CÆSARIS ARÆ, placed by Ptolemy near the Tanaïs, in what is now called the country of the Don Cossacks. They are supposed to have been erected in honour of some one of the Roman emperors by some neighbouring prince; perhaps by Polemo, in the reign of Tiberius. Near the source of the Tanais Ptolemy places the Alexandri Ara, which see. (Strab., 493.-Tacit., Ann., 12, 15.-Dio Cass., 9, 8.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 4, p. 159).

CÆSARODUNUM, now Tours, the capital of the Turones. (Amm. Marcell., 15, 28.-Greg. Turon., 10, 19.-Sulp. Sever., Dial. 3, 8.)

CÆSAROMAGUS, I. now Beauvais, the capital of the Bellovaci. (Anton., Itin.)—II. A city of the Trinobantes in Britain, answering, as is thought, to what is now Chelmsford. It lay 28 miles north of Londinum. (Anton., Itin.) The Peutinger Table calls it Baro

macus.

CESIA SYLVA, a forest in Germany, in the territory of the Istavones and Sicambri. It is supposed to correspond to the present forest of Heserwald. (Tacit., Ann., 1, 50.—Brotier, ad Tacit., l. c.)

CESO or Kæso, a Roman prænomen, peculiar to the Fabian family. Thus we have CASO FABIUS in Livy (2, 43), and CASO QUINTIUS in the same writer (3, 11). In ancient inscriptions it is more commonly written with an initial K.-The latter of the two individuals just mentioned was the son of L. Quintius Cincinnatus, and opposed the tribunes in their passage of the Lex Terentilla. He was brought to trial for this, and also for the crime of homicide that was alleged against him, but escaped death by going into voluntary exile. (Livy, 3, 11, seqq.)

CAÏCINUS, a river of Italy in Brutium, near the Epizephyrian Locri, and at one time separating the territories of Locri and Rhegium. It is noticed by ancient writers for a natural phænomenon which was observed to occur on its banks. It was said that the cicada on the Locrian side were always chirping and musical, while those on the opposite side were as constantly silent. The Caïcinus is supposed by Romanelli to correspond to the Amendolea, which falls into the sea about ten miles to the west of Cape Spartivento. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 412.)

CAICUS, I. a companion of Æneas. (Virg., En., 1, 187.)-II. A river of Mysia, falling into the Egean Sea, opposite Lesbos. On its banks stood the city of Pergamus, and at its mouth the port of Elæa. It is supposed by some to be the present Girmasti. According to Mannert, however, its modern name is the Mandragorai. (Pliny, 5, 30.—Mela, 1, 18.-Virg., Georg., 4, 370.-Ovid, Met., 15, 277.)

prænomina, which were marked with an inverted capi tal, were, however, early disused among the Romans. The custom after this was, in case there was only one daughter, to name her after the gens. If there were two, to distinguish them by major and minor added to their names; if there were more than two, they were distinguished by their number, Prima, Secunda, &c. Thus we have, in the first case, Tullia, the daughter of Cicero, Julia, the daughter of Cæsar; and in the second, Cornelia Major, Cornelia Minor, &c. CALABER. Vid. Quintus, II.

CALABRIA, the part of Italy occupied by the ancient Calabri. It seems to have been that portion of the Iapygian peninsula extending from Brundisium to the city of Hydruntum, answering nearly to what is now called Terra di Leccc. Its name is supposed to have been derived from the Oriental "Kalab" or pitch, on account of the resin obtained from the pines of this country. It was also called Messapia and Iapygia. The poet Ennius was born here. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. (Virg., G., 3, 425.-Horat., Od., 1, 31; Epod., 1, 27, 1.—Plin., 8, 48.)

CALAGURRIS. There were two cities of this name in ancient Spain, both of them in the territory of the Vascones. One was called Calagurris Fibularensis, the other Calagurris Nascica. The moderns are not yet decided which of these two cities answers to the present Calahorra and which to Loharre. It is generally thought that Calagurris Fibularensis is the modern Calahorra, but Marca is in favour of Loharre, and his opinion appears confirmed by Livy. (Petr. de Marca, 2, 28.-Liv., fragm., lib. 91, ed. Bruns., p. 27.)

CALAIS and ZETES. Vid. Zetes.

