pare Dio Cass., 53, 16.) And hence, as Gronovius correctly remarks, the term in question contains delov TL, "something of a divine nature. The Greeks, moreover, rendered Augustus into their language by Zebaoróg, which Dio Cassius (l. c.) explains by σETTÓS. (Creuzer, Röm. Antiq., p. 292, seqq.), nations of Gaul. I. The Aulerci Brannovices, contiguous to the Edui, and subject to them, answering to what is now le Briennois. (Cæs., B. G., 7, 75.)— II. The Aulerci Cenomani, situate between the Sarta or Sarthe, and the Lædus, two of the northern branches of the Liger. Their country is now the Department de la Sarthe. (Cæs., B. G., 7, 75.)—III. The Aulerci Eburovices, on the left bank of the Sequana or Seine, below Lutetia or Paris, answering now to the Department de l'Eure. (Cæs., B. G., 3, 17.) AVIANUS, Flavius, a Latin versifier of Esopic fables, forty-two in number. The measure adopted by him is the elegiac. According to Cannegieter, one of his editors, Avianus flourished about 160 A.D. (Henric. Canneg. de atate, &c., Flav. Aviani Dissertatio, p. AULETES, the surname of one of the Ptolemies, 231, seqq.) This opinion, however, is rendered alto- father of Cleopatra. The appellation is a Greek one, gether untenable by the inferior character of the Latin- meaning "flute-player” (Avλŋrýs), and was given him ity, which Cannegieter endeavours, though unsuccess-on account of his excellence in playing upon the flute, fully, to defend. Avianus would seem to have lived in or, more correctly speaking, pipe. the reign of Theodosius, long after the date assigned by the scholar just mentioned. His work is dedicated to a certain Theodosius, supposed to have been the grammarian Macrobius Theodosius. The fables of Avianus are sometimes erroneously ascribed to Avienus. The best editions of Avianus are, that of Cannegieter, Amstelod., 1731, 8vo, and that of Nodell, Amstelod., 1787, 8vo. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 317.) AULIS, a town of Boeotia, on the shores of the Euripus, and nearly opposite to Chalcis. It is celebrated as being the rendezvous of the Grecian fleet when about to sail for Troy, and as the place where they were so long detained by adverse winds. (Vid. Iphigenia.) Strabo (403) remarks, that, as the harbour of Aulis could not contain more than fifty ships, the Grecian fleet must have assembled in the neighbouring port of Bathys, which was much more extensive. From Xenophon we learn, that, when Agesilaus was on the point of setting out for Asia Minor, to carry or. the war against Persia, he had intended to offer up sacrifice at Aulis, but was opposed in this design by the Bootarchs, who appeared in the midst of the ceremony with an armed force. (Hist. Gr., 3, 4, 4.) Livy says the distance between Aulis and Chalcis was three miles. (Liv., 45, 27.) Pausanias (9, 19) reports, that the temple of Diana still existed when he visited Aulis, but that the inhabitants of the place were few, and those chiefly potters. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 262, seqq.) AULON, I. a fertile ridge and valley near Tarentum, in Southern Italy, the wine of which equalled the Falernian in the opinion of Horace. (Horat., Od., 2, 6, 18.)-II. A valley of Palestine, extending along the banks of Jordan, called also Magnus Campus.-III. Another in Syria, between the ridges of Libanus and Antilibanus.-IV. A district and city of Messenia, bordering on Triphylia and part of Arcadia, being separated from these two by the Neda. (Strab., 350.Steph. Byz., s. v.) AULUS, I. A prænomen common among the Romans.-II. Gellius. (Vid. Gellius.) AVIENUS, Rufus Festus, a Roman poet, whose age and country have both been disputed. St. Jerome speaks of him as of a recent writer (in Epist. ad Titum, v. 12), and we can scarcely, therefore, with Crinitus, place him in the reign of Dioclesian. (Crinit., de poet. Lat., c. 80.) The death of Jerome happened A.D. 420, in his ninety-first year: on the supposition, therefore, that Avienus flourished about the middle of that father's protracted life, we may assign him to about A.D. 370, or the period of Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian. Tradition or conjecture has made him a Spaniard by birth; but this opinion is unsupported by written testimony, and even contradicted, if the inscription found in the Cæsarian Villa refer to this poet, which there seems small reason to doubt. From this we learn that he was the son of Musonius Avienus, or the son of Avienus and descendant of Musonius, accordingly as we punctuate the first line ("Festus Musoni soboles prolesque Avieni"); that he was born at Vulsinii in Etruria; that he resided at Rome; that he was twice proconsul, and the author of many poetical pieces. The same inscription contradicts the notion, too precipitately grounded on some vague expressions in his writings, that he was a Christian; for it is nothing else than a religious address to the goddess Nortia, the Fortune of the Etrurians. The extant and acknowledged works of this poet are versions of the Pavóμeva of Aratus, and the IIepinynous of Dionysius; and a portion of a poem " De Ora Maritima," which includes, with some digressions, the coast between Cadiz and Marseilles. The other poems generally believed to be the work of Avienus are, an Epistle to Flavianus Myrmecius, an elegiac piece "de Cantu Sirenum," and some verses addressed to the author's friends from the country. A poem "de urbibus Hispania Mediterraneis," is cited by some Spanish writers as the production of Avienus (Nicolaus Antonius, Bibl. Vet. