cavlides are found in the collections of Neander, H. | metrius established his dominion in India, where, about Stephens, Orsini, and Brunck. A more complete this time (perhaps as a consequence of the expedition edition of them appeared in 1822, from the Berlin press, by C. F. Neue, in 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 287.-Mohnike, Lit. der Gr. und R., p. 336.-Lit. Anc. Gr., c. 14, § 13, in Libr. Us. Knowl.) of Antiochus III., B.C. 205), there appear to have been several Greek states. Menander was followed, about B.C. 181, by Eucratidas, under whom the Bactrian kingdom acquired its greatest extent; for, after defeating the Indian king Demetrius, who had attacked him, he, with the assistance of the Parthian conqueror Mithradates (Arsaces VI.), took India from Demetrius and annexed it to the Bactrian kingdom, B.C. 148. He was, however, on his return, murdered by his son, who is probably the Eucratidas who is afterward named. This latter was the ally and chief adviser of the expedition of Demetrius II. of Syria against the Parthians, B.C. 142; and therefore, on the victorious resistance of Arsaces VI., robbed of a part of his territory, and soon after overpowered by the nomadic nations of Middle Asia; upon which the Bactrian kingdom became, as such, extinct, and Bactria itself, with the other countries on this side the Oxus, became a booty to the Parthians. (Compare Bayer, Historia BACENIS, a wood in Germany, generally supposed to be a part of the Hercynia Silva, and to have been situate in the vicinity of the Fulda, or Vol, which flows into the Visurgis. It separated the territories of the Catti from those of the Cherusci, and appears to be the same with the Buchonia of later writers. (Cas., B. G., 6, 10.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 183, 417.) BACTRA, the capital of Bactria, situate on the river Bactrus, a tributary of the Oxus. It is now Balkh, in the country of the Usbeck Tatars. It was likewise called Zariaspe and Zariaspa. (Plin., 6, 16.) This place has been a rendezvous of caravans from the remotest antiquity, and at this point it is probable that commerce united Eastern and Western Asia. To this place the natives of Little Thibet, which Herod-regni Græcorum Bactriani, Petrop. 1738, 4to.-Heeotus and Ctesias call Northern India, brought the valuable woollens of their country, and likewise the gold which they procured from the great desert of Cobi. The tales which they told to the Western Asiatics of these wonderful regions might be a little exaggerated, or perverted through the medium of an interpreter. (Long's Ane. Geogr., p. 13.-Compare Heeren, Ideen, vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 408, seqq.)-On the origin of the Bactrians and their connexion with the great Zend race, consult the remarks of Rhode, in his Heilige Sage der Baktrer, &c., p. 60, segg. ren's Anc. History, p. 315, seqq., Bancroft's transl.) BACTRUS, a river of Bactria, running into the Oxus. It flowed by the capital Bactra, and is supposed to be the same with the modern Anderab. (Curt., 7, 4.— Polyan., Strat., 7, 11.) BACUNTIUS, a river of Pannonia, in the immediate vicinity of Sirmium. It fell into the Savus or Save. The modern name is Bosset or Bossut. (Plin., 3, 25.) BADIA, a town of Hispania Bætica, supposed to be the present Badajoz. Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 447.-Cellarius, Geogr. Antiq., vol. 1, p. 67.) BADUHENNE Lucus, a grove in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. (Tacit., Ann., 4, 73.) It is thought to have been situated in modern West Friesland. The name is supposed to be derived from that of the goddess Pada, and the modern name is given by some as Holt Pade. (Alting, Not. Batav. et Fris. Ant., vol. 1, p. 14.) ple, against largesses and bribery. (Non. Marcell., de propr. Serm., c. 7, n. 19, p. 749.—Liv., 40, 19.) BETICA. Vid. Hispania. BACTRIA and BACTRIANA, a country of Asia, bounded by Aria on the west, the mountains of Paropamisus on the south; the Emodi Montes on the east; and Sogdiana on the north. Bactriana now belongs to the kingdom of the Afghauns, or Caubulistan. Its proximity to Northern India, and the possession of a large river, the Oxus, with fertile lands, made it, in very remote ages, the centre of Asiatic commerce, and the BEBIA LEX, I. was enacted for the election of six point of union for all the natives of this vast continent. prætors and four during alternate years. (Liv., 40, 44.) (Vid. Bactra.) It would seem also, in very early times,-II. Another law by M. Bæbius, a tribune of the peoto have been the seat of a powerful empire long prior to that of the Medes or Persians. (Compare Bähr, ad Ctes., p. 93.)