CALAMIS, a very celebrated statuary, and engraver on silver, respecting whose birthplace, and the city in which he exercised his profession, ancient writers have given no information. The period when he flourished appears to have been very near that of Phidias. From the account given of his works by the ancient writers, he would seem to have been one of the most industrious artists of antiquity, for he executed statues of every description, in bronze, marble, and in gold blended with ivory. Cicero and Quintilian refer to his productions as not sufficiently refined, though superior in this respect to those of his predecessors. (Cic., Brut., 18, 70.—Quintil., 12, 10.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

CALANUS, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander from India, and, becoming unwell when they had reached Persia, he desired to have his funeral pile erected. Having offered up his prayers, poured libations upon himself, and cut off part of his hair and thrown it into the fire, he ascended the pile, and moved not at the approach of the flames. Plutarch says, that, in taking leave of the Macedonians, he desired them to spend the day in merriment and drinking with their king, "For I shall see him," said he, "in a little while at Babylon." Alexander died in Babylon three months after this. Calanus was in his eighty-third year when he burned himself on the funeral pile. (Cic., de Div., 1, 23.-Arrian, et Plut. in Alex.-Elian, V. H.,

CAIETA, a town and harbour of Latium, southeast of the promontory of Circeii, which was said to have received its name from Caieta, the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there. (Virg., Æn., 7, 1.) This, however, is a mere fable, since Eneas never was in Italy. Equally objectionable is the etymology of Aurelius Victor, who derives the name from Kaiɛw, to burn, because the fleet of Eneas was burned here as if the Trojans spoke Greek! Strabo (233) furnishes the best explanation. It comes, according to him, from a Laconian term (kαïúrrα), denoting a hollow or cavity; in allusion, perhaps, to a receding of the shore. It is now Gacta. The harbour of Caieta was consid-2, 41, 5, 6.-Val. Max., 1, 8.) ered one of the finest and most commodious in Italy. Cicero laments on one occasion that so noble a port should be subject to the depredations of pirates even in the open day. (Proleg. Man.-Compare Florus, 1, 16)

CAIUS and CAIA, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. In this word, and also in Cncius, the C must be pronounced like G. (Quintil., 1, 7.) C, in its natural position, denoted the name of the male, and when reversed that of the female: thus, C was equivalent to CAIUS; but Ɔ to CAIA. Female

CALAUREA, an island in the Sinus Saronicus, opposite the harbour of Trazene in Argolis. It obtained its greatest celebrity from the death of Demosthenes. Before that event, however, it was a place of great note and sanctity. Neptune was said to have received it from Apollo in exchange for Delos, agreeably to the advice of an oracle. (Ephor. ap Strab., 374.) His temple was held in great veneration, and the sanctuary accounted an inviolable asylum. Seven confederate cities here held an assembly somewhat similar to the Amphictyonic council, and joined in

CALES, a city of Campania, to the south of Teanum, now Calvi. According to Livy (8, 16), it formerly belonged to the Ausones, but was conquered by the Romans, and colonized (A.U.C. 421). The Ager Calenus was much celebrated for its vineyards. (Vid. Falernum.)

solemn sacrifices to the god. Strabo names Hermi- | Asia. (Vitruv., l. c.) According to a modern authori one, Epidaurus, Ægina, Athens, Prasiæ, Nauplia, and ty, the same kind of bricks are made in Italy, de the Minyan Orchomenus. Argos subsequently repre- una singolarissima specie di mattone." (Fabroni, sented Nauplia, and Sparta succeeded to Prasiæ. Dissert., Venezia, 1797, 8vo.) (Strab., l. c) In this sanctuary Demosthenes, who had rendered himself obnoxious to the Macedonian sovereign, took refuge when pursued by his satellites. Here he swallowed poison and terminated his existence. (Plut., Vit. Demosth.-Pausan., 2, 33.) A monument was raised to this great orator within its peribolus, and divine honours were paid to him by the Calaureans. According to Strabo, the island of Calaurea was four stadia from the shore, and thirty in circuit. It is now called Poro, or "the ford," as the narrow channel by which it is separated from the mainland may, in calm weather, be passed on foot. The temple of Neptune was situated at some distance from the sea, on one of the highest summits of the island. Dodwell observes (Class. Tour, vol. 2, p. 276), that not a single column of this celebrated sanctuary is standing, nor is the smallest fragment to be seen among the ruins.

