given to Hecate, and chiefly employed to denote her terrific appearance, especially when she came summoned by magic arts. Apollonius describes her as having her head surrounded by serpents twining through branches of oak, while torches flamed in her hands, and the infernal dogs howled around her. (Apoll. R., 3, -1214, seqq.)

BRISEIS, a patronymic of Hippodamia, or Lyrnesseis, daughter of Brises, high-priest of Jupiter at Pedasus in Troas. She was remarkable for her beauty, and was the wife of Mines, who was killed in the siege carried on by Achilles against Lyrnessus. From Lyrnessus the Grecian warrior brought her away captive. She was taken from him by Agamemnon, during the quarrel occasioned by the restoration of Chryseïs, but she was given back to him, when a reconciliation took place. (Hom., Il., 1, 336, &c.—Ovid, A. A., 3, 2.Propert., 2, 8, 20, &c.)

BRISEUS, a surname of Bacchus, said to signify "the discoverer of honey." Some derive the appellation from the nymphs called Brisa, the nurses of the god. Cornutus, the interpreter of Persius, deduces it from bris, equivalent, as he informs us, to jucundus. Bochart gives a Syriac derivation, briz doubsa, “a lake of honey." (Rolle, Recherches, &c., vol. 3, p. 390.) BRITANNI, the inhabitants of Britain. (Vid. Britannia.)

ninus, restored the second wall of Agricola, which is commonly called the Vallum Antonini. But the greatest of all was that of Severus, begun A.D. 209, and finished the next year, and which was only a few yards north of Hadrian's wall. It was garrisoned by ten thousand men. (Cas., B. G., 4, 21, seq.-Id. ib., 5, 2, &c.—Id. ib., 6, 13.—Plin., 4, 16.—Mela, 3, 6.— Vell. Paterc., 2, 46, &c.)

BRITANNICUS, CESAR (Tiberius Claudius Germanicus), son of the Emperor Claudius and Messalina, was born a few days after the accession of his father to the throne. After the return of the emperor from his expedition to Britain, the surname of Britannicus was bestowed on both the father and son. As the eldest son of the emperor, Britannicus was the lawful heir to the empire; but Claudius was prevailed upon by his second wife, the ambitious Agrippina, to adopt Domitius Nero, her son by a former marriage, who was three years older than Britannicus, and to declare him his successor. The venal senate gave its consent. In the mean time, Agrippina, under the pretext of motherly tenderness, strove to keep Britannicus as much as possible in a state of imbecility. She removed his servants, and substituted her own creatures. Sosibius, his tutor, was murdered by her contrivance. She did not permit him to appear beyond the precincts of the palace, and even kept him out of his father's sight, under the pretence that he was insane and epileptic. Although the weak emperor showed that he penetrated the artifices of Agrippina, yet his death, which she effected by poison, prevented him from retrieving his error. Nero was proclaimed emperor, while Britannicus was kept in close confinement. In a dispute with Nero, Agrippina threatened to place Britannicus, who was then fourteen years of age, on the throne, upon which Nero caused him to be poisoned at a banquet. His funeral took place the same night. His body was burned, without any pomp, in the Campus Martius, amid a violent storm, which the people regarded as announcing the anger of the gods. It is said that Nero had caused the face of his victim, already blackened with the poison, to be painted white, but that the heavy rain washed off this artificial colour, and the gleam of the lightning revealed the crime which had been confided to the bosom of the night. According to some authorities, Britannicus was naturally characterized by the same feebleness of spirit as his father, and Nero corrupted and abused his youth. They also state, that Agrippina advised his death. Racine has immortalized the name of this young prince by one of his finest tragedies. (Tacit., Ann., 11, 11.-Id. ib., 12, 2.-Id. ib., 12, 25, et 41.-Id. ib., 13, 16.-Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 275, seqq.- Biogr. Univ., vol. 5, p. 627, seqq.)

