north. It sank, however, in importance after Alexan- | wealthy lady of this city (22, 52). Philostratus m drea was built, and merely retained some consequence forms us (Vit. Sophist.), that Hadrian colonized this from its temple and oracle of Serapis, which latter was place, and procured for it a good supply of water, of consulted during the night, and gave intimations of which it stood much in need, as we know from Horthe future to applicants while sleeping within the walls ace. (Sat., 1, 5, 90.) The same poet complains of the structure. The festivals, also, that were cele- also of the grittiness of the bread. (Cramer's An brated at this temple, drew large crowds of both sexes cient Italy, vol. 2, p. 292.) from the adjacent country, and exercised an injurious influence on the morals of all who took part in them. Canopus, in fact, was always regarded as a dissolute place, and, even after Alexandrea arose, it was much frequented by the inhabitants of the capital for purposes of enjoyment and pleasure, the temperature of the air and the situation of the city being spoken of in high terms by the ancient writers. (Amm. Marcell., 22, 16.) The festivals of Serapis ceased on the introduction of Christianity, and from that period history is silent respecting Canopus. The French savans found some traces of the ancient city a short distance to the west of the modern Aboukir. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 541, seqq.) CANTABRI, a warlike and ferocious people of Spain, who long resisted the Roman power. Their country answers to Biscay and part of Asturias. Augustus marched in person against them, anticipating an easy victory. The desperate resistance of the Cantabrians, however, induced him to retire to Tarraco, and leave the management of the war to his generals. They were finally reduced, but, rebelling soon after, were decreed to be sold as slaves. Most of them, however, preferred falling by their own hands. The final reduction of the Cantabri was effected by Agrippa, A.U.C. 734, after they had resisted the power of the Romans in various ways for more than two hundred years. (Liv., Epit., 48.-Flor., 4, 12.—Plin., 3, 2.-Horat., Od., 3, 8, 22.) CAPANEUS, an Argive warrior, son of Hipponous. He was one of the seven leaders in the war against Thebes (vid. Adrastus), and is often alluded to by the ancient poets as remarkable for his daring and impiety. Having boasted that he would take the Theban city, in despite even of Jove, this deity struck him with a thunderbolt as he was in the act of ascending the ramparts. When his body was being consumed on the funeral pile, his wife Evadne threw herself upon it and perished amid the flames. Esculapius was fabled to have restored Capaneus to life. (Apollod., 3, 6, 3.—Id., 3, 6, 7.—Id., 37, 2.—Id., 3, 10, 3.Esch., Sept., c. Theb., 427, seqq.-Heyne, ad Apollod., 3, 6, 3.) CAPELLA, I. (Marcianus Mineus Felix), a poet, born, according to Cassiodorus, at Madaura in Africa: he calls himself, however, at the end of this work, "the foster-child of the city of Elissa;" whether it be that he was born at Carthage, or else received his education there, which latter is the more probable opinion of the two. The MSS., however, give him the title of "the Carthaginian." In process of time he attained to proconsular dignity, but whether he was a Christian or not is a matter of uncertainty. About the middle of the fifth century of our era he wrote at Rome a work bearing the appellation of Satira or Satyricon, divided into nine books. It is a species of encyclopedia, half prose and half verse, modelled after the Varronian satire. The first two books form CANTIUM, a country in the southeastern extremity a detached and separate work, entitled De Nuptiis of Britain, now called Kent. The name is derived Philologie et Mercuri, and treating of the apothfrom the British word cant, signifying an angle or cor-eosis of Philology and her marriage with Mercury. ner. (Consult Adelung, Gloss. Med. et Inf. Lat., vol. 2, p. 133, s. v. canto.) CANULEIA LEX, a law proposed by C. Canuleius, tribune of the commons, A.U.C. 310, and allowing of intermarriages between the patricians and plebeians. (Liv., 4, 1.) frequently copied, and the text has become extremely corrupt. The best edition of Capella is that of Grotius, Lugd. Bat., 1599, 8vo; although a good edition, in the strict sense of the term, is still a desideratum. The work of Grotius is generally regarded as a literary wonder, since he was only fourteen years old when he undertook the task of editing Capella, and published his edition at the age of fifteen. He was aided in it by his father, as he himself informs us, and very probably also by Joseph Scaliger, who induced him to attempt the task. (Bahr, Gesch. Rom. Lit., vol. 1, p. 727, seqq.