CALETES, a Belgic tribe in Gaul, north of the mouth of the Sequana, and inhabiting the peninsula which that river makes with the sea. Their territory is now le pays de Caux, forming a part of Normandy, in the department de la Seine-Inférieure. Their capital was Juliobona, now Lillebonne. Strabo calls them Kaheroi, and hence on D'Anville's Map of Ancient Gaul they are named Calěti. Ptolemy, on the other hand, gives Kaλnτes. They appear to have been ranked by Cæsar among the Armoric states, if in one part of his Commentaries (B. G., 7, 75) we read Caletes for Cadetes. They could easily have been connected with the Armoric tribes by commercial relations and affinity, and yet have belonged, by their position, to the Belgic race. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr. ad Cæs., p. 220.

CALCHAS, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He had received from Apollo the knowledge of future events; and the Greeks, accordingly, on their departure for the Trojan war, nominated him their high--Op., vol. 4.) priest and prophet. Among the interpretation of events imputed to him, it is said he predicted that Troy could not be taken without the aid of Achilles; and that, having observed a serpent, during a solemn sacrifice, glide from under an altar, ascend a tree, and devour nine young birds with their mother, and afterward become itself changed into stone, he inferred that the siege of Troy would last ten years. He also foretold that the Grecian fleet, which was at that same time detained by contrary winds in the harbour of Aulis, would not be able to sail until Agamemnon should have sacrificed his own daughter Iphigenia. Calchas also advised Agamemnon, during the pestilence by which Apollo desolated the Grecian camp, to restore Chryseis, as the only means of appeasing the god. He was consulted, indeed, on every affair of importance, and appears to have often determined, with Agamemnnon and Ulysses, the import of the oracles which he expounded. His death is said to have happened as follows. After the taking of Troy, he accompanied Amphilochus, son of Amphiaraus, to Colophon in Ionia. It had been predicted that he should not die until he found a prophet more skilful than himself: this he experienced in the person of Mopsus. He was unable to tell how many figs were on the branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas retired to the wood of Claros, sacred to Apollo, where he expired of grief and mortification. -Calchas had the patronymic of Thestorides. (Hom., Il., 1, 69, &c.—Esch, Agam.-Eurip., Iphig.-Pausan., 1, 43.)

CALEDONIA, a country in the north of Britain, now called Scotland. The ancient Caledonia comprehended all those countries which lay to the north of the Forth and Clyde. It was never completely subdued by the Romans, though Agricola penetrated to the Tay, and Severus into the very heart of the country. The Caledonians are supposed to have derived their name from the Celtic words Gael Dun, implying "the Gael (Gauls) of the mountains," i. e., Highlanders." These Gallic tribes were driven into Scotland, from Britain, by the conquests of the Belgic or Kimric race. (Compare Adelung's Mithridates, vol. 2, p. 78.)

CALENTUM, a city of Spain, in the country of Bætica, supposed to correspond to the modern Cazalla. The ancient place was famed for making bricks of so much lightness that they floated upon the water. (Plin., 35, 49.-Vitruv., 2, 3.) This was also done at Massilia (Marseille) in Gaul, and at Pitane in

CALIGULA, Caius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus, son of Germanicus and Agrippina, was born A.D. 12, in the camp, probably in Germany, and was brought up among the legions. (Sueton, Vit. Calig., 8.) Here he received from the soldiers the surname of Caligula, from his being arrayed, when quite young, like a common soldier, and wearing a little pair of calige, a kind of shoe or covering for the feet used chiefly by the common soldiers. This was done in order to secure towards him the good-will of the troops. Caligula himself, however, disliked the ap pellation in after days, and preferred that of Cairns Cæsar, which is also his historical name. Upon his father's death he returned from Syria, and lived with his mother till her exile, when he removed to the residence of Livia Augusta, his great-grandmother, whose funeral oration he delivered in public, while he still wore the prætexta. He afterward remained in the family of his grandmother Antonia until his twentieth year, when, being invited to Capres by the emperor, he assumed the dress proper to manhood, but without the customary ceremonies. In the court of his grandfather, his naturally mean and vicious temper appeared in a servile compliance with the caprices of those in power, in a wanton love of cruelty towards the unfortunate, and in the most abandoned and unprincipled debauchery; so that Tiberius observed, that he was breeding a second Phaethon for the destruction of the world. (Sueton., Cal., c. 10.) Tiberius had, by his testament, appointed his two grandsons, Caius Cæsar and Tiberius Gemellus, the latter the son of Drusus, joint heirs of the empire. The first act of Caligula, however, was to assemble the senate, for the purpose of declaring the invalidity of the will; and this being readily effected, and Tiberius Gemellus being declared too young to rule, Caius Cæsar Caligula was immediately proclaimed emperor. This appointment was received with the most unbounded joy both at Rome and in the provinces, and the conduct of the new prince seemed at first to promise one of the most auspicious of reigns. But this was all dissimulation on his part; a dissimulation which he had learned under his wily predecessor; for Caligula esteemed it prudent to assume the appearance of moderation, liberality, and justice, till he should be firmly seated on the throne, and freed from all apprehension lest the claims of the young Tiberius might be revived on any offence having been taken by the senate. He interred, in the most honourable manner, the remains of his mother and of his brother Nero, set free all state

