the private papers of the dictator. (Plut., Vit. Ant., c. 15.)—II. Calpurnia Lex, passed A.U.C. 604, against extortion, by which law the first quæstio perpetua was established. (Cic. in Verr., 4, 25.)—III. Another, called also Acilia, concerning bribery, A.U.C. 686. (Cic. pro Muræn., 23.)

217.) Its territory, however, was ample and produc
tive. (I., 9, 577, seqq.) Some time after the Pelo-
ponnesian war, we find Calydon in the possession of the
Achæans. It is probable that the Calydonians them-
selves invited over the Achæans, to defend them
against the Acarnanians. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 4, 6, 1.—-
Pausan., 3, 10.) Their city was, in consequence, oc
cupied by an Achæan garrison, until Epaminondas,
after the battle of Leuctra, compelled them to evacu-
ate the place. (Diod. Sic., 15, 57.) It was still a
town of importance during the Social war (Polyb., 4,
65.-Id., 5, 95), and as late as the time of Cæsar.
(B. Civ., 3, 35.) But Augustus accomplished its
downfall by removing the inhabitants to Nicopolis.
According to Dodwell, there are yet to be seen here
the remains of a city, and its acropolis, composed of
magnificent walls, constructed nearly in a regular inan-
ner. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 78, seqq.)
CALYDONIS, a name of Deianira, as living in Caly-
don. (Ovid, Met., 9, 112)
CALYMNA, an island of the Ægean, southeast of
Leros. (Vid. Calydnæ, II.)

CALPURNIUS, I. a writer of mimes, not to be confounded with the pastoral poet of the same name. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 118.)—II. A Christian in the time of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, from whom we have fifty-one Declamations remaining. (Bähr, ib., p. 557.)-III. A Latin poet, a native of Sicily, and contemporary of Nemesianus, lived during the third century of our era. In the earliest editions of his works, and in all but one of the MSS., eleven eclogues pass under his name. Ugoletus, however, at a later period, guided by this single MS., undertook to assign four of the eleven to Nemesianus. In this he is wrong, for the tone and manner of these pieces show plainly that they all came from one pen. Such was the opinion of Ulitius (Præf. ad Nemesian., Eclog., p. 459.—Id. ad Nemesian., Cyneg., v. 1, p. 314), with which Burmann agrees (Poet. Lat. Min., Praf., p. ***4), and which Wernsdorff at last has fully established. (Poet. Lat. Min., vol. 2, p. 15, seqq.) The Eclogues of Calpurnius are not without merit, though greatly inferior in elegance and simplicity to Virgil's. They are dedicated to Nemesianus, his protector and patron, for he himself was very poor. In the time of Charlemagne these pieces were placed in the hands of young scholars. The best editions are found in the Poeta Latini Minores of Burmann, Lugd. Bat., 1731, 2 vols. 4to, and of Wernsdorff, Altemb., 1780-1799, 10 vols. 8vo. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 301.) CALVUS CORN. LICINIUS, a Roman, equally distin-years, designing to make him immortal, and to keep guished as an orator and a poet. In the former capacity he is mentioned with praise by Cicero (Brut., 81-Ep. ad Fam, 7, 24.-Ibid., 15, 51). He was also the friend of Catullus, and two odes of that apthor's are addressed to him, in which he is commemorated as a most delightful companion, from whose so-lypso means "the Concealer," the poet, after his usual ciety he could scarcely refrain. The fragments of his epigrams which remain do not enable us to judge for ourselves of his poetical merits. He is classed by Ovid among the licentious writers. (Horat., Serm., 1, 10, 19-Dunlop's Rom. Lit., vol. 1, p. 540.)

CALYCADNUS, a large and rapid river of Cilicia Trachea, which rises in the central chain of Taurus, and, after receiving some minor tributary streams, falls into the sea between the promontories of Zephyrium and Sarpedon It is now the Giuk-sou. (Plin., 5, 27.Liv., 38, 38-Amm. Marcell., 14, 25.)

