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BISTÕNIS, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera. It derived its name from the Bistones, who inhabited its shores, and held dominion over the surrounding district. (Herod., 7, 110.-Scymn., Ch., 673.)

on the Euxine and around the Bosporus they call Ko djaili. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 167, seqq.) PITON. Vid. Cleobis.

BITURICUM. Vid. Avaricum.

BITURIGES, a people of Gaul. There were two tribes of this name, the Bituriges Cubi and the Bituriges Vivisci. The former were in Gallia Celtica, to the west of the Edui. Their capital was Avaricum, now Bourges. The Vivisci were in Aquitania, on the Atlantic coast, below the mouth of the Garumna. Their chief city was Burdigala, now Bordeaux. (Cæs., B. G., 8, 5, &c.-Lemaire, Index Geogr. ad Cas., s. v., p. 210, seq.)

BLANDUSIA, or, more properly, Bandusia, a fountain in the immediate vicinity of Horace's Sabine farm. It is supposed to be the modern Fonte Bello. (Compare the remarks of the commentators on Horace, Ode 3, 13, 1.)

BLASTOPHOENICES, a people of Lusitania. (Appian, de reb. Hisp., 6, 56.) Ukert maintains the identity of this people with the Bastuli Pœni. (Geogr., vol. 2, p. 309.)

BLEMMYES, a people of Ethiopia supra Ægyptum, dwelling, according to Strabo and Ptolemy, to the southeast of the Astaboras, towards the Sinus Avalites. They were fabled to be without heads, and to have the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. This fable is supposed to owe its origin to a custom prevailing among this people, of depressing their heads between their shoulders, which they forced upward, so that their necks became very short, and their heads were concealed partly by their shoulders, and partly by their long and thick hair. (Strab., 563.-Mela, 1, 4, 8.Plin., 5, 8.- Amm. Marcell., 14, 4.—Vopisc. in Prob., c. 17.--Procop., Bell. Pers., c. 19.-Claudian, Carm. de Nil., v. 19.-Nonn. Dionys., 17, extr.) BOADICEA. Vid. Boudicea.

BITHYNIA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Galatia, on the east by Paphlagonia, and on the west by the Propontis and Mysia. One of the earlier names of this region, more particularly along the shores of the Propontis and Euxine, was Bebrycia, derived from the Bebryces, who are said to have been the primitive settlers in the land. Homer nowhere mentions the people of this country by the appellation of Bithynians, but invariably designates them as Mysians and Phrygi- BIZYA, a city in Thrace, on the shores of the Euxans. (Il., 2, 862-1b., 13, 792.—Strab., 565.) Stra- ine, above Halmydessus, and northwest of Byzantium. bo has also proved, that the Mysians not only occupied It is now Vyzia. The poets fabled that it was shunthe shores of the Lake Ascanius and the plains of Ni-ned by swallows, on account of the crimes of Tereus. cæa, but that they extended as far as Chalcedon and (Plin., 4, 11.-Solin., c. 10.-Ovid, Met., 6, 424, the Thracian Bosporus. (Strab., 566) Though we seqq.) cannot precisely fix the period at which the Bithyni settled in the fertile district to which they communicated their name, we can have no doubt as to the country whence they came, since the testimony of antiquity is unanimous in ascribing to them a Thracian origin. Herodotus, in particular, asserts that, according to their own traditions, they came from the banks of the Strymon, and, having been driven from their country by the Teucri and Mysi, crossed over into Asia. (Herod., 7, 75.) Thucydides also and Xenophon expressly style them Bithynian Thracians. (Thucyd., 4, 75.-Xen. Hist. Gr, 1, 3, 2.—Id. ib., 3, 2, 2.) Some geographers have noticed a distinction to be observed in regard to this people, namely, that the appellation of Bithyni was properly applicable to the inland population, while that of the coast took the name of Thyni. (Apollod. Rhod., 2, 462.-Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg., 793.-Plin., 5, 32.) But, historically speaking, it is of little value.-The Bithynians, as Herodotus informs us (1, 28), were first subjected by Croesus. On the dissolution of the Lydian empire they passed under that of Persia, and their country became the seat of a satrapy sometimes known in history by the title of Dascylium, sometimes of the Hellespont, but more commonly of Bithynia. BOAGRIUS, a river of the Locri Epicnemidii, waterThe people lived principally in villages; the only con- ing the town of Thronium. Strabo asserts that it was siderable towns being situate on the coast, and inhab-known likewise by the name of Manes, and was noited by Greek colonists. This state of things lasted till the death of Alexander, who had taken military possession of the country after the defeat and expulsion of the Persians from the peninsula On the decease of the King of Macedon, we find Botirus. the son of Dydalsus, a Thracian chief, seizing upon Astacus, a Greek town on the seacoast, and, after defeating Calantus, the officer who commanded the Grecian forces in that country, establishing an independent principality, which he transmitted, through his lineal descendants Bas and Xipates, to Nicomedes, son of the latter, who, after the death of Lysimachus, first assumed the title of King of Bithynia. He gave his name to the city of Astacus, which from henceforth was called Nicomedia, and became the capital of the new kingdom. (Memn excerpt. ap. Phot., p. 720, seq.-Pausan., 5, 12.) An account of the succession in this family will be found under the articles Nicomedes and Prusias.-Lake other Asiatic sovereigns, the kings of Bithynia are said to have been sensual and effeminate. (Polyb., 37, 2.-Cic., Verr., 5, 11.) The interior of the country was mountainous and woody (Xen., Anab., 6, 15.-Nicet., Chon., p. 128), but near the sea it was covered with rich and fertile plains, thickly spread with towns and villages. The produce consisted in grain of every sort in wine, cheese, figs, and various kinds of wood. (Xen., Anab., 6, 4, 4-Strab., 565.-Plin., 11, 42.) The western portion of Bithynia has received from the Turks the name of Khodavendishiar; and that situated