when he found it worthy of him. He supported public brothels and gaming-houses, and received himself the entrance-money of the visiters. His horse, named Incitatus, was his favourite. This horse he made one of his priests, and, by way of insult to the republic, declared it also consul. It was kept in an ivory stable, and fed from a golden manger; and, when it was invited to feast at the emperor's table, gilt corn was served up in a golden basin of exquisite workmanship. He had even the intention of destroying the poems of Homer, and was on the point of removing the works and images of Virgil and Livy from all libraries: those of the former, because, as he said, he was destitute of genius and learning; those of the latter, because he was not to be depended upon as an historian. Caligula's morals were, from his youth upward, abominably corrupt. After he had married and repudiated several wives, Cæsonia retained a permanent hold on his affections. A number of conspirators, at the head of whom were Chærea and Cornelius Sabinus, both tribunes of the prætorian cohorts, murdered him in the 29th year of his age, and the fourth of his tyrannical reign, A.D. 41. (Crevier, Hist. des Emp. Rom., vol. 2, p. 1, seqq.-Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 405, seqq.-Encyclop. Metropol., div. 3, vol. 2, p. 434, seqq.)

CALLAICI OF CALLECI, a people of Spain, in the northwestern part of the country. They inhabited what is now Gallicia, together with the Portuguese provinces of Entre-Douro-y-Minho and Tras-los-Montes. (Eutrop., 4, 19.—Sil. Ital., 3, 352.—Plin., 3, 3.— Inscript., ap. Gruter.)

CALLE OF CALE, a seaport town of the Callaïci, at the mouth of the Durius. It is now Oporto. From Portus Calles comes, by a corruption, the name of modern Portugal. (Sil. Ital., 12, 525.-Vell. Paterc., 1, 14.-Cic., Agrar., 2, 31.)