BRITANNIA, called also Albion. (Vid. Albion.) An island in the Atlantic Ocean, and the largest in Europe. The Phoenicians appear to have been early acquainted with it, and to have carried on here a traffic for tin. (Vid. Cassiterides.) Commercial jealousy, however, induced them to keep their discoveries a profound secret. The Carthaginians succeeded to the Phoenicians, but were equally mysterious. Avienus, in his small poem entitled Ora Maritima, v. 412, makes mention of the voyages of a certain Himilco in this quarter, and professes to draw his information from the long-concealed Punic Annals. Little was known of Britain until Cæsar's time, who invaded and endeavoured, although ineffectually, to conquer the island. After a long interval, Ostorius, in the reign of Claudius, reduced the southern part of the island, and Agricola, subsequently, in the reign of Domitian, extended the Roman dominion to the Frith of Forth and the Clyde. The whole force of the empire, although exerted to the utmost under Severus, could not, however, reduce to subjection the hardy natives of the highlands. Britain continued a Roman province until A.D. 426, when the troops were in a great measure withdrawn, to assist Valentinian the Third against the Huns, and never returned. The Britains had become so enervated under the Roman yoke as to be unable to repel the incursions of the inhabitants of the north. They invoked, therefore, the aid of the Saxons, by whom they were them- BRITOMARTIS, a Cretan nymph, daughter of Jupiter selves subjugated, and at length obliged to take ref- and Charme, and a favourite companion of Diana. uge in the mountains of Wales.-The name of Britain Minos, falling in love with her, pursued her for the space was unknown to the Romans before the time of Ca- of nine months, the nymph at times concealing herself Bochart derives it from the Phoenician or He- from him amid the trees, at times among the reeds brew term Baratanac, "the land of tin." Others and sedge of the marshes. At length, being nearly deduce the name of Britons from the Gallic Britti, overtaken by him, she sprang from a cliff into the sea, "painted," in allusion to the custom on the part of the where she was saved in the nets (díkrva) of some fishinhabitants of painting their bodies. (Adelung, Mith-ermen. The Cretans afterward worshipped her as a ridates, vol. 2, p. 50.) Britain was famous for the goddess, under the name of Dictynna, from the above Roman walls built in it, of which traces remain at the circumstance, which was also assigned as the reason present day. The first was built by Agricola, A.D. for the cliff from which she threw herself being called 79, nearly in the situation of the rampart of Hadrian, Dictaon. At the rites sacred to her, wreaths of pine and wall of Severus mentioned below. In A.D. 81, for lentisk were used instead of myrtle, as a branch of Agricola built a line of very strong forts from the Frith the latter had caught her garments, and impeded her of Forth to the Frith of Clyde. This, however, was flight. Leaving Crete, Britomartis then sailed for insufficient to check the barbarians after his departure. Egina in a boat: the boatman attempted to offer her In A.D. 120, therefore, Hadrian erected a famous wall violence, but she got to shore and took refuge in a from Boulness on Solway Frith, to a spot a little be-grove on that island, where she became invisible (apayond Newcastle upon Tyne. It was sixty-eight Eng-výc); hence she was worshipped in Ægina under the lish or seventy-four Roman miles long. Twenty years name of Aphæra. (Callim., H. in Dian., 190, seqq. after this, Lollius Urbicus, under the Emperor Anto--Diod. Sic., 5, 76.—Anton., lib. 40.—Pausan., 2,

sar.

30.-Müller, Eginet., p. 164, seqq.- Keightley's Mythology, p. 131.)

BRIXELLUM, a town of Italy, in Gallia Cispadana, northeast of Parma, where Otho slew himself when defeated. It is now Bresello. (Tacit., Hist., 2, 33.) BRIXIA, a city of Gallia Cisalpina, to the west of the Lacus Benacus, and southeast of Bergomum. It was the capital of the Cenomanni, as we learn from Livy (32, 30). Brixia is known to have become a Roman colony, but we are not informed at what period this event took place. (Plin., H. N., 3, 19.) Strabo speaks of it as inferior in size to Mediolanum and Verona. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 63.) BROMIUS, an appellation given to Bacchus, from the noise with which his festivals were celebrated. It is derived from ẞpéuw, "to roar."

cape of his enemy. From his account we learn that the city possessed two harbours, one called the inner, and the other the outer, communicating by a very narrow passage. (Cas., Bell. Civ., 1, 25. Appian, B. C., 2, 49.-Cic., Ep. ad Att., 9, 12, seqq.) Strabo considers the harbour of Brundisium as superior to that of Tarentum, for the latter was not free from shoals. (Strab., 282.-Compare Pigonati, Mem. del riaprimento del port. di Brindisi, Nap., 4to, 1781.) It was at Brundisium that a convention was held for the purpose of arranging the existing differences between Augustus and Marc Antony. (Dio Cassius, 48.) Among the commissioners appointed by the former was Mæcenas, who was accompanied on the occasion by Horace. It was this journey which produced the humorous satire of Horace (1, 5), and which terminates with the poet's arrival at the place of his destination. Brundisium is now Brindisi. Here the Appian Way ended. (Vid. Appia Via.-Cra

BRONTES, one of the Cyclopes. The name is derived from ẞpovrý, “thunder." (Virg., Æn., 8, 425.) BRUCTERI, a people of Germany, between the Amisia or Ems, and Lacus Flevus or Zuyder Zee. (Ta-mer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 303, seqq.) cit., Ann., 1, 51.)