thing more than a torrent, which was sometimes entirely dry, though occasionally it was swollen so as to be two plethra in breadth. (Compare Lycophron, v. 1145.)

BосCHUS, a king of Getulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. Many of the old editions of Sallust read Jugurtha filia Boccho nupserat (Jug. Bell., 80), instead of Bocchi, &c., thereby making Bocchus to have been Jugurtha's son-in-law. The Abbé Brotier, relying upon this reading and some of Sylla's medals, proposes to substitute in Plutarch's life of Marius, where mention is made of Bocchus, the terin "son-in-law" for "father-in-law;" but M. Vauvilliers more judiciously contends, from six MSS. of Sallust, and in conformity with Florus (3, 1), for the expression

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father-in-law" of Jugurtha. Bocchus obtained, as the reward of his treachery, the western part of Numidia, which was afterward, in the reign of Claudius, named Mauritania Cæsariensis, now Fez. (Sallust, Jug.-Paterc., 2, 12.)

BODUAGNĀTUS, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against them. (Cæs., B. G., 2, 23.)

BOEDROMIA, an Athenian festival, sacred to Apollo Patrous, and instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion, son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus, son of Neptune. It was celebrated in the month Boedromion, which took its name from this circumstance.

The

appellation given to the festival is derived drò rov ẞon- | Bootarchs, who presided over the military as well as dpouɛiv, from coming to help. (Etymol. Mag., 8. v. Suid., s. v. Callim., H. in Apoll., v. 69.-Plut., Thes., c. 27.-Wachsmuth, Hellen. Alt., vol. 4, p. 143.) BOEDROMION, the name of one of the Attic months. It was the third in the order of the Attic year, and corresponded nearly to our September. It derived its name from the festival called Boedromia being celebrated during it. (Vid. Boedromia.)

BOOTARCHE, the chief magistrates in Boeotia. They presided in the national councils, and commanded the forces. They were, in later times at least, elected annually, and rigidly restricted to their term of office. Their number is supposed to have been originally fourteen, the primitive number of the confederate Bootian states. It was afterward reduced, and underwent many variations. Thebes appears to have had the privilege of appointing two, one of whom was superior in authority to the rest, and probably acted as president of the board. (Thucyd., 2, 2.-Id., 4, 91. —Arnold, ad Thucyd., l. c.—Thirlwall's Hist. Gr., vol. 1, p. 434.-Liv., 42, 43.)