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 98.Walckenaer, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 7, p. 62)-II. An elegiac poet, mentioned with eulogium by Ovid. (Pont., 4, 16, 36.) We have no remains of his productions. We find in it, among other things, a description of heaven, which shows that the mystic notions of the Platonists of that day approximated in a very singular manner to the truths of Christianity. In the seven following books Capella treats of the seven sciences, which formed at that time the circle of human study, CANUSIUM, a town of Apulia, on the right bank of namely, grammar, logic, rhetoric, geometry, astrology, the Aufidus, and about twelve miles from its mouth. arithmetic, and music, which comprehends poetry. The origin of Canusium seems to belong to a period | This work, written in a barbarous style, was introduwhich reaches far beyond the records of Roman histo-ced into the schools of the middle ages: hence it was ry, and of which we possess no memorials but what a fabulous tradition has conveyed to us. This tradition ascribes its foundation to Diomede, after the close of the Trojan war. Perhaps, however, we should see in Diomede one of those Pelasgic chiefs, who, in a very distant age, formed settlements in various parts of Italy. Canusium appears to have been in its earlier days a large and flourishing place. It is said by those who have traced the circuit of the walls from the remaining vestiges, that they must have embraced a circumference of sixteen miles. (Pratilli, Via Appia, 4, 13.-Romanelli, vol. 2, p. 265.-Compare Strabo, 28.) The splendid remains of antiquity discovered among the ruins of Canosa, together with its coins, establish the fact of the Grecian origin of this place. Antiquaries dwell with rapture on the elegance and beauty of the Greek vases of Canosa, which, in point of size, numbers, and decorations, far surpass those discovered in the tombs of any other ancient city, not even excepting Nola. (Millingen, Peintures Antiques des Vases, &c.)--Horace alludes to the mixed dialect of Oscan and Greek, in the expression employed by him, "Canusini more bilinguis." (Sat., 1, 10, 30.) -It is stated, that the small remnant of the Roman army, which escaped from the slaughter of Cannæ, took refuge here. Livy records the generous treatment they experienced on that occasion from Busa, a CAPENA, I. a gate of Rome, now the gate of S. Sebastian, in the southeast part of modern Rome. (Ovid, Fast., 5, 192.)—II. A city of Etruria, southeast of Mount Soracte. It is frequently recorded, in the early annals of Rome, among those which opposed, though unsuccessfully, the gradual encroachments of its power. Great diversity of opinion has existed as to the modern site, but the conjecture of Galetti is now generally followed, which makes Capena to have stood at a place called Civitucula. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 231.) CAPETUS, a king of Alba, who reigned twenty-six years. (Consult, however, the remarks under the ar- | Maximus, and Balbinus. He wrote other lives a sc ticle ALBA) which have not reached us. The greater part of his biographies are dedicated to Dioclesian and Constan. tine. His works show carelessness and want of proper arrangement. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 464.-Moller, Dissert. de Julio Capitol., Altdorf, 1689, 4to.) CAPHAREUS, a lofty mountain and promontory at the southeastern extremity of Euboea, where Nauplius, king of the country, to avenge his son Palamedes, put to death through the false accusation brought against him by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night, which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. It is now called Capo d'Oro, and, in the infancy of navigation, was reckoned very dangerous on account of the rocks and whirlpools on the coast. (Eurip., Troad., 88.-Id., Hel., 1136. -Virg., En., 11, 260.—Ovid, Met., 14, 481.-Propert., 4, 1, 115.) CAPITO, I. the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Cassius. (Vell. Paterc., 2, 69.)II. Fonteius, a Roman nobleman sent by Antony to settle his disputes with Augustus. (Horat., Serm., 1, 5, 32.) CAPITOLIUM, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome, on the Tarpeian Rock. The foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus, A.U.C. 139, B.C. 615. The walls were raised by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus finished it, A.U.C. 231, B.C. 533. It was not, however, consecrated until the third year after the expulsion of the kings. This ceremony was performed by the consul Horatius. It covered 8 acres, was 200 feet broad, and about 215 long. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and two wings or aisles, the right sacred to Minerva, and the left to Juno. The ascent to it from the forum was by a hundred steps. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. All the chariots, &c. The Capitol was burned in the time of Sylla, A.U.C. 679, B.C. 84, through the negligence of those who kept it, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before the dedication, which was performed by Q. Catulus, A.U.C. 675. It was again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius, 19th December, A.D. 69; and Vespasian, who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again for the last time, and made it more grand and magnificent than any of his predecessors had, and spent 12,000 talents in gilding it.--The ordinary derivation of the term Capitolium is deservedly ridiculed by a modern tourist: "It was in digging the foundation of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus that a human head was found, according to Roman legends; and the augurs declared this to be emblematical of future empire. The hill, in consequence, which had been originally called Saturnius, and then Taipeius, was now denominated Capitolius (Caput Olu), because this head, it seems, belonged to somebody called Tolius or Olius, though how they knew the man's name from his scull I never could discover." (Rome in the Nineteent Century, vol. 1, p. 179.) Equally unfortunate is the etymology assigned by Nork, who deduces Capitolium from caput (Tой) πTÓλεws, where róλews is the old form for Tóλews, and which old form, in the proce of time, dropped the instead of the 7! (Etymol. Handwört., vol. 1, p. 128.) CAPITOLINUS, I. a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on Mount Capitolinus.-II. A surname of M. Manlius, who, for his ambition in aspiring to sover-consuls successively made donations to the Capitol, eign power, was thrown down from the Tarpeian Rock, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one time 2000 which he had so nobly defended.-III. Mons, one of pounds weight of gold. The gilding of the whole the seven hills on which Rome was built, contain- arch of the temple of Jupiter, which was undertaken ing the citadel and fortress of the Capitol. Three as- after the destruction of Carthage, cost, according to cents led to its summit from below. 1st. By the 100 Plutarch, 21,000 talents. The gates of the temple steps of the Tarpeian Rock, which was probably on the were of brass, covered with large plates of gold. The steepest side, where it overhangs the Tiber. (Com-inside of the temple was all of marble, and was adornpare Tacitus, Hist., 3, 71.-Liv., 5, 46.-Plut., Vii.ed with vessels and shields of solid silver, with gilded Camill.) 2d. The Clivus Capitolinus, which began from the arch of Tiberius and the temple of Saturn, near the present hospital of the Consolazione, and led to the citadel by a winding path. (Ovid, Fast., 1, 261.) 3d. The Olivus Asyli, which, being less steep than the other two, was on that account the road by which the triumphant generals were borne in their cars to the Capitol. This ascent began at the arch of Septimius Severus, and from thence, winding to the left, passed near the ruined pillars of the temple of Concord, as it is commonly but improperly called, and from thence led to the Intermontium. The Capitoline Hill is said to have been previously called Saturnius, from the ancient city of Saturnia, of which it was the citadel. Afterward it was known by the name of Mons Tarpeius, and finally it obtained the appellation first mentioned, from the circumstance of a human head being discovered on its summit, in making the foundations of the temple of Jupiter. (Varro, L. L., 4, 8.) It was considered as forming two summits, which, though considerably depressed, are yet sufficiently apparent. That which looked to the south and the Tiber was the Tarpeian Rock or citadel; the other, which was properly the Capitol, faced the north and the Quirinal. The space which was left between these two elevations was known by the name of Intermontium.-IV. An appellation said to have been given to an individual named Petilius, who had been governor of the Capitol. (Compare the scholiast on Horace, Sat., 1, 4, 94.) It is also related, that he was accused of having stolen, during his office, a golden crown, consecrated to Jupiter, and that, having pleaded his cause in person, he was acquitted by the judges, in order to gratify Augustus, with whom he was on friendly terms. One part, at least, of the story is incorrect, since the Capitolini were a branch of the Petilian family long before this time. (Compare Vaillant, Num. fam. Kom, vol. 2, p. 222.) What degree of credit is to be attached to the rest of the narrative is uncertain. (Consult Wieland, ad Horat., l. c.)