-This country became remarkable at a later age for the Greek kingdom which was founded in it. The Bactrian kingdom arose almost at the same time with the Parthian, B.C. 254; yet the mode of its origin was not only different (for it was here the Grecian governor himself, who made himself independent, and therefore had Grecians for his successors), but also the duration, which was much less. Solitary fragments of the history of this kingdom have only been preserved, and yet it seems at one time to have extended to the banks of the Ganges and the borders of China. The founder of this kingdom was Diodatus or Theodotus I. (B.C. 254), as he broke from the Syrian sway in the time of Antiochus II. He appears to have been master of Sogdiana as well as Bactria. He also threatened Parthia, but after his death (B.C. 243) his son and successor, Theodotus II., closed a peace and alliance with Arsaces II., but was deprived of his throne by Euthydemus of Magnesia, about B.C. 221. The attack of Antiochus the Great, after the termination of the Parthian war, was directed against him, but ended in a peace, in which Euthydemus, on giving up his elephants, retained his crown, and a marriage between his son Demetrius and a daughter of Antiochus was agreed upon. Demetrius, although he BAGISTANUS, a mountain of Media, southwest of was a great conqueror, appears not to have been king Ecbatana, and sacred to Jupiter. Here Semiramis of Bactria, but of Northern India and Malabar, of which formed a park or garden of twelve stadia in circumfercountries the history is now closely connected with ence, and cut her image on the face of the rock. that of Bactria, although all the accounts are but frag- (Diod. Sic., 2, 13.-Isid., Charac., p. 6.) Alexander mentary. To the throne of Bactria, Menander suc- is said to have visited the spot. (Diod. Sie., 17, 110.) ceeded, who extended his conquests to Serica, as De- | It will be observed that the first part of the name, Bagis, BÆTIS, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country received the name of Batica. (Vid. Hispania.) Its sources were surrounded by the chain of Mons Orospeda. At its mouth was the island of Tartessus, the name of which was anciently also applied to the river, previous to that of Bætis. (Strab., 148.) According to Steph. Byz.. the natives called this river Perkes (IIépкnç); but according to Livy (28, 22), Certis. Bochart derives the name Bætis from the Punic Bitsi, "marshy." So also Perkes is deduced by him from Berca, "a marsh,” in the same language. In illustration of these etymologies, he states that the Bætis forms marshes three times in its course. The appellation Certis, as found in Livy, he considers a mere corruption from Perkes. (Bochart, Geogr. Sacr., 1, 34.) Others, however, derive Certis from the Oriental Kiriath, "a town," from the great number which it watered in its course. (Consult Oberlin., ad Vib. Sequest., p. 15.-Tzschucke, ad Mel., 3, 1, vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 15.) The modern name of the Bætis is the Guadal quiver, which is a corruption from the Arabic Wadial-Kiber, or "the Great River." (Plin., 3, 1.-Lucan, Phars., 2, 589.-Stat. Sylv., 7, 34, &c.) is an appellation of the Hindoo Schiva, and is also regarded by some as the source whence the Greek name Bacchus is derived. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 165, seq.) once collected on the hills behind it in aqueducts and reservoirs, now spreading and oozing down the declivities, and settling in the hollows below. In a warm climate all stagnant water becomes putrid during the hot months. (Vol. 3, p. 14, in notis.) BALA, a surname of Alexander, king of Syria. (Justin, 35, 1.) BALANEA, a town of Syria, north of Aradus, now Belnias. (Plin., 5, 20.) BAGOAS, I. an Egyptian eunuch at the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, remarkable for his bravery and military talents. In concert with Memnon, he brought Egypt, | which had revolted, under the Persian sway again. Ochus, however, having shocked his religious prejudices by his conduct towards the deified animals of BALBINUS, I. a Roman alluded to by Horace, who Egypt, Bagoas destroyed him (vid. Artaxerxes III.), speaks of his singular taste in admiring a female and placed Arses, the monarch's youngest son, on the named Agna, deformed by a polypus in the nostrils. throne. He, however, soon destroyed this young (Horat., Serm., 1, 3, 40.)-II. Decimus Cælius, a prince also. He then called to the throne Darius Co- Roman, proclaimed emperor by the senate with Pupiedomanus, whom he attempted to poison not long after. nus, on the death of the Gordians, A.D. 237. He But Darius, discovering the artifice, made him drink was murdered by his own soldiers after a year's reign. the poison himself. It is believed that this is the same (Jul., Capitol. in Gord.