civil departments (Thucyd., 2, 2-Id., 4, 92.-Id., 5, 37); the latter in the establishment of four councils, which were possessed, in fact, of the sovereign authority, since all measures of importance were to be submitted to their deliberation. The general assembly of the Baotian republic was held in the temple of the Itonian Minerva. (Pausan., 9, 34.) From the extent and population of their territory, the Boeotians might have played the first part in Greece, if they had not been prevented by the bad government of the cities, by the jealousy of Thebes, and the consequent want of union. And yet the example of Epaminondas and Pelopidas afterward showed that the genius of two men could outweigh all these defects.-The Boeotians were regarded by their neighbours, the Athenians, as naturally a stupid race. Much of this, however, was wilful exaggeration, and must be ascribed to the national enmity, which seems to have existed from the earliest times between these two nations. Besides, this country produced, in fact, many illustrious men, such as Hesiod, Pindar, Plutarch, Epaminondas, Pelopidas, &c. In Bootia, too, Mount Helicon was sacred to the Muses, to whom also many of the fountains and rivers of the country were consecrated.-The modern name of Boeotia is Stramulipa, in Livadia, which last comprehends within its limits the ancient Boeotia, as one of its component parts.-In Boeotia are several celebrated ancient battle-fields, the former glory of which has been increased by late events; namely, Platea (now the village Kokla), where Pausanias and Aristides established the liberty of Greece by their victory over Mardonius; Leuctra (now the village Parapogia), where Epaminondas triumphed over the Spartans; Coronea, where the Spartan Agesilaus defeated the Thebans; and Charonea, where Philip founded the Macedonian greatness on the ruins of Grecian freedom.-Near Tanagra, the birthplace of Corinna, the best wine was produced: here also cocks were bred, of remarkable size, beauty, and courage, with which the Grecian cities, passionately fond of cock-fighting, were supplied.-The Baotians were particularly fond of music, and excelled in it. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 189, seqq.-Heeren's Politics of Anc. Greece, p. 32, Bancroft's transl.— Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 151, seqq.)

BOTIA, a country of Greece Proper, lying to the northwest of Attica, and shut in by the chains of Helicon, Citharon, Parnassus, and, towards the sea, Ptous; which mountains enclosed a large plain, constituting the chief part of the country. Numerous rivers, of which the Cephissus was the most important, descending from the heights, had probably stagnated for a long time, and formed lakes, of which the Copaïs was the largest. These same rivers appear to have formed the soil of Boeotia, which is among the most fruitful in Greece. Baotia was also perhaps the most thickly settled part of Greece; for no other could show an equal number of important cities. This country, as we learn from the concurrent testimony of Strabo, Pausanias, and other ancient writers, was first occupied by several barbarous clans, under the various names of Aones, Ectenes, Temmices, and Hyantes. (Strabo, 401.-Pausan., 9, 5.) To these succeeded, according to the common account, Cadmus and his followers, who, after expelling some of the indigenous tribes above mentioned, and conciliating others, founded a city, which became afterward so celebrated under the name of Thebes, and to which he gave the name of Cadmea. The descendants of Cadmus were compelled, subsequently, to evacuate Boeotia, after the BOETHIUS, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus, a capture of Thebes by the Epigoni, and to seek ref- man celebrated for his virtues, services, honours, and uge in the country of the Illyrian Enchelees. (Herod- tragical end. He was born about A.D. 470, in Rome otus, 5, 61.-Pausanias, 9, 5.) They regained, how- or Milan, of a rich, ancient, and respectable family; ever, possession of their former territory, but were once was educated in Rome, in a manner well calculated more expelled, as we learn from Strabo, by a numer- to develop his extraordinary abilities; afterward went ous horde of Thracians and others. On this occasion, to Athens, which was still the centre of taste and scihaving withdrawn into Thessaly, they united them- ence, and studied philosophy under Proclus and othselves with the people of Arne, a district of that prov-ers. Returning to Rome, he was graciously received by ince, and for the first time assumed the name of Bœo-Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, then master of Italy, tians. (Strabo, 401.) After a lapse of some years, loaded with marks of favour and esteem, and soon they were compelled to abandon Thessaly, when they raised to the first offices of the empire. He exerted once more succeeded in re-establishing themselves in the best influence on the administration of this montheir original abode, to which they now communicated arch. so that the dominion of the Goths promoted the the name of Boeotia. This event, according to Thu-welfare and happiness of the people who were subject cydides, occurred about sixty years after the capture of Troy; but, in order to reconcile this account with the statement of Homer, who distinctly names the Baotians among the Grecian forces assembled at that memorable siege, the historian admits that a Boeotian division (ȧrodaoμoç) had already settled in this province prior to the migration of the great body of the nation (1, 12). The government of Boeotia remained under the monarchical form till the death of Xanthus, who fell in single combat with Melanthus the Messenian, when it was determined to adopt a republican constitution. This, though imperfectly known to us, appears to have been a compound of aristocratic and democratic principles; the former being apparent in the appointment of eleven annual magistrates named