—V. Julius, one of those later Roman historians, whose works form what has been termed "the Augustan History." He lived during the reign of Dioclesian and Constantine the Great, and we have from him the lives of Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Verus, Pertinax, Albinus, Macrinus, the two Maximins, the three Gordians, The term CAPPADOCIA, a Country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Galatia and Pontus, west by Phrygia, east by the Euphrates, and south by Cilicia. Itr eastern part was called Armenia Minor. Cappadocia, under the Persians, had a more extended meaning than in later geography: it comprised two satrapies, Cappadocia the greater and Cappadocia on the Pontus Euxinus. The first satrap of the greater Cappadocia was a member of the royal family of Persia, and a kind of hereditary succession seems to have prevailed, which the great king probably allowed, because he could not prevent it. The founder of this dynasty was named Anaphus, and, according to Diodorus Siculus (ap. Phot., Cod., 244, p. 1157), was one of the seven conspirators who slew the false Smerdis. Datames, the grandson of Anaphus, was the first regu lar sovereign of this Cappadocian dynasty; and after him and his son Ariamnes, we have a long list of . princes, all bearing the name of Ariarathes for sever- | Rhod., Argon., 1.) Augustus was the first emperor al generations. (Vid. Ariarathes.)-Cappadocia was who made Capres his residence, being struck, as Suesurrounded on three sides by great ranges of mount-tonius relates, by the happy presage of an old decayed ains, besides being intersected by others of as great ilex having, as it was said, revived on his arrival there. elevation as any in the peninsula. Hence its miner- Not long after, he obtained the island from the Neaal productions were various and abundant, and a source politans, by giving them in exchange that of Ischia, of wealth to the country. Strabo specifies the rich which belonged to him. (Suet., Aug., 92.) Tiberius mineral colour called Sinople, from its being exported was led to select this spot for his abode, from its diffiby the merchants of Sinope, but which was really dug culty of access, being cut off from all approach, except in the mines of Cappadocia : also, onyx; crystal; a on one side, by lofty and perpendicular cliffs. The kind of white agate, employed for ornamental pur- mildness of the climate and the beauty of the prosposes; and the lapis specularis: this last was found pect, which extends over the whole bay of Naples. in large masses, and was a considerable article of the might also, as Tacitus remarks, have influenced his export trade. The champagne country yielded almost choice. Here he caused twelve villas to be erected, every kind of fruit and grain, and the wines of some which he is supposed to have named after the twelve districts vied with those of Greece in strength and chief deities. (Tacit., Ann., 4, 67.) The ruins of the flavour. Cappadocia was also rich in herds and flocks, villa of Jove, which was the most conspicuous, are but more particularly celebrated for its breed of horses; still to be seen on the summit of the cliff looking toand the onager, or wild ass, abounded in the mount- wards Sorrento. It is probably the same with the ains towards Lycaonia. (Strab., 535, seqq.)-Herod- Arx Tiberii of Pliny (3, 6).—The island of Capri, at otus informs us, that in the days of Croesus and Cy- the present day, abounds so much with various birds rus the people commonly known in history by the of passage, but especially with quails, that the greatest name of Cappadocians were termed Syrians by the part of the bishop's income arises from this source. Greeks, while the Persians employed the more usual Hence it has been called the "Bishopric of Quails." appellation. (Herod., 1, 72.-Id., 7, 72.) A portion, In bad years the number caught is about 12,000, in moreover, of this same nation, who occupied the coast good years it exceeds 60,000. The island is surof Pontus and Paphlagonia, about Sinope and Amisus, rounded by steep rocks, which render the approach to long retained the name of Leucosyri, or white Syrians, it very dangerous. In the centre the mountains recede to distinguish them from the more swarthy and south- from each other, and a vale intervenes, remarkable for ern inhabitants of Syria and Palestine. (Strab., 544.) its beauty and fertility. The climate of the island is The origin of the Cappadocians, therefore, unlike that a delightful one; the lofty rocks on the coast keep off of most of the other nations of Asia Minor, was of the cold winds of winter, and the seabreeze tempers Asiatic growth, unmixed with the Thracian hordes the heat of summer. (Malte-Brun, Geogr., vol. 4, p. which had overrun Phrygia and all the western part of 240, Brussels ed.) the peninsula. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p 105, seqq.)-The Cappadocians bore among the ancients the character of volatility and faithlessness. They were also made the subject of sarcastic remark, for having refused freedom when it was offered them by the Romans, and for having preferred to live under the sway of kings. (Justin, 38, 2.) There was nothing, however, very surprising in this refusal, coming, as it did, from a people who knew nothing of freedom, and who had become habituated to regal sway. Their moral character is severely satirized in the wellknown epigram, which states that a viper bit a Capradocian, but died itself from the poisonous and corrupt blood of the latter!-The Greeks and Romans found in this country few towns, but a number of strong castles on the mountains, and large villages in the neighbourhood of celebrated temples, to which the latter served as a kind of protection. Most of these villages became cities in the time of the Romans, when this people had destroyed the castles and strongholds on the mountains. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 216, seq.) CAPSA, a town of Libya, in the district of Byzacium, north of the Palus Tritonis, surrounded by vast deserts. Here Jugurtha kept his treasures. It was surprised by Marius; and was destroyed in the war of Cæsar and Metellus Scipio. It was afterward rebuilt, and is now Cafsa. Sallust (Bell. Jug., 94) ascribes the origin of this place to the Libyan Hercules. Diodorus Siculus also (4, 18) speaks of a large city, called Hecatonpylos, from its hundred gates, and which was founded in a fertile spot in the desert by Hercules, as he was proceeding from Libya to Egypt. Hanno is said to have taken this city during the first Punic war. |(Diod., 2, 24, exc. 1.-Compare Polyb., 1, 73.) Mannert identifies Hecatonpylos with Capsa, and strives to elucidate the fable by ascribing to the place an Egyptian origin. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 346.) Gesenius derives the name of Capsa from the Punic captsa, "a bolt," "bar," or "barrier." (Phan. Mon., p. 421.) CAPUA, a rich and flourishing city, the capital of Campania until ruined by the Romans. Its origina name was Vulturnus, which was changed by the TyrCAPPADOX, a river of Cappadocia, bounding it on the rheni, after they became masters of the place, to Capua. side of Galatia, and falling into the Halys. (Plin., 6,3.) This latter name was derived from that of their leader CAPRARIA, I. a mountainous island, south of Balearis Capys, who, according to Festus, received this appelMajor or Majorca, and deriving its name from its nu-lation from his feet being deformed and turned inmerous goats (caper, capra). The modern name is ward. The name is not of Latin, but Tuscan origin. Cabrera. (Pliny, 3, 6.)-II. One of the Fortunate Insulæ, or Canaries. Some make it the modern Palma, but it answers rather to Gomera. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 628.) CAPREE, an island off the coast of Campania, situate near the promontory of Minerva. It is now Capri. This island is chiefly known in history as the abode of Tiberius, and the scene of his infamous debauchery. (Sueton., Tib., c. 42, seqq.-Tacit., Ann., 6, 1.-Dio Cass., 58, 22.)—Tradition reported, that this island was first in the possession of the Teleboa, who are mentioned as a people of Greece, inhabiting the Echinades, a group of islands at the mouth of the Achelous, in Acarnania; but how they came to settle in Capreæ no one has informed us. (Compare Schol. in Apoll. The Latins, however, pretended, notwithstanding, to ascribe the foundation of the city to Romulus, who named it, as they stated, after one of his ancestors. Capua was the chief city of the southern Tyrrheni; and even after it fell under the Roman dominion, continued to be a powerful and flourishing place. Before Capua passed into the hands of the Romans, a dread ful massacre of its Tyrrhenian inhabitants by the Samnites put the city into the hands of this latter people. Livy appears to have confounded this event with the origin of the place, when he makes it to have changed its name from Vulturnus to Capua, after the Samnite leader Capys. It is very remarkable that retaliation should have followed in a later age from the hands of the Romans, themselves in part of Tyrrhenian, that is. Pelasgian descent. Capua deeply offended them by | with equal hatred and contempt. From motives of avopening its gates to Hannibal after the victory of Can-arice, he gave all the freemen of the empire the right næ. The vengeance inflicted by the Romans was of of citizenship, and was the first who received Egyp a most fearful nature, when, five years after, the city tians into the senate. Of all his follies, however, the again fell under their dominion. Most of the senators greatest was his admiration of Alexander of Macedon. and principal inhabitants were put to death, the greater From his infancy he made this monarch his model, and part of the remaining citizens were sold into slavery, and copied him in everything which it was easy to imitate. by a decree of the senate the Capuani ceased to exist He had even a Macedonian phalanx of sixteen thouas a people. The city and territory, however, did not sand men, all born in Macedonia, and commanded by become thereupon deserted. A few inhabitants were officers bearing the same names with those who had allowed to remain in the former, and the latter was in served under Alexander. Convinced, moreover, that a great measure sold by the Romans to the neighbour-Aristotle had participated in the conspiracy against ing communities. Julius Cæsar sent a powerful colo- the son of Philip, he caused the works of the phiny to Capua, and under the emperors it again flourish-losopher to be burned. With equally foolish enthued. But it suffered greatly from the barbarians in a later age; so much so, in fact, that the Bishop Landulfus and the Lombard Count Lando transferred the inhabitants to Casilinum, on the Vulturnus, 19 stadia distant. This is the site of modern Capua. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 701, 766.) siasin for Achilles, he made him the object of his deepest veneration. He went to Ilium to visit the grave of Homer's hero, and poisoned his favourite freedman named Festus, to imitate Achilles in his grief for Patroclus. His conduct in his campaigns in Gaul, where he committed all sorts of cruelties, was still more degrading. He crossed over the Rhine into the countries of the Catti and Alemanni. The Catti defeated him, and permitted him to repass the river only on condition of paying them a large sum of money. He next marched through the land of the Alemanni as an ally, and built several fortifications. He then called toCAR, I. a son of Phoroneus, king of Megara. (Pau-gether the young men of the tribe, as if he intended to san., 1, 40.)—II. A son of Manes, and regarded by the Carians as the patriarch of their race. (Herod., 1, 171.-Strab., 659.) CAPYS, I. a Trojan who came with Æneas into Italy, and, according to the common, but erroneous, account, founded the city of Capua. (Vid. Capua.)-II. A son of Assaracus, by a daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. (Ovid, Fust., 4, 33.) He exer take them into his service, and caused his own troops CARACALLA, Antoninus Bassianus, eldest son of the Emperor Severus. His name Caracalla was derived from a species of Gallic cassock which he was fond of wearing; that of Bassianus from his maternal grandfather. Caracalla was born at Lugdunum (Lyons), A.D. 188, and appointed by his father his colleague in the government at the age of thirteen years. And yet he is said, even at this early age, to have attempted his father's life. Severus died A.D. 211, and was succeeded by his two sons Caracalla and Geta. These two brothers bore towards each other, even from infancy, the most inveterate hatred. After a campaign against the Caledonians, they concluded a disgraceful peace. They then wished to divide the empire between them; but their design was opposed by their mother, Julia, and by the principal men in the state, and Caracalla now resolved to get rid of his brother, by causing him to be assassinated. After many unsuccessful attempts, he pretended to desire a reconciliation, and requested his mother to procure him an interview with his brother in her own apartment:duced him to violate the peace, under the pretence that Geta appeared, and was stabbed in his mother's arms, Artabanus had refused him his daughter in marriage. A.D. 212, by several centurions, who had received or- He found the country undefended, ravaged it, marched ders to this effect. The prætorian guards were pre- through Media, and approached the capital. The Parvailed upon, by rich donations, to proclaim Caracalla thians, who had retired beyond the Tigris to the mounsole emperor, and to declare Geta an enemy to the tains, were preparing to attack the Romans the folstate, and the senate confirmed the nomination of the lowing year with all their forces. Caracalla returned soldiers. After this, the whole life of Caracalla was without delay to Mesopotamia, without having even only