-Herodian, 7, 10, 6, &c.) Bagoas who, during the reign of Ochus, entered the BALEARES, a name applied anciently to the islands temple of Jerusalem, to avenge the brother of John, of Majorca and Minorca, off the coast of Spain. The whom the latter had slain in the temple, as a compet-name Baleares is of Greek origin, derived from Baλitor for the high-priesthood. The name Bagoas is hew, "to throw" or "cast," and it alludes to the resaid to be equivalent to "eunuch." (Biogr. Univ., markable skill of the inhabitants in using the sling. vol. 3, p. 216.)-II. A favourite eunuch of Alexan- According to Florus (3, 8), this was their only weapon, der's. (Curt., 6, 5, 23.—Plut., Vit. Alex., c. 67.- and they were taught to use it from early boyhood, Lemaire, ad Curt., l. c.) their daily food being withheld from the young until they had hit a certain mark pointed out to them. The same writer describes them as an uncivilized race, addicted to piratical habits. The Romans drew from these islands their best slingers. Each Balearian went to battle supplied with three slings. (Flor., l. c. BAGRADAS, I. a river of Africa, flowing between Utica and Carthage in former days, though at present their situation as regards it is materially altered. It makes encroachments on the sea like the Nile, and hence its ancient mouth is now circumscribed by mud, and become a large navigable pond. (Vid. Carthago and Utica.) The genuine form of the ancient name is thought to be found in Polybius, namely, Makápaç, Mákpaç, or Mákap (Schweigh., ad Polyb., 1, 75, 5); and with this, in a measure, the Bovkapaç of Strabo coincides. The origin of the name is to be traced to the Punic Macar, "Hercules," so that Macaras will mean "the river of Hercules." Gesenius condemns Bochart's derivation from Barca or Berca, "a marsh." (Gesen., Monum. Phan., p. 420.) The modern name of the river is the Mejerda. (Ptol., 6, 4.) Id., 3, 22.-Liv., Epit., 60.) The Greeks also called these islands Gymnesia (Tvuvnoíai), either because, according to Diodorus, the inhabitants were yvuvoi, naked, in summer, or because, according to Hesychius, they went to battle armed only with a sling, yvuvitε being used in Greek to denote lightarmed troops. By many, Ebusus, now Ivica, is ranked with the Baleares, according to the authority of Vitruvius. The larger of these islands was called Ba learis Major, hence Majorca, and the smaller Balearis Minor, hence Minorca. In the former was Palma, which still retains the name. In the latter was Portus Magonis, so called by the Carthaginians from Mago, one of their generals, now slightly corrupted into Port Mahon. (Strab., 450.-Diod. Sic., 5, 17. Pliny, 3, 5.) Q. Cæcilius Metellus conquered these islands for the Romans, and hence obtained the surname of Balearicus. They were thereafter considered as forming part of Hispania Tarraconensis. (Flor., 3, 8.), BALIUS, a horse of Achilles. (Hom., N., 16, 146.) Vid. Achilles. BALE, a city of Campania, on a small bay west of Neapolis, and opposite Puteoli. It was originally a village, but the numerous advantages of its situation soon rendered it much frequented and famous. Its foundation is ascribed in mythology to Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. The cause of the rapid increase of Baiæ lay in the fruitfulness of the surrounding country, in the beauty of its own situation, in the rich supply of shell and other fish which the adjacent waters afforded, and, above all, in the hot mineral springs which flowed from the neighbouring mountains, and formed a chief source of attraction to invalids. BALNEA (baths) were very numerous at Rome, (Compare Florus, 1, 16.-Plin., 31, 2.-Senec., Ep., private as well as public. It was under Augustus 51.-Josephus, Ant. Jud., 18, 14.-Cassiod., 9, ep. that baths first began to assume an air of magnificence, 6.) Baie was first called Aquæ Cumanæ. Numer- and were called Therma, or "hot baths," although ous villas graced the surrounding country, and many they also contained cold ones. An incredible number were likewise built on artificial moles extending a great of these were built throughout the city. Authors distance into the sea. It is now, owing to earthquakes reckon above 800, many of them built by the emperors and inundations of the sea, a mere waste compared with the greatest splendour. The chief were those with what it once was. The modern name is Baia. of Agrippa, near the Pantheon, of Nero, of Titus, of Many remains of ancient villas may be seen under the Domitian, of Caracalla, Antoninus, Dioclesian, &c. water. "The bay of Baiæ," observes Eustace, "is Of these splendid vestiges still remain. The Roa semicircular recess, just opposite the harbour of Poz-mans began their bathing with hot water, and ended zuolo, and about three miles distant from it. It is lined with ruins, the remains of the villas and the baths of the Romans; some advance a considerable way out, and, though now under the waves, are easily distinguishable in fine weather. The taste for building in the waters and encroaching on the sea, to which Horace alludes, is exemplified in a very striking manner all along this coast." (Classical Tour, vol. 2, p. 406.) The same traveller, in commenting on the insalubrity of Baiæ at the present day, remarks as follows: "The present unwholesomeness of Baia and its bay, if real, must be ascribed partly to the streams and sources with cold. The cold bath was in great repute after Antonius Musa restored Augustus to health by its means, when he was attacked by a dangerous malady; but it fell into discredit after the death of the young Marcellus, which was occasioned by the very injudicious application of the same remedy. (Sueton., Aug., 59.-Id. ib., 81-Plin., 29, 1.-Dio Cass., 53, 30.) In the magnificent Thermæ erected by the emperors, not only were accommodations provided for hundreds of bathers at once, but spacious porticoes, rooms for athletic games and playing at ball, and halls for the public lectures of philosophers, for rhetoricians and Ajan. It was otherwise called Azania. (Vid. remarks under the article Barbari.) BARBARICUS SINUS, a gulf on the coast of Africa, below the mouth of the Sinus Arabicus. (Vid. remarks under the article Barbari.) poets, were added one to another, to an extent which has caused them, by a strong figure, to be compared to provinces, and at an expense which could only be supported by the inexhaustible treasures which Rome drew from a conquered world. The general time for bathing was from two o'clock in the afternoon until BARCEL or BARCĪTA, a warlike nation of Africa, in the dusk of evening, at which time the baths were the western part of Cyrenaica. (Virg., En., 4, 43. shut until two o'clock the next afternoon. This prac-Strah., 7, 28.-Æn., Poliorcet., c. 37.) tice, however, occasionally varied. Notice was given BARCE, the nurse of Sichæus. (Virg, En., 4, when the baths were ready by ringing a bell; the peo- 632.) ple then left the exercise of the sphæristerium, and hastened to the warm bath, lest the water should cool. Hadrian forbade any one but those who were sick to enter the public baths before two o'clock. Alexander Severus, to gratify the people in their passion for bathing, not only suffered the Therma to be opened before break of day, which had never been permitted before, but also furnished the lamps with oil for the convenience of the people. (Adams's Rom. Ant., p. 377, ed. Boyd.) BANTIA, a town of Apulia, southeast of Venusia. This town derived some interest from the death of the brave Marcellus, who fell in its vicinity, a victim to the stratagem of his more cool and wily antagonist, Hannibal. (Liv., 27, 25.- Plut., Vit. Marcell. Cic., Tusc. Disp., 1, 37.) BAPTE, I. the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lewdness. (Vid. Cotytto.) The name is derived from Bún, "to tinge" or "dye," from their painting their cheeks, and staining the parts around the eye, like women. They were notorious for the profligacy of their manners. (Juv., Sat., 2, 9, 2.)—II. A Greek comedy, written by Eupolis. (Vid. Eupolis.) BARCE or BARCA, I. a desert country, containing only a few fertile spots, on the northern coast of Africa, from the Syrtis Major as far as Egypt. Its modern name is still Barca. The country is at present a Turkish province, under a sandgiak in the town of Barca. The ancient Cyrenaica formed, strictly speaking, a part of this region.-II. A city of Cyrenaica in Africa, erroneously confounded with Ptolemais by many writers, both ancient and modern. Mannert, Thrige, and others have fully refuted this erroneous position; and the matter is now placed beyond all doubt by the ocular testimony of Della Cella and Pacho. (Voyage dans la Marmarique et la Cyrénaïque, par Pacho, p. 175.) According to Herodotus (4, 160), the city of Barca was founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus, the fourth king of Cyrene; while, on the other hand, Stephanus Byzantinus makes it to have been built by Perseus, Zacynthus, Aristomedon, and Lycus. These two contradictory traditions are perhaps only so in reality, since the founders named by Stephanus may be none other than