to them. He was long the oracle of his sovereign and the idol of the people. The highest honours were thought inadequate to reward his virtue and his services. But Theodoric, as he grew old, became irritable, jealous, and distrustful of those around him. The Goths now indulged in all sorts of oppression and extortion, while Boethius exerted himself in vain to restrain them. He had already made many enemies by his strict integrity and vigilant justice. These at last succeeded in prejudicing the king against him, and rendering him suspicious of Boëthius. The opposition of Boëthius to their unjust measures was construed into a rebellious temper, and he was even accused of a treasonable correspondence with the court of Constantinople. He was arrested, imprisoned, and

executed, A.D. 524 or 526.-While he was at the helm of state, he found recreation from his toilsome occupations in the construction of mathematical and musical instruments, some of which he sent to Clothaire, king of France. He was also much given to the study of the old Greek philosophers and mathematicians, and wrote Latin translations of several of them. His most celebrated work is that composed during his imprisonment, "On the consolation afforded by Philosophy." It is written in prose and verse intermixed. The elevation of thought, the nobleness of feeling, the ease and distinctness of style which it exhibits, make this composition, short as it is, far superior to any of the age. The principal edition is that of Basle, 1570, fol. A more modern one, of some value, appeared at Glasgow, 1751, 4to. (Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 153, seqq.)

BOMILCAR, I. a Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar. He attempted to seize, by force of arms, upon the government, but was overcome and put to death. (Diod. Sic., 20, 43.)—II. A Carthaginian admiral, sent to relieve Syracuse when besieged by the Romans. He fled, however, before the fleet of Marcellus, and the city fell.-III. A native of Numidia, a secret agent of Jugurtha's, by whose means that monarch effected the assassination of Massiva at Rome. He afterward, at the instigation of Metellus, the Roman commander, conspired with Nabdalsa against Jugurtha, but the plot was discovered, and he was put to death. (Sallust, Jug., 35, 61, 70.)

BOETHUS, I. a Stoic philosopher, referred to by Diogenes Laertius and Cicero. (Diog. L., 7, 143.Cic., de Div., 1, 8.-Id. ib., 2, 20.) His opinions differed so far from those of his school, in that he did not regard the world as animated, and in his admitting four principles as the basis of judgment; namely, thought, sensation, appetite, and participation. (Menag. ad Diog., l. c.)-II. A peripatetic philosopher, a native of Sidon. He acquired so high a reputation, that Strabo, who had been his fellow-disciple, ranks him among the most illustrious philosophers of his time, and Simplicius styles him davuários, "the wonderful." (Menag. ad Diog. Laert., 7, 143.)ent, and exhorted their sons to bear their sufferings III. A statuary, and engraver on plate, born at Carthage. (Pausan., 5, 17.) He appears to have flourished before the destruction of the city by the Romans, but we cannot, with any certainty, ascertain the age in which he lived. (Sillig. Dict. Art., s. v.)

Bout, a people of Celtic Gaul, who inhabited the country watered by the river Sigmanus, Signatus, or Igmanus, now the Sollac. From Gaul they passed into Germany, and settled in the present Bohemia (Boierheim, 1. e., the residence of the Boii), until they were expelled by the Marcomanni. Abandoning this quarter, they carried their name with them into Boiaria, Bayaria, or Bavaria. The name Boii is thought to denote "the terrible ones," and to be derived from the Celtic Bo, "fear." (Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, vol. 1, p. 48.—Cæs., B. G., 1, 28; 7, 17.)

BOLA, a town of the Æqui in Italy. It is thought to correspond with the small town of Poli, situate in the mountains between Tivoli and Palæstrina, the ancient Tibur and Præneste. It was a colony of Alba. (Virg., En., 1, 675.)