prisoners, recalled the banished, and forbade all prose- | (Dagger). He became reconciled to the senate again cutions for treason. He conferred on the magistrates free and independent power. Although the will of Tiberius had been declared, by the senate, to be null and void, he fulfilled every article of it, with the exception only of that above mentioned. When he was chosen consul, he took his uncle Claudius as his colleague. Thus he distinguished the first eight months of his reign by many actions dictated by the profoundest hypocrisy, but which appeared magnanimous and noble to the eyes of the world, when he fell, on a sudden, dangerously ill, in consequence, as has been imagined, of a love-potion given him by his mistress Milonia Cæsonia (whom he afterward married), with a view to secure his unconstant affections. On recovering from this malady, whether weary by this time of the restraints of hypocrisy, or actually deranged in his intellect by the inflammatory effects of the potion which he had taken (Juv., Sat., 6, 614), the emperor threw off all appearance of virtue and moderation, as well as all prudential considerations, and acted on every occasion with the mischievous violence of unbridled passions and wanton power, so that the tyranny of Tiberius was forgotten in the enormities of Caligula. (Senec., Consol. ad Helv., 9, c. 779.) The most exquisite tortures served him for enjoyments. During his meals he caused criminals, and even innocent persons, to be stretched on the rack and beheaded the most respectable persons were daily executed. In the madness of his arrogance he even considered himself a god, and caused the honours to be paid to him which were paid to Apollo, to Mars, and even to Jupiter. He built a temple to his own divinity. At one time he wished that the whole Roman people had but one head, that he might be able to cut it off at a single blow. He frequently repeated the words of an old poet, Oderint dum metuant One of his greatest follies was the building of a bridge of vessels between Baia and Puteoli, in imitation of that of Xerxes over the Hellespont. He himself consecrated this grand structure with great splendour; and, after he had passed the night following in a revel with his friends, in order to do something extraordinary before his departure, he caused a crowd of persons, without distinction of age, rank, or character, to be seized, and thrown into the sea. On his return he entered Rome in triumph, because, as he said, he had conquered nature herself. After this he made preparations for an expedition against the Germans, passed with more than 200,000 men over the Rhine, but returned after he had travelled a few miles, and that without having seen an enemy. Such was his terror, that, when he came to the river, and found the bridge obstructed by the crowd upon it, he caused himself to be passed over the heads of the soldiers. He then went to Gaul, which he plundered with unexampled rapacity. Not content with the considerable booty thus obtained, he sold all the property of his sisters Agrippina and Livilla, whom he banished. He also sold the furniture of the old court, the clothes of Augustus, Agrippina, &c. Before he left Gaul he declared his intention of going to Britain. He collected his army on the coast, embarked in a magnificent galley, but returned when he had hardly left the land, drew up his forces, ordered the signal of battle to be sounded, and commanded the soldiers to fill their helmets with shells, while he cried out, "This booty, ravished from the sea, is fit for my palace and the capitol." When he returned to Rome he was desirous of a triumph on account of his achievements, but contented himself with an ovation. Discontented with the senate, he resolved to destroy the greater part of the members, and the most distinguished men of Rome. This is proved by two books which were found after his death, wherein the names of the proscribed were noted down, and of which one was entitled Gladius (Sword), and the other Pugillus

CALLIAS, a rich Athenian, who offered to release Cimon, son of Miltiades, from prison, into which he had been thrown through inability to pay his father's fine, if he would give him the hand of Elpinice, Cimon's sister and wife. Cimon consented, but with great reluctance. He was afterward charged with having violated the terms of his agreement with Callias, which was looked upon by the Athenians as adultery on his part, Elpinice having become the property of another. This custom of marrying sisters at Athens extended, according to Philo Judæus, only to sisters by the same father, and was forbidden in the case of sisters by the same mother. Elpinice was taken in marriage by Cimon, because, in consequence. of his extreme poverty, he was unable to provide a suitable match for her. The Lacedæmonians were forbidden to marry any of their kindred, whether in the direct degrees of ascent or descent; but in the case of a collateral it was allowed. Several of the barbarous nations seem to have been less scrupulous on this head; the Persians especially were remarkable for such unnatural unions. (C. Nep. et Plut. in Cim.)

CALLICOLONE, a hill in the district of Troas, deriving its name (кaλǹ кoλúvŋ) from the pleasing regularity of its form, and the groves by which it seems for ages to have been adorned. It is mentioned by Homer in the 20th book of the Iliad (v. 53 and 151). Strabo informs us, from Demetrius of Scepsis, that it was ten stadia from the village of the Ilians ('Ikówv kóμn), which would make it forty stadia from Troy itself. It was situate to the northwest of this city, near the banks of the Simoïs. (Compare Le Chevalier's Map of the Plain of Troy, and the note of Heyne to the 2624 page of the German translation of Le Chevalier's works on this subject. Consult also Clarke's Travels, vol. 3, p. 119, Lond., 8vo ed.)*

CALLICRATES, I. an Athenian, who caused Dion to be assassinated. (Vid. Dion I.-II. An officer in

trusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by Alex- | not reached us. The Ibis is a bird, whose habits taught ander. (Curt., 5, 2.)-III. An architect, who, in conjunction with Ictinus, built the Parthenon at Athens, and who undertook also to complete the long walls termed okéλn. (Plut., Vit. Pericl., c. 13.) He appears to have flourished about Olymp. 80 or 85. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)-IV. A sculptor, distinguished principally by the minuteness of his performances. He is mentioned as a Lacedæmonian, and is associated with Myrmecides by Elian. (V. H., 1, 17.—Compare Galen, Adhort. ad Art., c. 9.) In connexion with this artist he is said to have made some chariots which could be covered with the wings of a fly, and to have inscribed on a grain of the plant sesamum some verses of Homer. (Plin., 7, 21.) Galen, therefore, well applies to him the epithet paratóтexvos. Athenæus, however, relates that he engraved only large vases (11, p. 782). The age in which he lived is uncertain. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