the brothers of Arcesilaus to whom Herodotus alludes. St. Jerome affirms (Epist. ad Dardan.), that Barca was the ancient capital of a Libyan tribe. From this latter authority and some others, the opinion has been formed, and perhaps correctly enough, that the Greeks were not the founders of Barca, but only enlarged it by a colony, and that the place was of Libyan origin. (Compare Pacho, Voyage, &c., p. 176.) Barca suffered severely for the death of Arcesilaus IV., of Cyrene, who was slain here, and the cruelties inflicted by Pheretima are mentioned by Herodotus (4, 162). The Barcæan captives were sent to Egypt, and from thence to King Darius, and by his command were settled in a district of Bactria, which they afterward called by the name of their native country. (Herodot., 4, 204.) A more severe blow, however, was struck by the Ptolemies in a later age, when they became masters of Pentapolis or Cyrenaica. They founded a new city on the spot where the port of Barca had stood, and called it Ptolemais. The increase of this place caused the city of Barca to decline, and its inhabitants became at length only noted for their robberies. III. A district of Bactria, where the Barcæan captives were settled by Darius. (Vid. No. II.) BARBARI, a name applied by the Greeks to all nations but their own. The term is derived by Damm from Búgew, but with the p inserted, and the initial consonant repeated, in order to express to the ear the harsh pronunciation of a foreigner. Others derive it from the harsh sound Bap Bap. We are informed by Drusius, that the Syriac bar means without, extra. The word signified, in general, with the Greeks, no more than foreigner. The Romans sometimes imitate, in this respect, the Grecian usage. Plautus, who introduces Greek characters into his pieces, has Barbaria for Italia, Barbarica urbes for Itala, and styles Nævius, the Latin poet, poëta Barbarus.-As regards the term Barbarus (Bápbapoç), it may not be amiss to remark, that, notwithstanding the etymologies already adduced, the true root must very probably be looked for in the language of Egypt. The natives of this country gave the appellation of Barbar to the rude and uncivilized tribes in their vicinity (compare Herodotus, 2, 158); and the Greeks would seem to have borrowed it from them in a similar sense, and with the appendage of a Greek termination. The Sinus Barbaricus occurs on the coast of ancient Af- BARCHA, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, rica, a little below the mouth of the Sinus Arabicus, to which Annibal and Amilcar belonged. They beand in this same quarter, extending as far as the prom-came, by their influence, the head of a powerful party ontory of Rhapton, we find a tract of country called Barbaria. (Compare Berkel, ad Steph. Byz., s. v. Búpbapoç) So also the root obtained from this quarter was styled Rha Barbaricum (Rhubarb), in contradistinction to the Rha Ponticum, obtained by the commerce of the Euxine. These names, in so remote a part of the ancient world, could never have been more generally applied. They must be traced to Meroë and Egypt. Nor should it be omitted, that this very point furnishes us with an argument for the early | communication between the Egyptians and the natives of India. In the oldest Hindu works, the appellation of Barbara (in Sanscrit Warwara) is given to a race in southern Asia who were subdued by Wiswamitra. (Compare Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. 1, p. 555, 2d ed.) BARBARIA, the name given in the Periplus of the Erythræan Sea to a part of the coast of Africa; now in the state, known as the "Barcha party." (Liv., 21, 2.) The name is derived by Gesenius from the Hebrew (Punic) Barak, "a flash of lightning," "a thunderbolt." (Gesen., Monum. Phan., p. 403.-Id, Gesch. Hebr. Spr., p. 229.) BARDI, a celebrated poetico-sarcedotal order among the ancient Gauls. They roused their countrymen to martial fury by their strains, and for this purpose were accustomed to follow the camp. (Diod. Sic, 5, 31.-Vales., ad Amm. Marcell., 15, 9.) From the language of Tacitus (Germ., 3), some have supposed, that a similar order existed among the ancient Germans. The passage in question, however, involves a doubtful reading. They who adopt barditus as the true lection, make it signify "a bard's song." reading generally adopted, however, is barritus, "a war-cry." Probability, nevertheless, is strongly in favour of the Germans having also had their bards, like The the Gallic tribes. Festus makes Bardus equivalent to Constantinople in 448, and in the year following at cantor, "a singer." The German etymologists deduce it from baren, "to cry aloud," "to sing in a loud strain." (Adelung, Gloss. Med. et Inf. Lat., vol. 1, p. 584.) BARIUM, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, in the district of Peuceti, famed for its fisheries. It is now Bari. (Strab., 283.