BOмONICE, a name applied to the youths who were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia at Sparta, in honour of that goddess. The festival was called Aiapaoτίγωσις, and was so named ἀπὸ τοῦ μαστιγοῦν, i. e., from whipping. These boys were, at first, freeborn Spartans, but afterward of meaner birth, being frequently the offspring of slaves. They were called Bomonica (Bwuovikai) from the scourging they underwent at the altar, and which was very severe and cruel; and, lest the officer should, out of compassion, remit any of its rigour, Diana's priestess stood by all the time holding in her hand the goddess's image, which, say the ancients, was light and easy to be borne, but if the boys were spared, became so ponderous that the priestess was scarcely able to support its weight. The parents of the boys were also preswith patience and firmness. He who showed the most firmness was highly honoured. Some of the boys even died under the lash; these they buried by & public funeral, with garlands on their heads, in token of joy and victory. The origin of this cruel custom is variously accounted for by the ancient writers. Some ascribe it to a wish on the part of Lycurgus to inure the Lacedæmonian youth to labour and fatigue, and to render them insensible to pain or wounds. Others maintain that it was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should be shed on Diana's altar. Another tradition mentions that Pausanias, at the battle of Platea, being disturbed at the preparatory sacrifices by a party of Lydians, and his attendants having repelled them with staves and stones, the only weapons they had at the moment, instituted this custom subsequently in commemoration of the event. (Pausan., 3, 16.-Plut., Vit. Lycurg.)

BONA DEA ("the Good Goddess"), a name given by the Romans to Ops or Tellus, or, in other words, to the goddess Earth. The first of May was the time for BOLBE, I. a lake of Macedonia, in the territory of celebrating her festival, and it was also the anniversaMygdonia, and emptying into the sea near Aulon and ry of the dedication of her temple on the Aventine Hill. Bormiscus. (Thucyd., 1, 58.) Dr. Clarke, who visited (Ovid, Fast., 5, 148, seq.) She was worshipped by the the shores of this lake in his travels, observes, "it is Roman matrons in the house of the chief pontiff, and now called Beshek; it is about 12 miles in length, everything relating to the other sex was carefully exand 6 or 8 in breadth. We can find no notice that cluded. (Vid. Clodius.) As the most probable derivahas been taken of this magnificent piece of water by tion of the name of the month of May is from Maia, it any modern writer." (Travels, vol. 8, p. 6.)-II. Á has been inferred that this goddess and Bona Dea were town near the Lake Bolbe. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Bóλbai.) the same deities. The Romans had a legend among BOLBITINUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, in the them, that Bona Dea was Fauna or Fatua, the daughvicinity of what is now the town of Rosetta. (Vid.ter of Faunus, who, out of modesty, never left her Nilus.)

BOLINE, a town of Achaia, between Drepanum and Patræ, which no longer existed in the time of Pausanias (7, 23). Near it ran a river called Bolinæus. (Steph. Byz., 8. v.)

BOLISSUS, a town in the island of Chios, situate on the coast, and the site of which is occupied by the modern village of Volisso. The ancient place is noticed by Thucydides (8, 24), and is mentioned also in the life of Homer (c. 23.-Compare Steph. Byz., s. v. Βολισσός).

BOLLANUS, a man whom Horace represents as of the most irascible temper, and most inimical to loquacity. (Serm., 1, 9, 11.)

bower, or let herself be seen of men; for which she was deified, and no man entered her temple. (Macrob., 1, 12.)

BONONIA, a city of Pannonia, on the Danube, north of Sirmium. Its site corresponds with the modern Illock or Ujlak. (Anton., Itin.-Notit. Imp.)—II. A city of Italy. (Vid. Felsina.)-III. A city of Gaul. (Vid. Gesoriacum.)

BONUS EVENTUs, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by the peasants. He was represented holding a patera or cup in his right hand, and in his left ears of corn. (Varro, de R. R., 1, 1.—Plin., 34, 8.)

BoosURA (bovis cauda), a town of Cyprus, on the

southwestern coast. Venus had an ancient temple here.