man, it is said, the use of clysters. We know not the reason why Callimachus gave this appellation to his enemy: it was done in ridicule, probably, of some personal deformity, or else from some resemblance which Apollonius bore to this bird in the eyes of his irritated master. It is in imitation of Callimachus that Ovid has given the title of Ibis to one of his poems. 5. Hymns. Of these we have six remaining; five in the Ionic dialect, and the sixth in Doric. The subject of this last is the bathing of the statue of Minerva. According to the commentators, the Doric dialect was preferred for this poem, because Callimachus composed it at Argos, where, during a certain festival, the statue of Pallas was bathed in the Inachus. Of the six hymns which we have from Callimachus, that addressed to Ceres is the best. The one in honour of Delos is in the epic style, like the hymns of the Ho. merida. 6. Epigrams. Of these we possess seventyfour, which may be regarded among the best of antiquity. The grammarian Archibius, the father, or, according to others, the son of Apollonius, wrote a commentary or exegesis (¿ynois) on these epigrams and Marianus, who lived under the Emperor Anasta sius, made a paraphrase of them in iambic verse. 7. Iambics and choliambics. Strabo refers to them, and some fragments remain.-Such are some of the principal poetic works of Callimachus. We have to regret the loss of several prose works, which would, no doubt, have thrown great light on various subjects connected with the antiquities of Greece. Such are his Commentaries, or Memoirs (Yoμvýμara); his CALLIDROMUS, according to Livy (36, 15), the high- work entitled Krioets výowv kaì nóλewv, “The setest summit of Mount Eta. It was occupied by Cato, tling of islands and founding of cities;" his "Wonwith a body of troops, in the battle fought at the pass ders of the World," Oavuácia, or, Оavμáτwv тāv εiç of Thermopyla, between the Romans, under Acilius aπаσаν Thν ynν kai Tóπovs Övтwv ovvaywyń, &c. Glabrio, and the army of Antiochus; and, owing to Callimachus did not want detractors, who occasioned this manœuvre, the latter was entirely routed. (Com-him that species of torment to which the vanity of aupare Pliny, H. N., 4, 7.)

CALLICRATIDAS, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval battle, B.C. 406. He was one of the last that preserved the true Spartan character, which had become greatly altered for the worse during the Peloponnesian war, by the habit which the Lacedæmonians had contracted of fighting beyond the limits of their country. The enervating climate of Ionia had also contributed very much towards producing this result. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 1, 6, 1, seqq.-Diod. Sic., 13, 76.-Id. ib., 13, 99.)

tioned that of Erneşti, Lugd. Bat., 1761, 2 vols. 8vo, and that of Blomfield, Lond., 1815, 8vo. Brunck gave also a revised text in his Poetæ Gnomici. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, 107, seqq.)-II. A celebrated artist, whose attention was directed not only to statuary, but to engraving on gold and to painting. (Plin., 34, 8.) On account of the elegant finish of his works in marble, he was styled by the Athenians KaráTeXxvos. (Vitruv., 4, 1, 10.-Compare the remarks of Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