-Horat., Serm., 1, 5, 97.) According to Tacitus, it was a municipium. (Ann., 16, 9.) the council of Ephesus. Here he had the weakness to side with the heterodox party, in denying the union of the two natures in Christ; a fault for which he afterward made full apology to the council of Chalcedon, which, in consequence, readmitted him to the communion of the orthodox. History preserves silence respecting the rest of his life, which ended in 458 A.D. Some few productions remain that are generally ascribed to him, though there are not wanting those who deny their authenticity. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 3, p. 478.) BARSINE OF BARSENE, a daughter of Darius Codomanus, who married Alexander the Great, and had by him a son named Hercules. She was secretly put to BASSĂREUS, a surname of Bacchus. The epithet is death by Cassander, along with her son, when the lat-derived by Sainte-Croix (Mysteres du Paganisme, ter had reached his fourteenth year. (Justin, 15, 2.) vol. 2, p. 93) from the Bessi (Bnoool) mentioned by According, however, to Diodorus Siculus (20, 28), he Herodotus (7, 111) as the priests of the oracle of was slain by Polysperchon, who had agreed with Cas- Bacchus, among the Satra, a nation of Thrace. Other sander that he would commit the deed. Plutarch etymologists deduce the term from Bacoapís, a parsays that Polysperchon promised to slay him for 100 ticular kind of garment worn in Asia Minor by the fetalents. (De vit. pud., p. 530.—Op., ed. Riske, vol. males who celebrated the rites of this same god. Bo8, p. 102.-Consult Wesseling, ad Diod., l. c.) We chart makes it come from the Hebrew basar, "to have followed Arrian (7, 1) in making Barsine the gather the grapes for the vintage;" of which De daughter of Darius. According to Plutarch (vit. Alex., Sacy approves. We are inclined, however, to follow et Eum.), she was the daughter of Artabazus; while Creuzer (Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 363), who states the root another authority makes her father to have been na- to be Búocapot or Bacoapía, a word signifying "a med Pharnabazus. (Porph., ap. Euseb.) fox," and found in the Coptic at the present day. (Ignat. Rossi, Etymol. Egypt., p. 35.) Creuzer thinks, that the garment called Baocapis, mentioned above, derived its name from its having superseded the skins of foxes which the Bacchantes previously wore when celebrating the orgies. Compare Suidas: Βάσσαρος· ἀλώπηξ, κατὰ Ἡρόδοτον. Hesychius, Baocapis dλwn, and the author of the Etymol. Mag, Λέγεται Βάσσαρος ἡ ἀλώπηξ ὑπὸ Κυρηναίων. Consult also Herodotus (4, 192). The epithet Búooapɛ occurs twice in the Orphic hymns (44, 3, and 51, 12.) BASSUS AUFIDIUS. Vid. Aufidius. BASILIA, I. an island famous for its amber, in the Northern Ocean. It is supposed by Mannert to have been the southern extremity of Sweden, mistaken by the ancients for an island, on account of their ignorance of the country to the north. According to Pliny (37, 2), Pytheas gave this island the name of Abalus; and yet, in another place (4, 13), he contradicts himself, and makes it to have been called Basilia by the same Pytheas. (Compare the remarks of Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 301, seqq.)-II. A city on the Rhenus, in the territory of the Rauraci, now Basle. It appears to have been originally a fortress erected by the Emperor Valentinian, and to have increased in the course of time to a large city. By the writers of the middle ages it is called Basula. (Amm. Marcell., 30, 8.-Itin. Anton.) BASTARNE, a people who first inhabited that part of European Sarmatia which corresponds with a part of Poland and Prussia, and who afterward established themselves in the south, to the left and right of the Tyras. They are supposed to have been the ancestors of the Russians. (Liv., 40, 58.