BRUTII, a people of Magna Græcia, in Italy, below BRUNDISIUM, or less correctly BRUNDUSIUM, a cele- Lucania. The origin which ancient historians have brated city on the coast of Apulia, in the territory of ascribed to the Brutii, or, as they are called by the the Calabri. By the Greeks it was called Bpevréolov, Greeks, Вpérriol, is neither remote nor illustrious : a word which, in the Messapian language, signified a they are generally looked upon as descended from stag's head, from the resemblance which its different some refugee slaves and shepherds of the Lucanians, harbours and creeks bore to the antlers of that animal. who, having concealed themselves from pursuit in the (Strabo, 282.- Festus, s. v. Brundisium.—Steph., forests and mountains with which this part of Italy Byz., s. v. Bρevréσtov.) It is not necessary to re- abounds, became, in process of time, powerful from peat the various accounts given by different writers their numbers and ferocity. Their very name is said respecting the foundation of this city; its antiquity is to indicate that they were revolted slaves; BOETTIOUS evident from the statement of Strabo, that Brundisium yàp kaλovσι ȧrooтáraç, says Strabo, speaking of the was already in existence, and under the government Lucanians. This appellation the insurgents are supof its own princes, when the Lacedæmonian Phalan-posed to have accepted as a term of defiance. (Niethus arrived with his colony in this part of Italy. It buhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 51, Cambridge transl.) is recorded also to the honour of the Brundisians, that This savage race is represented as pouring forth to although this chief had been instrumental in depriving attack their Lucanian masters, and to molest the Grethem of a great portion of their territory, they gener-cian settlers on the coast of either sea; and so forously afforded him an asylum when he was exiled from midable had they at length rendered themselves, that Tarentum, and after his death erected a splendid the Lucani were compelled to acknowledge their inmonument to his memory. (Strab., 282.-Aristot., dependence, and to cede to them all the country south Polit., 5, 3.-Justin, 3, 4.) The situation of its har- of the rivers Laus and Crathis. This advancement bour, so advantageous for communicating with the op- of the Brutii to the rank of an independent nation is posite coast of Greece, naturally rendered Brundisium supposed by Diodorus Siculus to have taken place a place of great resort, from the time that the colonies about 397 years after the foundation of Rome. Dion, of that country had fixed themselves on the shores of the Syracusan, was at this time prosecuting his unItaly. Herodotus speaks of it as a place generally dertaking against the younger Dionysius; and it is well known, when he compares the Tauric Cherso- conceived that the hostilities of the Brutii were fonese to the Iapygian peninsula, which might be con-mented by his means, in order to prevent the tyrant sidered as included between the harbours of Brundisi- from deriving any aid from his Lucanian allies. (Diod. um and Tarentum (4, 99). Brundisium soon became Sic., 16, 15-Strabo, 255) The enterprising and a formidable rival to Tarentum, which had hitherto turbulent spirit of this people was next directed engrossed all the commerce of this part of Italy against the Greek colonies; and, in proportion as (Polyb., frag., 11); nor did the facilities which it af- these were rapidly declining, from jealousies and interforded for extending their conquests out of that country, nal dissensions, and still more from luxury and indoescape the penetrating views of the Romans. Under lence, their antagonists were acquiring a degree of vigthe pretence that several towns on this coast had fa- our and stability which soon enabled them to accomvoured the invasion of Pyrrhus, they declared war plish their downfall. The Greek towns on the western against them, and soon possessed themselves of Brun-coast, from being weaker and more detached from the disium (Zonar., Ann., 3), whither a colony was sent A.U.C. 508. (Flor., 1, 20.-Liv., Epit., 19.-Vell. Paterc., 1, 14.) From this period the prosperity of this port continued to increase in proportion with the greatness of the Roman empire. Large fleets were always stationed there for the conveyance of troops into Macedonia, Greece, or Asia; and from the convenience of its harbour, and its facility of access from every other part of Italy, it became a place of general thoroughfare for travellers visiting those countries. When the rapid advance of Cæsar forced Pompey to remove the seat of war into Epirus, he was for some time blockaded by his successful adversary in Brundisium, before the return of his fleet enabled him to evacuate the place, and carry his troops over to the opposite coast. Cæsar describes accurately the works undertaken there by his orders for preventing the es