CALYDNÆ, I. Small islands, placed by Strabo (603) between Cape Lectum and Tenedos, but not to be found in that direction. In Choiseul Gouffier's map they are laid down between Tenedos and Sigæum. II. A group of islands, lying off the coast of Caria, to the southeast of Leros. One of the number was called Calymna. (Hom., Il., 2, 676.) Herodotus informs us (7, 99), that the Calydnians were subject to Artemisia, queen of Caria. Calymna, in modern charts, is called Calimno, and the surrounding group Kapperi and Carabaghlar. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 218)

CALYDON, a city of Etolia, below the river Evenus, and between that stream and the sea. It was farmed in Grecian story on account of the boar-hunt in its neighbourhood (vid. Meleager), the theme of poetry from Homer to Statius. We are told by my thologists that Eneus, the father of Meleager and Tydeus, reigned at Calydon, while his brother Agrius settled in Pleuron. Frequent wars, however, arose between them on the subject of contiguous lands; a circumstance to which Homer alludes. (Il., 9, 525, seqq.) From the same poet we collect, that Calydon was situate on a rocky height. (I., 2, 640; 13,

CALYPSO, a daughter of Atlas, according to Homer. (Od., 1, 52.--Ib., 7, 245.) Hesiod, however, makes her an ocean-nymph (Theog., 359), and Apollodorus a Nereid (1, 2). Like Circe, she was a human-speaking goddess, and dwelt in solitary state with her attendant nymphs on an island named Ogygia, in the midst of the ocean. Her isle presented such a scene of sylvan beauty as charmed even Mercury, one of the dwellers of Olympus. (Od., 5, 72.) Calypso received and kindly entertained Ulysses, when, in the course of his wanderings, that hero was thrown upon her domains after his shipwreck. She detained him there for eight

him with her for ever; but Mercury arriving with a command from Jupiter, she was obliged to consent to his departure. She gave the hero tools to build a raft or light vessel, supplied him with provisions, and reluctantly took a final leave of him.-The name Camanner, giving her a significant appellation. As regards her island, Homer seems to have conceived Ogygia to lie in the northwestern parts of the West sea, far remote from all other isles and coasts; and he thus brought his hero into all parts of that sea, and informed his auditors of all its wonders. (Keightley's Mythol ogy, p. 274, seq.)

CAMALODUNUM, the first Roman colony in Britain, established under Claudius. Its situation agrees with that of the modern Malden, according to Cluver and Cellarius. (Tacit., Ann., 12, 32.-Id. ib., 14, 31.)

CAMARACUM, a city of the Nervii, in Belgic Gaul, east of Nemetacum, now Cambray (Cammerik).

CAMARINA, a city of Sicily, near the southern coast, on the river Hipparis. (Schol. ad Pind., Ol., 5, 19.) It was originally founded by a colony from Syracuse, but, proving subsequently disobedient, it was destroyed by the parent state, and the ground on which it stood was sold to Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, as a ransom for some Syracusan captives. Hippocrates rebuilt the city; but his successor, Gelon, after having obtained the sovereignty of Syracuse, transferred the inhabitants of Camarina to the former city, and thus again was Camarina destroyed. (Herodot., 7, 156.) Dissensions in Syracuse enabled the Geloans to rebuild Camarina; according to Timæus, in the 82d Olympiad, but according to Diodorus at the end of the 79th. This city, however, seemed destined to be still unfortunate. It again suffered from the elder Dionysius, and the inhabitants were once more obliged to become wanderers. When Timoleon, after the overthrow of tyranny, gave peace to the whole island, Camarina again revived. (Diod. Sic., 16, 82.) It suffered once more, however, in the contest between Carthage and Agatho cles; and finally, in the first Punic war, was severely

291

punished by the Romans for having admitted Cartha- up to the greatest acts of outrage and cruelty. On ginian troops within its walls. From this time it re-entering Memphis he found the inhabitants engaged in mained an inconsiderable city. In the neighbourhood celebrating the festival of the re-appearance of Apis, of the place the river formed a low island, covered at high water, but when the tide fell converted into a marsh. This marsh yielded exhalations which produced a pestilence, and the inhabitants consulted an oracle whether they should drain it. Although the oracle dissuaded thein, they drained it, and opened a way to their enemies to come and plunder their city. Hence arose the proverb, from the words of the oracle, un Kivεi Kauapivav, "move not Camarina," applied to those who, by removing one evil, will bring on a greater. Nothing now remains of this city but some ruins, and the name Camarana, given by the natives to a town and a neighbouring marsh. (Virg., En., 3, 701-Herod., 7, 154.)

CAMBUNII MONTES, a chain of mountains forming the southern boundary of Macedonia, and separating that country from Thessaly. (Liv., 42, 53.-ld., 44, 2.)

and, imagining that these rejoicings were made on account of his ill success, he caused the sacred bull to be brought before him, stabbed him with his dagger, of which wound the animal afterward died, and caused the priests to be scourged. (Herod., 3, 27, segg.) Cambyses is said to have been subject to epilepsy from his earliest years; and the habit of drinking, in which he now indulged to excess, rendered him at times completely furious. No relation was held sacred by him when intoxicated. Having dreamed that his brother Smerdis was seated on the royal throne, he sent one of his principal confidants to Persia, with orders to put him to death, a mandate which was actually accomplished. His sister and wife Atossa, who lamented the death of Smerdis, he struck with a blow of his foot, which brought on abortion. (Herod., 3, 30, seqq.) These and many other actions, alike indicative of alCAMBYSES, I. an early monarch of the line of the most complete insanity, aroused against him the feelAchæmenides, the successor of Teispes, who was him- ings of his subjects. A member of the sacerdotal orself the successor of Achæmenes. He must not be con- der called the Magi availed himself of this discontent, founded with Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, who was, in and, aided by the strong resemblance which he bore to fact, the second of the name in the line of Persian the murdered Smerdis, as well as by the exertions of kings. (Herod., 7, 11.-Consult Bähr and Larcher, a brother who was also a Magian, seized upon the ad loc.)-II. A Persian of good family, but peaceful throne of Persia, and sent heralds in every direction, disposition, to whom Astyages, king of Media, gave commanding all to obey, for the time to come, Smerdis, his daughter Mandane in marriage. (Vid. Astyages.) son of Cyrus, and not Cambyses. The news of this The issue of this union was Cyrus the Great. (He- usurpation reached Cambyses at a place in Syria callrod., 1, 46.-Id., 1, 107.)-III. The son and succes- ed Ecbatana, where he was at that time with his army. sor of Cyrus the Great, ascended the throne of Persia Resolving to return with all speed to Susa, the monB.C. 530. Soon after the commencement of his arch was in the act of mounting his horse, when his reign, he undertook the conquest of Egypt, being ex- sword fell from its sheath and inflicted a mortal blow cited to the step, according to the Persian account as in his thigh. An oracle, it is said, had been given given in Herodotus (3, 1), by the conduct of Amasis, him from Butus, that he would end his life at Ecbathe king of that country. Cambyses, it seems, had de- tana, but he always thought that the Median Ecbatana manded in marriage the daughter of Amasis; but the was meant by it. He died of his wound soon after, latter, knowing that the Persian monarch intended to B.C. 522, leaving no children. (Herod., 3, 61, seqq.) make her, not his wife, but his concubine, endeavour- Ctesias gives a different account. He makes Cambyed to deceive him by sending in her stead the daughter ses to have died at Babylon of a wound he had given of his predecessor Apries. The historian gives also himself on the femoral muscle, while shaving smooth another account besides this; but it is more than prob- a piece of wood with a small knife. (Ctes., Excerpt. able that both are untrue, and that ambitious feelings Pers., § 12.) According to Herodotus (3, 66), Camalone on the part of Cambyses prompted him to the byses reigned seven years and five months. Ctesias enterprise. (Compare Dahlmann, Herod., p. 148.- says eighteen years; but there must be some error ir Creuzer, ad Herod., l. c.) Amasis died before Cam- this. Clemens of Alexandrea gives ten years. (Clem. byses marched against Egypt, and his son Psammeni- Alex., Strom., 1, p. 395.)—IV. A river of Asia, which tus succeeded to the throne. A bloody battle was rises, according to Pomponius Mela (3, 5), at the base fought near the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and the of Mons Coraxicus, a branch of Caucasus, and in the Egyptians were put to flight, after which Cambyses vicinity of the sources of the Cyrus. After flowing made himself master of the whole country, and receiv- through Iberia and Hyrcania, it joins the Cyrus, and ed tokens of submission also from the Cyrenæans and the united streams empty into the Hyrcanian Sea. La the people of Barca. The kingdom of Egypt was thus Martiniere (Dict. Géog.) remarks, that there is no rivconquered by him in six months. Cambyses now form- er in modern times answering to this description of ed new projects. He wished to send a squadron and the Cambyses. Vossius thinks that Mela intended to subjugate Carthage, to conquer Æthiopia, and to make designate the Araxes, but the sources of this river are himself master of the famous temple of Jupiter Ammon. too far distant. Hardouin, suspecting that Ptolemy The first of these expeditions, however, did not take has spoken of the Cambyses under another name, beplace, because the Phoenicians, who composed his na-lieves it to be the same with the Soana of this geogra val force, would not go to attack one of their own col-pher: he goes, however, too high towards the northern onies. The army that was sent against the Ammoni- extremity of Albania. (Hardouin, ad Plin., 6, 13, ans perished in the desert; and the troops at whose head he himself had set out against the Ethiopians CAMERĪNUM, a town of Umbria, on the borders of were compelled by hunger to retreat. How far he Picenum. It was a Roman colony and a city of some advanced into Ethiopia cannot be ascertained from note, and must not be confounded with the Camerte anything that Herodotus says. Diodorus Siculus, how-of Strabo, an error into which Cluverius has fallen. ever (1, 33), makes Cambyses to have penetrated as far as the spot where Meroë stood, which city, according to this same writer, he founded, and named after his mother. His mother, however, was Cassandana. Josephus (Ant. Jud., 2, 10, 2) makes the previous name to have been merely changed by Cambyses to Meroë, in honour of his sister. (Compare Strabo, 790.) Both accounts are untrue. (Vid. Meroë.)-After his return from Ethiopia, the Persian king gave himself

not. 7.)

(Ital. Ant., 1, p. 613.) The modern name is Camerino. (Cæs., Bell. Civ., 1, 15.-Cic. ad Attic., 8, 12.-Ptol., p. 62.) Appian calls it Cameria. (Bell. Civ., 5, 50.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 262.)

CAMERTE, a town of Umbria, between Tuder and Ameria. (Strab., 227, seq.-Consult the remarks of Cramer, Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 274.)

CAMILLA, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. Her father, who reigned at Priver

num, having by his tyranny rendered himself odious to his subjects, was by them expelled from his dominions, and forced to take refuge from their fury in the lonely woods. Here he bred up the infant Camilla, the sole companion of his flight; and, having dedicated her to the service of Diana, he instructed her in the use of the bow and arrow, and accustomed her to the practice of martial and sylvan exercises. She was so remarkable for her swiftness, that she is described by the poets as flying over the corn without bending the stalks, and skimming over the surface of the waves without wetting her feet. Attended by a train of warriors, she led the Volscians to battle against Eneas. Many brave chiefs fell by her hand; but she was at length herself killed by a soldier of the name of Aruns, who, from a place of concealment, aimed a javelin at her. Diana, however, who had foreseen this fatal event, had commissioned Opis, one of her nymphs, to avenge the death of Camilla, and Aruns was slain in his flight from the combat by the arrows of the goddess. (Virg., En., 7, 803, seqq.—Id. ib., 11, 532, seqq.-Id. ib., 11, 848, seqq.) Tasso has applied this story, of Camilla to Clorinda (B. 12, stanza 20, &c.).

payment of the ransom-money to the Gauls, his breaking off the compact as invalid, his expelling the Gauls from the city, and then gaining a victory over them on the road to Gabii, from which no messenger escaped to carry home the tidings. Polybius, a more ancient witness, and of much greater validity, who is never partial towards the Romans, and could not be so to the Gauls assures us that the conquerors returned home with the booty (2, 18). The story, however, was common among the Romans, that the gold which had been paid was recovered, and it is said to have been kept in the capitol, in the sanctuary of Jupiter (Plin., 33, 5), until the time of Crassus's sacrilege, and increased to double the amount by the addition of plunder. Yet, even according to Livy himself (5, 50), this Capitoline gold was no proof of it, and was rather collected from the treasures of different temples, which it was impossible to separate in order to restore them; and even the duplication might prove a replacing, according to custom, for the payment of the war-taxes. Livy thought it shocking and insufferable that the existence of Rome should have been purchased with gold; hence his narration, according to which the arrival of Camillus arrested the payment, is poetically consistent. Besides the bitter truth of Polybius, there are two other series of traditions, which do not deny the departure of the Gauls with the gold, but do not allow them to have derived any advantage thereby. Of the first class ap parently is that of Pliny, already adduced; it is found inost distinctly in Diodorus. According to him, Camillus recovered the ransom, and almost all the re

which was besieged by the Gauls. (Diod, 14, 117.) The other story seems to have deemed it sufficient for the honour of Rome if the Gauls did not carry home the gains of their victory. It deposes as a witness to the unpalatable truth revealed by Polybius. On its authority Strabo relates of the Caritians, that they defeated the Gauls on their return from Rome, and wrested from them the booty which they were carrying off. (Strabo, 220). Diodorus has also the story of a victory gained by this nation over the Gauls that were returning from Apulia; he blends the two accounts together." (Niebuhr's Rom. Hist., vol. 2, p. 282, Walter's transl.-Compare the remarks of Arnold, Hist. of Rome, vol. 1, p. 547, seqq.)