thors exposes them, and, at the same time, renders them CALLIMACHUS, I. a native of Cyrene, descended so sensitive. A certain grammarian, named Aristofrom an illustrious family. He first gave instruction phon, wrote against one of his productions; and there in grammar, or belles-lettres, at Alexandrea, and num- exists, in the Anthology, a distich against Callimabered among his auditors Apollonius Rhodius, Eratos-chus, by Apollonius the grammarian, which is often thenes, and Aristophanes of Byzantium. Ptolemy erroneously ascribed to the author of the Argonautics. Philadelphus subsequently placed him in the Muse--Among the editions of Callimachus may be menum, and from this period he turned his principal attention to poetic composition. He lived, loaded with honours, at the court of this prince, where his abilities were greatly admired. The small number of pieces, however, that remain to us, out of eight hundred composed by him, present him to us in the light of a cold poet, wanting in energy and enthusiasm, and making vain efforts to replace by erudition the genius which nature had denied him. These productions compel us to subscribe to Ovid's opinion in relation to him, "Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet." (Amor., 1, 15.) The principal works of Callimachus were as follows: 1. Elegies. These were regarded as his principal title to renown. The Romans, especially in the Augustan age, held them in high estimation; they were imitated by Ovid and Propertius. Among the Elegies of Callimachus two in particular were celebrated, one on the tresses of Berenice, queen of Ptolemy III., which Catullus has either translated or imitated; and the other, entitled Cydippe, to which Ovid alludes (Rem. Am., 1, 380), and which he has imitated in his 20th Heroid. We have only some fragments remaining of the elegies. 2. Aitial, "Causes," i. e., a poem, in four cantos, on the origin or causes of various fables, cusCALLIPATIRA, daughter of Diagoras, and wife of toms, &c. Some fragments remain. 3. 'Ekúλn, He- Callianax the athlete. According to the common accale, an heroic poem, the subject of which was the hos-count, she went with her son, after the death of her pitable reception given to Theseus, by an old female, when he was proceeding to combat the Marathonian bull. Some fragments remain. 4. '16s, "the Ibis," a poem directed against one of his pupils, accused by him of ingratitude, named Apollonius Rhodius. It has

CALLIOPE, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over epic poetry and eloquence, and was represented holding a close-rolled parchment, and sometimes a trumpet. She derived her name from her beautiful (silver-toned) voice, áñò The Kaλns onós. Calliope bore to Eagrus a son named Linus, who was killed by his pupil Hercules. (Apollod., 1, 3, 2.) She had also by the same sire the celebrated Orpheus. Others, however, made Apollo the sire of Linus and Orpheus. Hesiod (frag. 97) says, that Urania was the mother of Linus. (Vid. Musa, and consult Müller, Archæol. der Kunst, p. 594, seqq.)

husband, to the Olympic games, having disguised herself in the attire of a teacher of gymnastics. When her son was declared victor, she discovered her sex in the joy of the moment, and was immediately arrested, as women were not allowed to appear on such occa

sions. The punishment to which she was liable was to be cast down from a precipitous and rocky height, but she was pardoned in consequence of the peculiar circumstances of her case. A law, however, was immediately passed, ordaining that the teachers of gymnastic exercises should also appear naked at the games. (Pausanias, 5, 6, 5.)-From an examination of authorities, it would appear that the story just told relates rather to Berenice (Pɛpevikn), the sister of Callipatira. (Consult Bayle, Dict., s. v. Berenice, and Siebelis, ad Pausan., I. c.)

CALLIPHON, a painter, a native of Samos, who decorated with pictures the temple of Diana at Ephesus. The subjects of his pieces were taken from the Iliad. (Pausan., 5, 19.)

not deserve the name of a philosopher, which some have bestowed upon him; he appears, on the contrary, to have been little better than a mere sophist. He wrote a history of Alexander's movements which has not come down to us, but which, from the remarks of ancient writers, does not appear to have possessed even the merit of exactness in ordinary details. (Plut, Vit. Alex.-Polyb., 12, 23.-Sainte-Croix, Examen, &c., p. 34, seqq --Id. ib., p. 163, seqq.)

CALLISTO and CALISTO, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, and one of Diana's attendants. Jupiter saw her, and assuming the form of Diana, accompanied the maiden to the chase, and surprised her virtue. She long concealed her shame; but at length, as she was one day bathing with her divine mistress, the discovery was made, and Diana, in her anger, turned her into a bear. While in this form she brought forth her son Arcas, who lived with her in the woods, till the herdsmen caught both her and him, and brought them to Lycaon. (Vid. Arcas.) Some time afterward she went into the temenus, or sacred enclosure of the Lycæan Jove, which it was unlawful to enter. A number of Arcadians, among whom was her own son, followed to kill her, but Jove snatched her out of their hands, and placed her as a constellation in the sky. (Apollod., 3,8.—Ovid, Met., 2. 401, seq.-Id., Fast, 2, 155, seq.-Hygin., fab., 177.) It was also fabled, that at the request of Juno, Tethys forbade the constellation of the bear to descend into her waves. This legend is related with great variety in the circumstances. According to one of these versions, Arcas, having been separated from his mother and reared among men, met her one day in the woods, and was on the point of slaying her, when Jupiter transferred the mother and son to the skies. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 425, seq.)