main body of the Italiot confederacy, first fell into the hands of the Brutii. The principal cities of which this league was composed now became alarmed for their own security, and sought the aid of the Molossian Alexander against these dangerous enemies, with whom the Lucanians also had learned to make common cause. This prince, by his talents and valour, for a time checked the progress of these barbarians, and even succeeded in penetrating into the heart of their country; but after his death they again advanced, like a resistless torrent, and soon reduced the whole of the peninsula between the Laus and Crathis, with the exception of Crotona, Locri, and Rhegium. At this period, Rome, the universal foe of all, put an end at once to their conquests and independence. After sustaining several defeats, both the Lucanians and Brutii are said to have finally submitted to L. Papirius Cursor,

A.U.C. 430, which was two years after Pyrrhus had withdrawn his troops from Italy. (Liv., Epit., 14.— Polyb., 1, 6.) The arrival of Hannibal once more, however, roused the Brutii to exertion; they flocked eagerly to the victorious standard of that general, who was by their aid enabled to maintain his ground in this corner of Italy, when all hope of final success seemed to be extinguished. But the consequences of this protracted warfare proved fatal to the country in which it was carried on; many of the Brutian towns being totally destroyed, and others so much impoverished as to retain scarcely a vestige of their former prosperity. To these misfortunes was added the weight of Roman vengeance; for that power, when freed from her formidable enemy, too well remembered the support he had derived from the Brutii for so many years to allow their defection to pass unheeded. A decree was therefore passed, reducing this people to a most abject state of dependance: they were pronounced incapable of being employed in a military capacity, and their services were confined to the menial offices of couriers and letter-carriers. (Strabo, 251.—Id., 253.)

BRUTIUM, OF BRUTIORUM AGER, the country occupied by the Brutii. (Vid. Brutii.)

"That Brutus procu

Such is the legend of Brutus. red the banishment of the Tarquins, in his capacity of Tribune of the Celeres, is demonstrated," observes Niebuhr, "by the Lex tribunicia. (Pomponius, l. 2, D. de origine juris.) From this source came the information that he bore that office: the lay which spoke of his feigned idiocy cannot have known anything of this, and was incompatible with it; the annalists combined the two. That poetical tale may have been occasioned by his surname : which yet may have had a very different meaning from the one there affixed to it. Brutus, in Oscan, meant a runaway slave: now it is easy enough to understand, that the partisans of the Tarquins may have called him such, and that, on the other hand, he and the Romans might not be sorry to let the nickname pass into vogue." (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 453, Cambridge transl.)-II. D. Junius, master of the horse A.U.C. 418, and consul A.U.C. 429. (Liv., 8, 12, et 29.)-III. D. Junius, consul A.U.C. 615, obtained a triumph for his successes in Spain.— IV. M. Junius, father of the Brutus who was concernin the assassination of Cæsar. He embraced the party of Marius, and was overcome by Pompey. After the death of Sylla, and the renewal of hostilities, he was BRUTUS, I. L. JUNIUS, a celebrated Roman, the au- besieged by Pompey in Mutina, who compelled him to thor, according to the Roman legends, of the great surrender after a long resistance, and caused him to be revolution which drove Tarquin the Proud from his put to death. He was brother-in-law to Cato by his throne, and which substituted the consular for the re- wife Servilia. Brutus was an able lawyer, and wrote gal government. He was the son of Marcus Junius on the Civil Wars. (Cic., Brut., 62.-Id., Or., 2, and of Tarquinia the second daughter of Tarquin. 32.-Id., pro Cluent., 51.)-V. Marcus Junius, son of While yet young in years, he saw his father and broth- the preceding, was by the mother's side nephew of M. er slain by the order of Tarquin, and having no means Cato (Uticensis). He accompanied his uncle to Cyof avenging them, and fearing the same fate for him- prus, A. U.C. 695, where the latter was sent by Clodius self, he affected a stupid air, in order not to appear at to annex that island to the Roman empire. It appears, all formidable in the eyes of a suspicious and cruel however, that he did not copy the example of Cato's tyrant. This artifice proved successful, and he so far integrity; for, having become the creditor of the citideceived Tarquin, and the other members of the royal zens of Salamis to a large amount, he employed one family, that they gave him, in derision, the surname of Scaptius, a man of infamous character, to enforce the Brutus, as indicative of his supposed mental imbecility. payment of the debt, together with an interest four At length, when Lucretia had been outraged by Sextus times exceeding the rate allowed by law. (Cic., ad Tarquinius, Brutus, amid the indignation that pervaded Att., 5, 21.-Id. ib., 6, 1, seqq.) And when Cicero all orders, threw off the mask, and, snatching the dag- governed the province of Cilicia, to which Cyprus ger from the bosom of the victim, swore upon it eternal seems to have been annexed, Brutus wrote to him, exile to the family of Tarquin. Wearied out with the and was supported by Atticus in his request, entreattyranny of this monarch, and exasperated by the spec- ing him to give Scaptius a commission as an officer tacle of the funeral solemnities of Lucretia, the people of the Roman government, and to allow him to employ abolished royalty, and confided the chief authority to a military force, to exact from the Salaminians the usuthe senate and two magistrates, named at first prætors, rious interest which he illegally demanded. Cicero but subsequently consuls. Brutus and the husband was too upright a magistrate to comply with such reof Lucretia were first invested with this important of quests, but they were so agreeable to the practice of fice. They signalized their entrance upon its duties the times, that he continued to live on intimate terms by making all the people take a solemn oath never with the man who could prefer them; and the literary again to have a king of Rome. Efforts nevertheless tastes of Brutus were a recommendation which he were soon made in favour of the Tarquins: an ambas- could not resist; so that he appears soon to have forsador sent from Etruria, under the pretext of procuring gotten the affair of Scaptius, and to have spoken and a restoration of the property of Tarquin and his family, thought of Brutus with great regard. They both, informed a secret plot for the overthrow of the new gov-deed, were of the same party in politics, and Brutus ernment, and the sons of Brutus became connected with actively exerted himself in the service of Pompey, the conspiracy. A discovery having been made, the although his own father had been put to death by the sons of the consul and their accomplices were tried, orders of that commander. Being taken prisoner in condemned, and executed by the orders of their father, the battle of Pharsalia, he received his life from although the people were willing that he should par- the conqueror. Before Cæsar set out for Africa to don them. From this time Brutus sought only to die carry on war against Scipio and Juba, he conferred on himself, and some months after, a battle between the Brutus the government of Cisalpine Gaul, and in that Romans and the troops of Tarquin enabled him to province Brutus accordingly remained, and was actualgratify his wish. He encountered, in the fight, Aruns, ly holding an office under Cæsar, while his uncle Cato the son of the exiled monarch; and with so much im was maintaining the contest in Africa and committed petuosity did they rush to the attack, that both fell suicide rather than fall alive into the hands of the enedead on the spot, pierced to the heart, each by the my. His character, however, seems to have been weapon of the other. The corpse of Brutus was car-greatly improved since his treatment of the Salaminried to Rome in triumph. The consul Valerius pro-ians, for he is said to have governed Cisalpine Gaul nounced a funeral eulogy over it, a statue of bronze with great integrity and humanity In the year 708 was raised to the memory of the deceased in the capi- he returned to Rome, but afterward set out to meet tol, and the Roman females wore mourning for an en- Cæsar on his return from Spain, and in an interview tire year. (Liv., 1, 56.—Id., 2, 1, &c.-Dion. Hal., which he had with him, at Nicæa, pleaded the cause 4, 15.—Id., 6, 1, &c.—Virg., Æn., 6, 822, seqq.)—of Deiotarus, tetrarch of Galatia, with such warmth