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BOOTES, a northern constellation, near the Ursa Major. The name is Greek, Bourns, and means the Oxen-driver," Bootes being regarded in this sense as the driver of the Wain ("Auaga), another appellation for the "Greater Bear." (Aratus, 91.—Manilius, 1, 313.) The Greeks generally saw in Bootes, Arcas son of Callisto. Ovid, however, calls him on one occasion Lycaon, after the father of Callisto. (Fast., 6, 235.) Others regarded him as Icarus, the father of Erigone. (Vid. Icarus.) Propertius hence calls the seven stars of the Greater Bear," boves Icarii." (El., 2, 24, 24)

with one another. Herodotus, Polybius, and Arrian make its length 120 stadia, from the Cyanean rocks to Byzantium. The new castles of Europe and Asia are erected on either coast, on the site of the ancient temples of Serapis and Jupiter. The old ones, raised by the Greek emperors, command the narrowest part of the strait, where it is not more than 500 paces across. Here Darius is said to have crossed, on his expedition against the Scythians.-For some remarks on the kings of Bosporus, as they are styled in history, consult Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, p. 281, seqq., 2d ed. II. A city in the Chersonesus Taurica, the same as Panticapæum. (Vid. Panticapæum.)

BOTTIEA, or BOTTIMIS, a name anciently given to a narrow space of country in Macedonia, situated between the Haliacmon and Lydias, as Herodotus informs us (7, 127); but in another passage he extends it beyond the Lydias as far as the Axius. The Bottiæi had been, however, early expelled from this district by the Macedonian princes, and had retired to the other side of the Axius, about Therme and Olynthus (Herodot., 8, 127), where they formed a new settlement with the Chalcidians, another people of Thracian origin, occupying the country of Chalcidice. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 220)

BOREAS, the North wind, regarded in the Grecian mythology as a deity. According to the poets, he was the son of Astræus and Aurora, but others make him the son of the Strymon. He loved Orithyia, the daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, and carried her off to Thrace, where she bore him the winged youths Zetes and Calais; and two daughters, Chione and Cleopatra. (Plat., Phædr., 229-Apollod., 3, 15, 2. -Apoll. Rhod., 1, 211.) The Athenians ascribed the destruction of the fleet of Xerxes by a storm to the partiality of Boreas for the country of Orithyia, and built a temple to him after that event. (Herod., 7, BOUDICEA OF BOADICEA, queen of the Iceni, in Brit189.) Boreas is also said by Homer to have turned ain, during the reign of Nero. Having been treated himself into a horse, out of love to the mares of Erich- in the most ignominious manner by the Romans, she thonius, and to have begotten on them twelve foals re-headed a general insurrection of the Britons, attacked markable for their fleetness. (Il., 20, 223.—Keightley's Mythology, p. 255, seqq.)

BORYSTHENES, I. a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine Sea, now called the Dnieper. Herod otus considers it the greatest of the Scythian rivers after the Ister, and as surpassing all others except the Nile. He does not appear, however, to have known much about its course, and seems not to have been apprized of the famous cataracts of this river, which occur at the height of 200 miles above its mouth, and are said to extend 40 miles, being 13 in number. (Vid. Danaparis.)—II. There was a city on the banks of this river called Borysthenis, and also Olbia. (Vid. Olbia.)-III. A favourite steed of the Emperor Hadrian's, to whom he erected a monument after death.

the Roman settlements, reduced London to ashes, and put to the sword all strangers to the number of 70,000. Suetonius, the Roman general, defeated her in a decisive battle, and Boudicea, rather than fall into the hands of her enemies, put an end to her own life by poison. (Tacit., Ann., 14, 31.)

BOVILLE, I. an ancient town of Latium, on the Appian Way, between the ninth and tenth mile-stones; and answering, according to the opinion of Holstenius, to the situation of the inn called l'Osteria delle Frattochie. It is distinguished from another town of the same name in Novum Latium by the title of Suburbanæ. Bovilla was one of the first towns conquered by the Romans, according to Florus (1, 11). We learn from Cicero that it was a municipium (Orat. pro Plancio), but he represents it as almost deserted.—II. A town of Novum Latium; its precise situation has not been ascertained. Vulpius says, that some vestiges of this town may be traced near a place called Bauco, not far from Veroli. (Vet. Lat., p. 120.) BRACHMANES, Indian philosophers. (Vid. Gymnosophistæ.)