one series of cruelties and acts of extravagant fol- seen the Parthians. When the senate received from ly. All who had been in any way connected with Geta him information of the submission of the East, they dewere put to death, not even their children being spared. creed him a triumph and the surname Parthicus. BeThe historian Dio Cassius makes the whole numbering informed of the warlike preparations of the Parthiof victims to have amounted to 20,000. (Dio Cass., 77, 4.) Among those who fell in this horrid butchery was the celebrated lawyer Papinian. And yet, after this, by a singular act of contradiction, he not only put to death many of those who had been concerned in the murder of his brother, but even demanded of the senate that he should be enrolled among the gods. His pattern was Sylla, whose tomb he restored and adorned. Like this dictator, he enriched his soldiers with the most extravagant largesses which extortion enabled him to furnish. The augmentation of pay received by them is said to have amounted to 280 millions of sesterces a year. As cruel as Caligula and Nero, but weaker than either, he regarded the senate and people ans, he prepared to renew the contest; but Macrinus, the prætorian prefect, whom he had offended, assassinated him at Edessa, A.D. 217, on his way to the temple of Lunus. His reign had lasted more than six years. It is remarkable, that this prince, although he did so much to degrade the throne of the Cæsars, yet raised at Rome some of the most splendid structures that graced the capital. Magnificent thermæ bore his name, and among other monuments of lavish expenditure was a triumphal arch, on which were represented the victories and achieve ments of his father Severus. Notwithstanding his crines, Caracalla was deified after death by a decree of the senate. (Dio Cass., 122, 1, seqq.—Spartian., Vit. Caracall-Biogr. Univ., vol. 7, p. 95.-En-name, among whom were, I. Caius, a Roman orator, the cyclop. Am., vol. 2, p. 506.) CARACATES, a peole of Germania Prima, in Belgic Gaul. Their country answers now to the diocese of Maïence. (Tacit., Hist., 4, 70.) He was a partisan of Marius', and was put to death by order of Pompey, at Lilybæum, in Sicily. Consult, as regards the singular attachment to life which he displayed, the account given by Valerius Maximus (9, 13). contemporary and friend of Tiberius Gracchus, was accused of seditious conduct by L. Crassus, and committed suicide by swallowing cantharides. (Cic., Brut., 27, et 43.-Id., Or., 34-Id., Ep. ad Fam., 9, 21.) He CARACTACUS, king of the Silures in Britain, a peo-1 was thought to have been concerned in the assassinaple occupying what is now South Wales. After with- tion of the younger Africanus. (Cic., Or., 2, 40.—Ep. standing, for the space of nine years, the Roman arms, ad Fam., l. c.)-II. Cneius, son of the preceding, was he was defeated in a pitched battle by Ostorius Scap-three times consul, and at last proconsul in Gaul. ula, and his forces put to the rout. Taking refuge, upon this, with Cartismandua, queen of the Brigantes, he was betrayed by her into the hands of the Romans, and led to Rome. Great importance was attached to his capture. Claudius, who was emperor at the time, augmented the territories of Cartismandua. and triumphal honours were decreed to Ostorius. This exploit was compared to the capture of Syphax by Scipio, and that of Perses by Paulus Emilius. The manly and independent bearing, however, of the British prince, when brought into the presence of the Roman emperor, excited so much admiration, that his fetters were removed, and freedom was granted him, together with his wife and children, who had shared his captivity. Some time after Claudius sent him back to his native island with rich presents, and he reigned there for two years after, remaining during all that period a firm friend to the Romans. (Tacit., Ann., 12, 33, seqq.-Biogr. Univ., vol. 7, p. 103.) CARALIS, or, with less accuracy, Carallis, a city of Sardinia, founded by the Carthaginians, and soon made the capital of the island. It is supposed to correspond to the modern Cagliari, but it reached, in fact, farther to the east than Cagliari, up to the present Capo St. Elia. This we learn from Ptolemy, who speaks of the city and promontory of Caralis together. Claudian also alludes to the long extent of the place. · Tenditur in longum Caralis," &c. (Bell. Gild., 520.) Its harbour, which afforded a good shelter against the winds and waves, rendered it always a place of importance. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 490.) CARAMBIS, I. a promontory of Paphlagonia, now Karempi, facing Criû-Metopon (Cape Crio), in the Tauric Chersonese. (Strab., 545.-Plin., 6, 2.)