ter of Brutus. That he was a stern and consistent patriot throughout the whole of his career, the sketch which we have given of his movements prior to the assassination of Cæsar most clearly disproves. Why hold office under one who was trampling upon the liberties of his country? Why require so much solicitation before engaging in the conspiracy? Was he not aware that Cæsar was a usurper ?-this would show a miserable want of penetration. Or did he prefer security to danger?-where was the Roman patriot in this? The truth is, Brutus, notwithstanding all that has been said of him, was but a tardy patriot. His motives towards the close of his career were no doubt pure enough, but he ought to have had nothing to do with Cæsar the moment that general began to act with treason towards his country.-As a student and man of letters, the character of Brutus appears to more advantage than as a patriot. He was remarkable for literary application, usually rising with this view long before day, and it is said that, on the evening previous to a battle, while his army was in a state of anxious suspense and alarm, he calmly occupied himself in his tent with writing an abridgment of the history of Polybius.-One of the most singular circumstances in the life of Brutus is that of the so-called apparition, which it is said appeared to him, on one occasion, in his tent at midnight. "Who art thou?" inquired Brutus. "Thy evil genius," replied the phantom; "we will meet again at Philippi." And so it happened. The spirit re-appeared on the eve of the second battle of Philippi! We have here either an illusion on the part of Brutus, or a trick played off by some partisan of Antony's, in order to discourage and depress the republican commander, or, what is most likely of all, a tale utterly untrue. (Plut., Vit. Brut.-Encyclop. Metropol., Div. 3, vol. 2, p. 274, segg.)

BRYGES, a people of Thracian origin, living at one in Macedonia. They afterward crossed into Asia, where their name was changed to Phryges. (Vid. Phrygia.)

and freedom, that Cæsar was struck by it, and was reninded of what he used frequently to say of Brutus, that, what his inclinations might be, made a very great difference; but that, whatever they were, they would be nothing lukewarm. It was about this time also that Brutus divorced his first wife, Appia, daughter of Appius Claudius, and married the famous Porcia, his cousin, the daughter of Cato. Soon after he received another mark of Cæsar's favour (Plut., Vit. Brut., c. 7. -Dio Cass., 44, 12), in being appointed Prætor Urbanus, A.U.C. 709; and he was holding that office when he resolved to become the assassin of the man whose government he had twice acknowledged by consenting to act in a public station under it. He was led into the conspiracy, it is said, by Cassius, who sought at first by writing, and afterward by means of his wife Junia, the sister of Brutus, to obtain his consent to become an accomplice; and Plutarch informs us, that when the attack was made on Cæsar in the senatehouse, the latter resisted and endeavoured to escape, until he saw the dagger of Brutus pointed against him, when he covered his head with his robe and resigned himself to his fate. After the assassination of Cæsar, the conspirators endeavoured to stir up the feelings of the people in favour of liberty; but Antony, by reading the will of the dictator, excited against them so violent a storm of odium, that they were compelled to flee from the city. Brutus retired to Athens, and used every exertion to raise a party there among the Roman nobility. Obtaining possession, at the same time, of a large sum of the public money, he was enabled to bring to his standard many of the old soldiers of Pompey who were scattered about Thessaly. His forces daily increasing, he soon saw himself surrounded by a considerable army, and Hortensius, the governor of Macedonia, aiding him, Brutus became master in this way of all Greece and Macedonia. He went now to Asia and joined Cassius, whose efforts had been equal-time ly successful. In Rome, on the other hand, the triumvirs were all powerful; the conspirators had been condemned, and the people had taken up arms against them. Brutus and Cassius returned to Europe to oppose the triumvirs, and Octavius and Antony met them on the plains of Philippi. In this memorable conflict Brutus commanded the right wing of the republican army, and defeated the division of the enemy opposed to him, and would in all probability have gained the day, if, instead of pursuing the fugitives, he had brought succours to his left wing, commanded by Cassius, which was hard pressed, and eventually beaten by Antony. Cassius, upon this, believing everything lost, slew himself in despair. Brutus bitterly deplored his fate, styling him, with tears of the sincerest sorrow, "the last of the Romans." On the following day, induced by the ardour of the soldiers, Brutus again drew up his forces in line of battle, but no action took place, and he then took possession of an advantageous post, where it was difficult for an attack to be made upon him. His true policy was to have remained in this state, without hazarding an engagement, for his opponents were distressed for provisions, and the fleet that was bringing them supplies had been totally defeated by the vessels of Brutus. This state of things, however, was unknown to the latter, and, after an interval of twenty days, he hazarded a second battle. Where he himself fought in person, he was still successful; but the rest of his army was soon overcome, and the conflict ended in a total defeat of the republican army. Escaping with only a few friends, he passed the night in a cave, and, as he saw his cause irretrievably ruined, ordered Strato, one of his attendants, to kill him. Strato refused for a long time to perform the painful office; but, seeing Brutus resolved, he turned away his face, and held his sword while Brutus fell upon it. He died BUCEPHALUS, a horse of Alexander's, so called in the forty-third year of his age, B.C. 42.-A great either because his head resembled that of an ox (Boo deal of false glare has been thrown round the charac-kepaλý), or because he had the mark of an ox's head

BUBASTICUS FLUVIUS (Βουβαστικός ποταμός, Ptol.), a name sometimes given to the easternmost arm of the Nile, from the circumstance of its passing by the city of Bubastis. (Vid. Bubastis.)

