo (400) affirms, that it took its source near the demus of Trinemeis, and, after flowing through the Attic plains and passing under the long walls, discharged itself into the sea near Phalerum: he adds, that in summer it was nearly dry. In the Edipus Coloneus it is described, however, as a perennial stream (v. 685, seqq.—Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 357).—III. A river running near Eleusis. According to Sir W. Gell (Itinerary, p. 34), it is divided at present into many small branches, and often inundates the plain in its vicinity. The modern name is said to be the Podhonista.IV. A river of Argolis, flowing into the Inachus.-V. A river in the island of Salamis. (Strabo, 424.)

CEPHALUS, I. the son of Deion, and a grandson of olus, was married to Procris, the eldest daughter of Erechtheus. They dwelt at Thoricos in Attica, and lived happily together, till curiosity to try the fidelity of his wife entered the mind of Cephalus. Feigning a journey of eight years, he disguised himself and came to Procris with a splendid jewel, which he offered to her on dishonourable terms. After much hesitation she yielded, when her husband discovered himself and reproached her with her conduct. She fled from him in shame, but they were soon after reconciled. Cephalus went constantly to the chase; and Procris growing suspicious, as she had failed herself, fancied that he was attracted by the charms of some other fair one. She questioned the slave who used to accompany him; and he told her, that his master used frequently to ascend the summit of a hill, and cry out, "Come, Nephela, come!" Procris went to the designated hill, and concealed herself in a thicket; and on her husband's crying, "Come, Nephela, come!" (which was nothing more than an invocation for some cloud to interpose itself between him and the scorching beams of the sun), she rushed forward towards her husband, who, in his astonishment, threw his dart and unwittingly killed her. (Pherecydes, ap. Schol. ad Od., 11, 321.) This legend is told with great variations, which it is not worth while here to enumerate. (Consult Hygin., fab., 189. —Ovid, Met., 7, 661, seqq.-Pausan., 9, 19, 1.-Apollod., 3, 15, 1.—Anton. Lib., c. 41.) Cephalus, for his involuntary crime, was banished. He went to Thebes, which was at that time ravaged by a fox, which nothing could overtake, and he joined Amphitryon in the chase of it. His dog Lælaps ran it down; but, just as he was CERAMICUS, I. now Keramo, a bay of Caria, north catching it, Jupiter turned them both to stone. (Apol- of the peninsula of Doris, receiving its name from the lod., 2, 4, 7.) Cephalus then aided Amphitryon against city of Ceramus in its vicinity. (Plin., 5, 29.)—II. the Teleboans, and on their conquest he settled in One of the most considerable and important parts of the island named from him Cephallenia. This last- the city of Athens. Its name was derived from the mentioned circumstance, however, is a mere coinci-hero Ceramus (Pausan., 1, 3), or perhaps from some dence of name. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 381, seqq.)-II. An Athenian orator, who flourished towards the end of the Peloponnesian war, and was one of those that contributed most to overthrow the rule of the thirty tyrants. Although he lived during a very stormy period, and although no one ever proposed or caused to be passed more laws than he did, yet he never had any accusation brought against him, a remarkable fact in the history of Athens. We must not confound him with Cephalus, the father of Lysias, who came from Syracuse and settled at Athens. Sui

potteries which were formerly situated there. (Herodotus, 5, 88.—Suidas, s. v. Kɛpaucic.) It included probably the Agora, the Stoa Basileios, and the Poecile, as well as various other temples and public buildings. Antiquaries are not decided as to the general extent and direction of this part of the ancient city, since scarcely any trace remains of its monuments and edifices; but we may certainly conclude, from their researches and observations, that it lay entirely on the south side of the acropolis. (Leake's Topography of Athens, p. 101.) In this direction it

succeeding poets, after whom Ovid has related it (Met., | up with joy, and heedlessly swallowed a grain of pom5, 341.-Id., Fast., 4, 417, seq.). Claudian also has egranate which he presented to her. Mercury consung it in a poem, of which, unfortunately, a portion is ducted his fair charge safe to Eleusis, and delivered lost.-Proserpina, according to the author of the Ho-her into the hands of Ceres. When their joy had meric hymn, was in the Nysian plain with the ocean- a little subsided, Ceres anxiously inquired of her nymphs gathering flowers. According to some ac- daughter if she had tasted anything while below; for counts, Venus, Minerva, and Diana were the compan- if she had not she would be free to spend her whole ions of their sister on this occasion. (Hygin., fab., time with her father and mother; whereas, if but one 146.-Claudian, Rapt. Pros., 2, 11, seqq.-Stat., morsel had passed her lips, nothing could save her Achill, 2, 150.) Others gave her the sirens as her from passing one third of the year with her husband; attendants. (Apoll. Rh., 4, 896.) She plucked the she should, however, pass the other two with her and rose, the violet, the crocus, the hyacinth, when she the gods. Proserpina ingenuously confessed the swalbeheld a narcissus of surprising size and beauty, hav-lowing of the grain of pomegranate, and then relates ing a hundred flowers growing from a single root. Unconscious of danger, the maiden stretched forth her hand to seize the wondrous flower, when suddenly the wide earth gaped, Pluto arose in his golden chariot, and, seizing the terrified goddess, carried her off shrieking for aid, but unheard and unseen by gods or mortals save by Hecate, the daughter of Perses, who heard her as she sat in her cave, and by King Helius (the sun), whose eye nothing on earth escapes. So long as the goddess beheld the earth and starry heavens, the fishy sea, and the beams of the sun, so long she hoped to see her mother and the tribes of the gods; and the tops of the mountains and the depths of the sea resounded with her divine voice. At length her mother heard, and, frantic with grief, inquired for tidings of her lost daughter; but neither gods, nor men, nor birds, could give her intelligence. Nine days she wandered over the earth, with flaming torches in her hands; on the tenth Hecate met her, but could not tell who it was that had carried off Proserpina. Together they proceeded to Helius, and the Sun-god tells Ceres that the ravisher is Pluto, who, by the permission of her sire, had carried her away to be his queen. Incensed at the conduct of Jupiter, Ceres thereupon abandoned the society of the gods and came down among men. But now she was heedless of her person, and no one recognised her. Under the guise of an aged female, she came to Eleusis, and was employed, as a nurse for her infant son Demophoon, by Metanira the wife of Celeus, monarch of the place. Beneath the care of the goddess the child "throve like a god." He ate no food, but Ceres breathed on him as he lay in her bosom, and anointed him with ambrosia, and every night hid him beneath the fire, unknown to his parents, who marvelled at his growth. It was the design of Ceres to make him immortal, but the curiosity and folly of Metanira deprived him of the intended gift. She watched one night, and, seeing what the nurse was doing to her child, shrieked with affright and horror. The goddess threw the infant on the ground, declaring what he had lost by the inconsiderateness of his mother, but announcing that he would still become a great and honoured man. She then disclosed her real character, and directed the people of Eleusis to raise an altar and temple to her without the city, on the hill Callichorus. The temple was speedily raised, and the mourning goddess took up her abode in it, but a dismal year came upon mankind; the earth yielded no produce; in vain the oxen drew the plough in the field; in vain the seed was cast into the ground, for Ceres would allow of no increase. Jove at length sent Iris to Eleusis to invite Ceres back to Olympus, but she would not comply with the call. All the other gods were sent on the same errand, but with as little success. Finding that there was no other remedy, and that the goddess would not allow the earth to bring forth until she had seen her daughter, Jupiter sent Mercury to Erebus to endeavour to prevail on Pluto to suffer Proserpina to return to the light. The monarch of the lower world yielded compliance, and, kindly addressing Proserpina, granted her permission to return to her mother. The goddess instantly sprang

unto her mother the whole story of her abduction.
They pass the day in delightful converse. Hecate
arrives to congratulate Proserpina, and henceforward
becomes her attendant. Jove sends Rhea to invite
them back to heaven. Ceres now complies, and fer-
tility once more prevailed over the earth. Ceres there-
upon taught Triptolemus, horse-lashing Diocles, the
mighty Eumolpus, and Celeus, leader of the people,"
the mode of performing her sacred rites; and the god-
dess, after this, returned to Olympus.-Such is, in all
probability, the oldest account of this celebrated event.
In progress of time it underwent various alterations;
the scene was, as usual, changed, and circumstances
also were added or modified. In the beautiful ver-
sions of it given by the Latin poets, the scene is
transferred to the grove and lake in the neighbour-
hood of Enna in Sicily, the nymph Arethusa gives
intelligence of the ravisher, the torches of Ceres are
lighted from Etna, and Ascalaphus tells of Proser-
pina's having plucked a pomegranate in the garden
of Pluto, and having put seven of the seeds in her
mouth. In this as in other legends, the fancy of po-
ets, and vanity of the inhabitants of different places,
have taken abundance of liberties with the ancient
tale.-The meaning of the whole fable is evident
enough. Proserpina signifies the seed-corn, which,
when cast into the ground, lies there concealed; that
is, she is carried off by the god of the lower world; it
re-appears; that is, Proserpina is restored to her moth-
er, and she abides with her two thirds of the year.
As, however, the seed-corn is not a third part of the
year in the ground, it is probable that by the space of
time which Proserpina was to spend with the god in
the invisible state, was intended to be expressed the
period between the sowing of the seed and the ap-
pearance of the ear, during which the corn is away;
and which space of time in some species of grain, bar-
ley for instance, is about four months. The vanity
of the people of the hungry soil of Attica made them
pretend, that corn was first known, and agriculture
first practised, in their country. They fabled, that
the goddess gave to Triptolemus (Thrice-plougher),
who occupies the place of Demophoon in the foregoing
legend, her chariot drawn by dragons, in which he
flew through the air, distributing corn to the different
regions of the earth. (Callim., H. in Cer., 22.-Pau-
san., 1, 14, 2.-Ovid, Met., 5, 654.-Hygin., fab.,
147.)-Ceres, though of a gentle disposition in gen-
eral, partook of the usual revengeful character of the
gods, as may be seen by the legends of Stellio and
Erysichthon. (Vid. Stellio and Erysichthon.)-The
chief seats of the worship of Ceres and Proserpina were
Attica, Arcadia (vid. Oncæum), and the fertile isle
of Sicily, which was given by Jupiter to his daughter
on her day of unveiling, that is, on her marriage; as
was also Thebes, according to the poet Euphorion.
(Schol. ad Eurip., Phan., 693.-Müller, Örchom.,
p. 217.) The form of Ceres is copied from that of Ju-
no. She has the same majestic stature and matronly
air, but of a milder character. Her usual symbol are
poppies, which sometimes compose a garland for her
head, sometimes are held in her hand. She is fre-
quently represented holding a torch, significant of her