CALLIPOLIS, I. a city of Thrace, about five miles from Ægospotamos. Its origin is uncertain: a Byzantine writer ascribes its foundation and name to Callias, an Athenian general (Jo. Cinnamus, 5, 3), while another derives its appellation from the beauty o. the site. (Agathias, 5, p. 155.) It is certain that we do not hear of Callipolis before the Macedonian war, when Livy mentions its having been taken by Philip, the last king of that name (31, 16-Compare Plin., 4, 11). From the Itineraries we learn, that Callipolis was the point whence it was usual to cross the Hellespont to Lampsacus or Abydos. The mod ern name is Gallipoli, and it is from this that the Chersonese now takes its name as a Turkish province. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 330.)-II. A town of Sicily, north of Catana, now Gallipoli.-III. A city of Calabria, on the Sinus Tarentinus, now Callipoli. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (17, 4), it owed its foundation to Leucippus, a Lacedæmonian, who erected a town here with the consent of the Tarentines, who expected to be put in possession of it shortly after; but in this hope they were deceived; CALLISTRATUS, I. a celebrated orator of Athens. and on finding that the Spartan colony was already Demosthenes, having heard him plead on one occastrong enough to resist an attack, they suffered Leu- sion, was so charmed by his eloquence that he abancippus to prosecute his undertaking without molesta-doned all his other studies, and betook himself to oration. (Dion. Hal., frag. ed. Angelo Maio, Mediol., tory. He was employed on several occasions as an 1816.) Mela styles "urbs Graia Callipolis" (2, ambassador, but eventually met with the common fate 4). The passage in which Pliny names this town is of popular leaders, and was exiled. Retiring upon corrupt. (Pin, 3, 11.—Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. this to Thrace, he founded Datum in that country. 2, p. 317.) (Plut., Vit. Demosth., c. 3.--Scylax, Peripl., p. 27.)— II. A sophist, who lived, as Heyne thinks, a little before the elder Philostratus, towards the close of the second century of our era. We have from him a description of fourteen statues, written, it is true, in the style of a rhetorician, but still containing many details of a curious nature as regards the history of ancient art. (Heyne, Opusc., vol. 5, p. 196, seqq.) The work accompanies the writings of Philostratus, and is found in all our editions of the latter.-III. A Roman lawyer, who lived during the time of Severus and Caracalla. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 6, p. 555.)

CALLIRHOE, I. a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus. (I, 20, 231 )—II. A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Geryon, Echidna, Cerberus, and other monsters, by Chrysaor. (Hesiod, Theog., 287, seqq.)

CALLISTE, an island of the Ægean Sea, called also Thera. (Vid. Thera)

va.

CALOR, a river of Italy, which rose in the mountains of the Hirpini, passed Beneventum, and joined the Vulturnus. (Liv., 24, 14)

CALPE, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite to Mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called the Pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar, from the Arabic Gibel Tarik (i. e., "the mountain of Tarik." This Tarik was a Moorish general, who first led the Moors into Spain, A.D. 710)-For some remarks on the etymology of the name Calpe, vid. Abyla.

CALLISTEIA, Beauty's rewards; a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the prize was assigned to the fairest. (Athenæus, 13, p. 610, a.) There was also an institution of the same kind among the Parrhasians, made first by Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Miner(Athenæus, l. c.—Casaub. et Schweigh., ad loc.) CALLISTHENES, a native of Olynthus, the son of Hero, Aristotle's sister. He was placed by the Stagirite about the person of Alexander, as a kind of instructer, or, rather, companion of his studies, and accompanied the monarch into the East. He gave of- CALPURNIA, I. a daughter of L. Piso, and Julius fence, however, by the rudeness of his manners and Cæsar's fourth wife. The night previous to her hushis boldness of speech, and was eventually charged band's murder, she dreamed that he had been stabbed with being implicated in a conspiracy against Alexan-in her arms. According to others, she dreamed that der. According to the common account, he was mutilated, and then carried along with the army in an iron cage, until he ended his days by poison. Ptolemy, however, wrote in his history of Alexander, that he was first tortured and then hanged. Callisthenes does

the pinnacle had fallen, which the senate, by way of ornament and distinction, had caused to be erected on Cæsar's house. (Plut., Vit. Cæs., c.) After Cæsar's death she intrusted Antony with his private treasure, which amounted to four thousand talents, and also with