CAMIRUS, a town of the island of Rhodes, on the western coast. It derived its name from a son of Cercaphus, one of the Heliade. We learn from Diodorus Siculus (5, 57), that Juno Telchinia was worshipped here. Pisander, the epic poet, was a native of Camirus. The place retains the name of Camiro. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 237.)

CAMILLUS (L. FURIUS), a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus, from his services to his country. After filling various important stations, and, among other achievements, taking the city of Veii, which had for the space of ten years resisted the Roman arms, he encountered at last the displeasure of his countrymen, and was accused of having embezzled some of the plunder of this place. Being well aware how the matter would terminate, Camillus went into voluntary ex-maining booty, when relieving one of the allied towns ile, although his friends offered to pay the sum demanded of him. During this period of separation from his country, Rome, with the exception of the capitol, was taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Camillus, though an exile, was invited by the fugitive Romans at Veii to take command of them, but refused to act until the wishes of the Romans besieged in the capitol were known. These unanimously revoked the sentence of banishment, and elected him dictator. The nobleminded Roman forgot their previous ingratitude, and marched to the relief of his country; which he delivered, after it had been for some time in the possession of the enemy. The Roman account says, that Camillus, at the head of an army of forty thousand men, hastened to Rome, where he found the garrison of the capitol on the point of purchasing peace from the invaders. "With iron, not with gold," exclaimed Camillus, "Rome buys her freedom." An attack was instantly made upon the Gauls, a victory obtained, and the foe left their camp by night. On the morrow Camillus overtook them, and they met with a total overthrow. His triumphal entry into Rome was made amid the acclamations of thousands, who greeted him with the name of Romulus, futher of his country, and second founder of the city. After performing another equally important service, in prevailing upon his countrymen to rebuild their city and not retire to Veil, and after gaining victories over the Equi, Volsci, Etrurians, and Latins, he died in the eighty-ninth year of hisness of its havens, successive invaders poured in and age, having been five times dictator, once censor, three dispossessed each other, until the superior ascendancy times interrex, twice military tribune, and having ob- of Rome left her the undisputed mistress of this garden tained four triumphs. (Plut. in Vit-Liv., 5, 46, of Italy. From these repeated contentions arose, as seqq.-Flor, 1, 13-Virg, En., 6, 825.)-We have Strabo asserts, the fiction of the battle between the touched merely on a few of the events connected with gods and giants in the Phlegræan plains. The true the history of Camillus, in consequence of the strong solution of this tradition, however, it may be observed suspicion which attaches itself to the greater part of in passing, refers itself to some early and tremendous the narrative. In no instance, perhaps, have the fam-volcanic eruption, since it would seem that there is a ily-memorials of the Roman aristocracy more com- source of volcanic fire, at no great distance from the pletely usurped the place of true history than in the surface, in the whole of Southern Italy. (Consolations case of Camillus. The part relative to the overthrow in Travel, p. 123, Am. ed.)-It is universally agreed of the Gauls appears to be all a pure fiction. "For a that the first settlers in Campania with whom history long time past," observes Niebuhr, "no one has pe- makes us acquainted are the Oscans. (Antioch. Syrac rused, with any degree of faith, Livy's narrative of the ap. Strab., 234-Plin., 3, 5.) Even when the Oscan arrival of the dictator Camillus in the city during the name had disappeared from the rest of italy, the Oscan

CAMPANIA, a district of Italy, below Latium, and for some time separated from it by the river Liris. All ancient writers who have treated of Italy bear witness to the frequent change of inhabitants which Campania more particularly has undergone in the course of its history. Attracted by the fertility of its soil, the beauty of its climate, and the commodious

CANICULARES DIES, certain days in the summer, preceding and ensuing the heliacal rising of Canicula, or the dog-star, in the morning. The ancients believed that this star, rising with the sun, and joining his influence to the fire of that luminary, was the cause of the extraordinary heat which usually prevailed in that season; and accordingly they gave the name of dog-The charge of the Romans, and their immense superidays to about six or eight weeks of the hottest part of summer. This idea originated with the Egyptians, and was borrowed from them by the Greeks. The Romans sacrificed a brown dog every year to Canicula, at its rising, to appease its rage. (Consult remarks under the article SIRIUS.)