-Ovid, Trist., 2, 198.) BASILIUS, I. an eminent father of the church, born at Cæsarea in Cappadocia, A.D. 326. He is called the Great, to distinguish him from other patriarchs of BATAVI, an old German nation, which inhabited a the same name. His father had him instructed in part of the present Holland, especially the island callthe principles of polite literature, and he seems, in the ed Batavorum Insula, formed by that branch of the first instance, to have been a professor of rhetoric Rhine which empties into the sea near Leyden (Lugand a pleader. Induced to visit the monasteries in dunum Batavorum), together with the Waal (Vahalis) the deserts of Egypt, the austerities of these misgui- and Meuse (Mosa). Their territories, however, exded solitaries so impressed his imagination, that he him- tended much beyond the Waal. Tacitus commends self sought a similar retreat in the province of Pontus. their bravery. According to him, they were originalHe was ordained priest by Eusebius, the bishop of his ly the same as the Catti, a German tribe, which had native city, upon whose death he succeeded to the emigrated from their country on account of domestic same dignity. He is the most distinguished ecclesi- troubles. This must have happened before the time astic among the Greek patriarchs. His efforts for of Cæsar. When Germanicus was about to invade the regulation of clerical discipline, of the divine ser- Germany from the sea, he made their island the renvice, and of the standing of the clergy; the number dezvous of his fleet. Being subjected by the Romans, of his sermons; the success of his mild treatment of they served them with such courage and fidelity as to the Arians; and, above all, his endeavours for the pro- obtain the title of friends and brethren. They were motion of monastic life, for which he himself prepared exempted from tributes and taxes, and permitted to vows and rules, observed by him, and still remaining in choose their leaders among themselves. Their cavalforce, prove the merits of this holy man. The Greek ry was particularly excellent. During the reign of church honours him as one of its most illustrious pa- Vespasian they revolted, under the command of Citron saints, and celebrates his festival Jan. 1.-In vilis, from the Romans, and extorted from them fapoint of literary and intellectual qualifications, Basil vourable terms of peace. Trajan and Hadrian subexcels most of the fathers, his style being pure, ele- jected them again. At the end of the third century gant, and dignified; and, independently of his exten- the Salian Franks obtained possession of the Insula sive erudition, he argues with more force and close- Batavorum. The capital of the nation was Lugduness, and interprets scripture more naturally, than num Batavorum, now Leyden. (Tacit., Hist., 4, 12. other writers of his class.-The best edition of his-Id. ib., 19, 32.-Dio Cass., 55, 00.-Plin., 4, 17. works is that of the Benedictines, Garnier and Mo-Lucan, Phars., 1, 431, &c.) rand, Paris, 3 vols. folio, 1721-30.-II. An archbishop of Seleucia, confounded by some with the preceding. He was elevated to the archiepiscopal dignity about A.D. 440, and assisted at the council of BATHYCLES, a celebrated artist, supposed to have been a native of Magnesia on the Mæander. (Heyne, Antiq. Aufs., vol. I, p. 108.) The period when he flourished has given rise to much discussion. It was probably in the age of Croesus. (Consult Sillig, Dict. | which Apollo tended. He violated his promise, and Art., s. v.) was turned into a stone. (Ovid, Met., 2, 702.-Compare the remarks of Gierig, ad loc.) BATHYLLUS, I. a youth of Samos, a favourite of Polycrates. He is often alluded to by Anacreon.- BATULUM, a town of Campania, alluded to by VirII. A youth of Alexandrea, a favourite of Mæcenas. gil (Æn., 7, 739) and Silius Italicus (8, 566). The He came to Rome in the age of Augustus, and ob-site of this place is fixed, with some diffidence, by tained great celebrity as a dancer in pantomimes.— Romanelli at Paduli, a few miles to the east of BeneIII. A dancer alluded to by Juvenal (6. 63). As this vento (vol. 2, p. 463). was in the time of Domitian, the Bathyllus mentioned under No. II. cannot, of course, be meant here. Salmasius thinks, that the name had become a general one for any famous dancer, in consequence of the skill that had been displayed by the Bathyllus who lived in the time of Augustus. (Salmas. ad Vopisc. Carin., vol. 2, p. 833, ed. Hack.) BAUCIS, an aged woman, who dwelt in a small town of Phrygia along with her husband Philemon. They were both extremely poor, and inhabited a humble cottage. Jupiter and Mercury came, on one occasion, in the form of men, to this same town. It was evening; they sought for hospitality, but every door was closed against them. At length they approached the abode of the aged pair, by whom they were gladly received. The quality of the guests was eventually revealed by the miracle of the wine-bowl being spon told their hosts that it was their intention to destroy BATRACHOMYOMACHĨA, a serio-comic poem, ascribed to Homer, and describing the battle between the frogs and mice. It consists of 294 hexameters. Whether Homer actually wrote this poem or not is still an un-taneously replenished as fast as it was drained. They