BRANCHIADES, a surname of Apollo. (Vid. Branchida.)

BRANCHIDE, I. the inhabitants of a small town in Sogdiana, on the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They were descended from the Branchida, a family who held the priesthood of the temple of Apollo Didymæus at Didymi near Miletus. The Persians un

BOSPORUS, I. a name applied to a strait of the sea. There were two straits known in antiquity by this appellation, namely, the Thracian and the Cimmerian Bosporus; the former now known by the name of the Straits or Channel of Constantinople, the latter the Straits of Caffa or Theodosia, or, according to a later denomination, the Straits of Zabache. By the Russians, however, it is commonly called the Bosporus. Various reasons have been assigned for the name. The best is that which makes the appellation refer to the early passage of agricultural knowledge from East to West (Bous, an ox, and Tóρoç, a passage). Nyinphius tells us, on the authority of Accarion, that the Phrygians, desiring to pass the Thracian strait, built a vessel, on whose prow was the figure of an ox, call-der Xerxes plundered and burned the temple, and the ing the strait over which it carried them, ẞoòç Tóрoç, Bosporus, or the ox's passage. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Valerius Flaccus, and others of the ancient writers, refer the name to the history of Io, who, when transformed into a cow (Bous) by Juno, swam across this strait to avoid her tormentor. Arrian says that the Phrygians were directed by an oracle to follow the route which an ox would point out to them, and that one being roused by them for this purpose, it swam across the strait.-The strait of the Thracian Bosporus properly extended from the Cyanean rocks to the harhour of Byzantium or Constantinople. It is said to be 16 miles in length, including the windings of its course, and its ordinary breadth about 1 miles. In several places, however, it is very narrow; and the ancients relate that a person might hear birds sing on the opposite side, and that two persons might converse across

Branchida, who had betrayed it into their hands, became, on the defeat of Xerxes, the voluntary companions of his flight, in order to avoid the justice of their countrymen. They settled on the Oxus, and grew up into a small state. Alexander's motive in the cruel massacre of this people was retaliation for the sacrilege of their ancestors. (Curt., 7, 5.)-II. The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who gave oracles in Caria. (Vid. Didymi.)

BRANCHUS, a youth of Miletus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didymi. (Vid. Didymi.)

BRASIDAS, Son of Tellis, was a celebrated Spartan commander during the Peloponnesian war, and gained many successes over the Athenians. The principal scene of his operations was in the north, in that part of Thrace, or, rather, Macedonia, which was so numerous

ly settled by Greek colonies, a large number of which he brought under the control of Sparta by his arms or personal influence. He lost his life at the taking of Amphipolis. (Vid. Amphipolis.) The virtues of his private character were worthy of the best days of Sparta. (Thucyd., 2, 25.—Id., 4, 11.—Id., 4, 78.Id., 4, 81.-Id., 4, 102, &c.-Id., 5, 10.)

BRASIDEA, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as were absent were fined.

rather the proper name Bran, which occurs in Welsh history. (Arnold, l. c.)-II. Another Gallic leader, who made an irruption into Greece at the head of an army of his countrymen, consisting of 152,000 foot and 20,000 horse. After ravaging various parts of Northern Greece, they marched against Delphi, and endeavoured to plunder the temple. But the army of、 the invaders, according to the Grecian account, were seized with a panic terror during the night, and being attacked at daybreak by the Delphians and others of the Greeks, retreated in the utmost confusion. Large numbers perished, the Greeks continually hanging on the skirts of the retreating foe; and Brennus, wounded, and dispirited by his overthrow, killed himself in a fit of intoxication, B.C, 278. (Pausan., 10, 19.—Id., 10, 23.-Justin, 24, 6, &c.) It would appear, that besides the Gauls mentioned here, another body of the same race were ravaging Thrace and Macedonia; and these latter were they who crossed over into Asia, not the remains of the army of Brennus. (Consult Siebelis, ad Pausan., 10, 23, 8.)