-II. A city near the promontory of the same name. (Scylax, Peripl., p. 34.-Plin., 6, 2.) CARCHEDON (Kapyndúv), the Greek name of Carthage. CARDIA, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, at the top of the Sinus Melanis. It was destroyed by Lysimachus when he founded Lysimachia a little south of it. It derived its name from being built in the form of a heart. It was also called Hexamilium, because the isthmus is here about six miles across. It was afterward rebuilt, and is now Hexamili. (Plin., 4, 11.— Mela, 2, 2.-Solin., c. 10.-Ptol., 3, 12.-Herod., 7, 58.) CARDUCHI, a warlike nation in Gordyene, a district of Armenia Major, inhabiting the Montes Carduchi, between the Tigris and Lake Arsissa. Strabo says that in his time they were called Gordyai. Pliny (6, 12) and Quintus Curtius (4, 10) both make mention of the Montes Gordyai, but the former writer elsewhere (6, 17) informs us that the Carduchi were called in his time Corducni. The modern Kurds are regarded as the descendants of this ancient people. (Xen., Anab., 3, 5, 16, &c.-Consult Krüger, ad loc.) CARIA, a country of Asia Minor, to the south of Ionia and Lydia, from which it was separated by the course of the Mæander. In extent it was the least considerable of the divisions of the peninsula; but, from the number of towns and villages assigned to it by the ancient geographers, it would seem to have been very populous. The corresponding division of the Turkish provinces, in modern geography, is called Muntesha. Caria was a fruitful country, and produced, like the surrounding regions, wheat, oil, wine, &c. The Carians were not considered by Herodotus and CARANUS, a descendant of Temenus the son of other early Greek historians as the aboriginal inhabiHercules. According to Justin (7, 1), Velleius Pa-tants of the country to which they communicated their terculus (1, 6), Pausanias (9, 40), and others, he quit-name. Herodotus, himself a native of Caria, and who ted Argos, his native city, at the head of a numerous must therefore be allowed to have been well acquainted body of colonists, and, arriving in mathia, a district with its traditions, believed that the people who inhab of Macedonia, then ruled by Midas, obtained posses-ited it had formerly occupied the islands of the Ægean, sion of Edessa, the capital, where he established his sway, and thus laid the foundation of the Macedonian empire. Considerable doubts, however, arise, upon looking into the accounts of Herodotus and Thucydides, as to the authenticity of the adventure ascribed to Caranus. (Consult remarks under the article MACEDONIA.) CARAUSIUS, a native of Gaul, born among the Menapii. His naval abilities attracted the notice of Maximian, who gave him the command of a squadron against the pirates. He proved, however, unfaithful to his trust, and too much bent on enriching himself. Maximian thereupon gave orders to put him to death; but Carausius, apprized of this in season, retired with his fleet to Britain. Here he succeeded in gaining over, or else intimidating, the only Roman legion that remained in the island, and finally proclaimed himself emperor. He forced the emperors Maximian and Dioclesian to acknowledge his authority, which he maintained for the space of seven years. He was assassinated by Allectus. (Crevier, Hist. des Emp. Rom., vol. 6, p. 177, 202.) CARBO, the surname of a branch of the Papirian family at Rome. Several distinguished men bore this under the name of Leleges; but that, being reduced by Minos, king of Crete, they were removed by that sovereign to the continent of Asia, where they still, however, continued to be his vassals, and to serve him more especially in his maritime expeditions. At this period, says the historian, the Carians were by far the most celebrated of the existing nations; they excelled in the manufacture of arms, and the Greeks ascribed to them the invention of crests, and the devices and handles of shields. (Herod., 1, 171.—Compare Anacr. et Alc. ap. Strab., 661.) The Carians appear to have been, at an early period, great pirates, and it was for this reason, doubtless, that Minos expelled them from the island, while he was glad, at the same time, to avail himself of their skill and enterprise for the aggrandizement of his own empire. The account which the Carians themselves, however, gave of the origin of their race, indicates a near degree of affinity with the Lydians and Mysians, for they made Lydus and Mysus the brothers of Car, the patriarch of their nation. (Herod., 1, 171.-Strab., 659.) Hence it is not unreasonable to suppose, that as Thrace and Macedonia furnished those numerous tribes, which, under the several names of Leleges, Caucones, and Pelasgi, spread |