BUBASTIS (or BUBASTUS), a city of Egypt, in the eastern part of the Delta, and the capital of the Bubastitic nome. This city is called in scripture Phi-Beseth, which is now altered into Basta. It was situated on a canal leading from the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile to the canal of Trajan. The Pelusiac branch was sometimes called, from this city, the Bubastic. Bubastis was remarkable also as being the place where great numbers assembled to celebrate the festival of the goddess Bubastis, who had a splendid temple here. More than 70,000 persons were accustomed to meet here on these occasions. The custom had ceased, however, in the time of Herodotus. This was the place, also, where the sacred cats were interred. Jablonski (Panth. Ægypt., 3, 3.—Voc. Ægypt., p. 53) explains the name Bubastis to mean, "she who bares," or "uncovers," or "she who multiplies her aspects.' This appellation suited very well, therefore, the goddess of the new or increasing moon, for such Bubastis, the Egyptian deity, in reality was. Hence, too, we see why Herodotus says, that the name "Bubastis,' in the Egyptian tongue, was equivalent to "Artemis," or Diana, in Greek (ʼn de Boubaoriç, Katà 'Eλhúðc yλwooav, ¿orì "APTEμis. Herod., 2, 137).

BUCEPHALA, a city of India, near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. It is supposed to have been situated somewhere on the road between Attock and Lahaur. (Curt., 9, 3.-Justin, 12, 8.)

impressed. upon his flank; or, according to another ings of the first fruits.-Hurt not the labouring beast," account, because he had a black mark upon his head i. e., the beast employed in agriculture. The first who resembling that of an ox, the rest of his body being offended against this last command was a person named white. Plutarch gives an account of the mode in Thaulon, who, at the feast of Zeùç Пoλiɛúç, observing which Bucephalus came into the hands of Alexander. a steer eating the sacred mónavov on the altar, took up The horse had been offered for sale to Philip, the an axe and slew the trespasser. The expiation-feast prince's father, by a Thessalian, but had proved so un- (Bovoóvia), instituted for the purpose of atoning for manageable that the monarch refused to purchase, this involuntary offence, it was found afterward exand ordered it to be taken away. Alexander there- pedient to continue. The ceremonies observed in it upon expressing his regret that they were losing so are not a little amusing. First was brought water by fine a horse for want of skill and spirit to manage females appointed for the office, for the purpose of it, Philip agreed to pay the price of the steed if his sharpening the axe and knife, with which the slaughter son would ride it. The prince accepted the offer, was to be committed. One of these females having and succeeded in the attempt. Bucephalus, after this, handed the axe to the proper functionary, the latter would allow no one but Alexander to mount him, and felled the beast and then took to flight. To slay the he accompanied the monarch in all his campaigns. In beast outright was the office of a third person. All the battle with Porus, he received, according to the present then partook of the flesh. The meal finished, same authority, several wounds, of which he died not the hide was stuffed, and the beast, apparently restored long after. A writer, however, quoted by the same to life, was put to the plough. Now commenced_the Plutarch, states that he died of age and fatigue, being steer-trial. A judicial assembly was held in the Prythirty years old. Arrian also (Exp. Al., 5, 19) ex- taneum, to which all were summoned who had been parpressly confirms this last account úлéllavev avrov, takers in the above transaction. Each lays the blame οὐ βληθεὶς πρὸς οὐδενὸς, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ καύματός τε καὶ upon the other. The water bearers throw the guilt hikiasi yàp úμgì тà трiúkovтa Ern. Alexander, upon the sharpener of the axe and knife: the sharpener upon this occasion, showed as much regret as if he of the knife casts it upon the person delivering it to the had lost a faithful friend and companion. He built a feller of the beast: the feller of the beast upon the city near the Hydaspes, which he called Bucephala, actual slaughterer, while this last ascribes the whole after the name of his steed. (Plut., Vit. Alex., 61.-guilt to the knife itself. The knife, unable to speak, Plin., 6, 20.-Ptol., 7, 1.-Diod. Sic., 17, 95.) is found guilty and thrown into the sea. (Aristoph., Nub., 945.-Mitchell, ad Aristoph., l. c.— -Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 123, seq.)

BUCOLICUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the Sebennytic and Mendesian mouths. It is the same with the Phatnetic. (Herod., 2, 17.)

BULIS, I. a town of Phocis, on the shore of the Sinus Corinthiacus, southeast of Anticyra. The town was situate on a hill, only seven stadia from its port, which is doubtless the same as the Mychos of Strabo, and the Naulochus of Pliny (4, 3). Pausanias seems to assign Bulis to Boeotia (10, 37), but Steph. Byz., Pliny, and Ptolemy (p. 87), to Phocis. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 158.)-II. A Lacedæmonian, given up to Xerxes, along with his countryman Sperthias, to atone for the conduct of the Spartans in putting the king's messengers to death. The king, however, refused to retaliate. (Herod., 7, 134, &c.)

The

BULLATIUS, a friend of Horace's, who was roaming abroad for the purpose of dispelling his cares. poet addressed an epistle to him, in which he instructs him that happiness does not depend upon climate or place, but upon the state of one's own mind. (Horat., Epist., 1, 11.)

nus.

BUPALUS, a sculptor and architect, born in the island of Chios, and son of Anthermus, or rather Archen(Vid. Anthermus.) He encountered the animosity of the poet Hipponax (Callim., fragm., 90, p. 460, ed. Ernest.), the cause of which is said to have been the refusal of Bupalus to give his daughter in marriage to Hipponax, while others inform us that it was owing to a statue made in derision of the poet by Bupalus. (Welcker, fragm. Hippon., 12.) The satire and invective of the bard were so severe, that, according to one account, Bupalus hung himself in despair. (Horat., Epod, 6, 14.-Acron. ad Horat., l. c.-Plin., 36, 5.) As Hipponax flourished in the reign of Darius (Proclus, ad fin. Hephæst., p. 380, ed. Gaisf.), Bupalus must have been living not only in Olymp. 58, but also very probably in Olymp. 64. His brother's name was Athenis. In addition to the statue which Bupalus made in derision of Hipponax, other works are mentioned by Pliny (l. c.) as the joint productions of the two brothers. (Sillig, Dict. Art., 8. v.)

BUPHONIA, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens. The legend connected with this festival is a singular Among the laws given by Triptolemus to the Athenians, three more especially remarkable were: "Reverence your elders.-Honour the gods by offer

one.

BUPRASIUM, a city of Elis. It was the first town on the Elean side of the Larissus, and is often mentioned by Homer as one of the chief cities of the Epeans. (Il., 2, 615.-I., 11, 755.)

BURA, one of the twelve original Achæan cities, as we learn from Herodotus (1, 146), which stood at first close to the sea; but having been destroyed, with the neighbouring town of Helice, by a terrible earthquake and inundation, the surviving inhabitants rebuilt it afterward, about forty stadia from the coast, and near the small river Buraicus. (Paus, 7, 25.-Strabo, 386.)

BURAICUS, I. an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura.-II. A river of Achaia, near the town of Bura. (Pausan., 7, 25.)

66

BURGUNDI, a German nation, one of the principal branches of the Vandals. They can be traced back to the country between the Viadrus (Oder) and the Vistula, in what is now the New Mark, and the southern part of West Prussia. They were distinguished from the other Germans by living together in villages, burgen, whence, according to some, they received the name of Burgundi. Others, however, derive the name from Gunt, combat," as alluding to the warlike character of the race, and make Burgundi mean “the lance of war." (Malte-Brun, Dict. Geogr., p. xiii., Vocab. de mots generiques.) Their dwelling in villages, and not leading, like the rest of the Germans, a wandering life, is the reason why they retained possession of their country much longer than the neighbouring Goths and Vandals, till, at length, they were no longer able to withstand the Gepida, who pressed in upon them from the mouths of the Vistula. In consequence of the loss of a great battle with the Gepida, they emigrated to Germany, where they advanced to the region of the Upper Rhine, and settled near the Alemanni. From these they took a considerable tract of country, and lived in almost continual war with them. In the beginning of the fifth century, with other German nations, they passed over into Gaul. After a long struggle, and many losses, they succeeded in possessing themselves of the southeastern part of this country by a contract with the Romans. A part of Switzerland, Savoy, Dauphiny, Lionnais, and Franche-Conté, belonged to their new kingdom, which, even in the year 470, was known by the name of Burgundy. The seat