settled point among modern critics. The majority, however, incline to the opinion that he was not the author. The piece would seem to be in reality a parody on the manner and language of Homer, and perhaps a satire upon one of the feuds that were so common among the petty republics of Greece. Some ascribe it to Pigres of Caria. Knight, in his Prolegomena to Homer (ed. Lips., p. 6), remarks, that in the third verse mention is made of tablets (déλro), on which the poet writes: whence he concludes that the author of the piece in question was an Athenian, and not of Asiatic origin, because in Asia they wrote on skins, év diplépais. In proof of his assertion, he cites Herodotus (5, 58). He makes also another ingenious observation. At verse 291, the morning cry of a cock is alluded to as a thing generally known. This circumstance proves, according to Knight, that the poem under consideration is not as old as the time of Homer, for it is not credible, that the ancient poets would never have spoken of this instinct on the part of the cock if it had been known to them, and it would have | been known to them if the cock had been found at that period in Greece. This fowl is a native of India, and does not appear to have been introduced into Greece prior to the sixth century B.C. It is then found on the money of Samothrace and Himera.-The best editions of the Batrachomyomachia are that of Ernesti, in the works of Homer, 5 vols. 8vo, Lips., 1759, reprinted at Glasgow, 1814; and that of Matthiæ, Lips., 1805, 8vo. There is also the edition of Maittaire, 8vo, Lond., 1721. BATTIADES, I. a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus. (Ovid, Ib., 53.) Some think the name was given him from his having been a native of Cyrene. (Vid. No. II.)-II. A name given to the people of Cyrene from King Battus, the founder of the settlement. (Pind., Pyth., 5, 73.-Callim., H. in Apoll., 96.-Sil. Ital., 2, 61.) BATTUS, I. a Lacedæmonian, who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630, with a colony from the island of Thera. (Vid. Cyrene.) His proper name was Aristotle, according to Callimachus (H. in Apoll., 76. -Schol. ad loc.-Schol. ad Pind., Pyth., 4, 10), but he was called Battus, according to the tradition of the Thermans and people of Cyrene, from an impediment in his speech. Herodotus, however (4, 155), opposes this explanation, and conjectures that the name was obtained from the Libyan tongue, where it signified, as he informs us, "a king." Battus reigned forty years, and left the kingdom to his son Arcesilaus. (Herod., 4, 159.-Compare Bähr, ad Herod., 4, 155.)—II. The second of that name was grandson to Battus I., by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed Felix, and died 554 B.C. (Herod., 4, 159.)-III. A shepherd of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the flocks of Admetus, BAVIUS and MAVIUS, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age of Augustus, who attacked Virgil, Horace, and others of their contemporaries. (Virg., Eclog., 3, 90.-Voss, ad loc.-Serv. ad Virg., Georg., 1, 210.-Horat., Epod., 10, 2.-Weichert, de obtrect. Horatii, p. 12, seqq.) BEBRYCES, the aboriginal inhabitants of Bithynia. (Vid. Bithynia.) BEBRYCIA, the primitive name of Bithynia. It was so called from the Bebryces, the original inhabitants of the land. (Vid. Bithynia.) BEDRIACUM, a small town of Italy, between Mantua and Cremona; according to Cluverius, it is the modern Caneto, a large village on the left of the Oglio. D'Anville, however, makes it correspond to the modern Cividala, on the right side of that river. Mannert places it about a mile west of the modern town of Bozzolo. This place was famous for two battles fought within a month of each other. In the first Otho was defeated by the generals of Vitellius; and in the second, Vitellius by Vespasian, A.D. 69. Tacitus and Suetonius call the name of this place Betriacum; and Pliny, Juvenal, and later writers, Bebriacum. (Tacit., Hist., 2, 23, seqq.-Id., Hist., 3, 15. Plut., Vit. Oth.-Plin., 10, 49.—Sueton., Oth., 9. BELESIS, a priest of Babylon, who conspired with Arbaces against Sardanapalus, king of Assyria. Arbaces promised Belesis, in case of success, the government of Babylon, which the latter, after the overthrow of Sardanapalus, accordingly obtained. (Vid. Arbaces.) BELGE, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celta in the time of Cesar by the rivers Matrona and Sequana. In the new division of Gallia made by Augustus, whose object was to render the provinces more equal in extent, the countries of the Helvetii and Sequani, which till that time were included in Gallia Celtica, were added to Gallia Bel |