BRIAREUS, I. a giant famous in early fable. He.and his two brothers Cottus and Gyes, were the offspring of Uranus and Gê (Cœlus and Terra), and had each a hundred hands. According to Homer, he was called of men Egeon, and by the gods alone Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareus, being brought by Thetis to the aid of Jupiter, ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening looks, that they shrunk from their purpose. (Hom, R., 1, 403) Briareus also appears in fable as one of the Cyclopes. (Vid. Cyclopes.) The name Bptúpews appears to be akin to βριάω, βριαρός, βρίθω, βριθύς, all denoting weight and strength. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 46.)-II. A Cyclop, made judge between Apollo and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. He is probably the same fabulous personage with the preceding. (Pausan., 2, 1.)

BRAURON, a town of Attica, celebrated in mythology as the place where Iphigenia first landed after her escape from Tauris with the statue of Diana. From this circumstance, the goddess was here held in peculiar veneration, under the title of Brauronia. (Pausan., 1, 33.-Steph. Byz., s. v. Bpavpúv.—Strabo, 398.) The ruins of Brauron are pointed out by modern travellers near the spot called Palaio Braona. Chandler calls the modern site Vronna. (Travels, vol. 2, ch. 34. Compare Gell's Itinerary, p. 77.)—Diana had three festivals here, called Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth year by ten men who were called iɛporotot. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer's Iliad. The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. They were about ten years of age, and not under five, and therefore their consecration was called dɛкarɛvɛiv, from déкa, decem; and sometimes άрKTEÚɛ, as the virgins themselves bore the name of upкrol, bears, from this circumstance. There was a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin's brother killed the bear, and the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was pre-regarded as the greatest, most powerful, and most served in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carried it ancient of the British tribes. They possessed the away when he invaded Greece. (Cramer's Ancient country from sea to sea, comprising the counties of Greece, vol. 2, p. 382.) York, Durham, Lancaster, Westmoreland, and Cumberland. Their capital was Eboracum, York. The Brigantes (Briges, Bryges) would seem to have been originally of Thracian origin, and to have wandered forth from their mountain homes, between Macedonia and Thrace, over various parts of Europe, such as Gaul, Spain, Britain, &c. They also penetrated into Asia Minor, and were there called Phryges (Phrygians). Consult, as regards the root of the name, the remarks under the article Mesembria.

BRENNI and BREUNI, a people of Italy, occupying, together with the Genauni, the present Val d'Agno and Val Braunia, to the east and northeast of the Lacus Verbanus (Lago Maggiore). They, together with the Genauni, were subdued by Drusus, whose victory Horace celebrates. Strabo calls them Brenci and Genaui; others term the former Breuni. (Horat., Od., 4, 14, 16)

BRENNUS, I. a general of the Galli Senones, who entered Italy, defeated the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole city in the possession of their enemies. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken, had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of the sacred geese in the temple of Juno, and immediately repelled the enemy. (Vid. Manlius.) Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry home the news of their destruction. The destruction of the Gauls by Camillus is the national account given by the Roman writers, and is replete with error and exaggeration. (Consult remarks under the article Camillus.)-As regards the name Brennus, it may be remarked, that it is nothing more than the Cymric word Brenhin, which signifies king" or "leader," converted into a Latin form. The Romans mistook it for a proper name. (Thierry, Hist. des Gaul., vol. 1, p. 57.—Arnold's Rome, vol. 1, p. 524.) Pritchard, however, maintains that it is

BRIGANTES, a people in the northern parts of Britain,

BRIGANTINUS LACUS, a lake in Vindelicia, separating the Helvetii from the Vindelici and other German tribes. Another name for it was Bodamicus Lacus. It is now the Lake of Constance (Constanzer-See), as the Germans call it, who have likewise another ap pellation for it, resembling one of the ancient names, i. e., Boden-See. (Plin., 9, 17.- Mela, 3, 2.—Amm. Marcell., 15, 6.)

BRIGANTIUM, I. called also Brigantia, a city of Vindelicia, near the southeastern extremity of the Lacus Brigantinus. It was the station of a force in the time of the Antonines, for the purpose of watching the movements of the Alemanni. The modern name is Bregenoz.-II. A city of Hispania Tarraconensis, now Corunna. Some erroneously identify Abobriga with this place. (Dio Cass., 37, 53.)

BRILESSUS, a name given to the range of hills that united Mount Pentelicus with Anchesmus. (Strab., 399.) The modern name is Turko vouni. (Gell's Itin., p. 68 and 77.)

BRIMO (from ẞpéuw, "to roar," "to rage"), a name

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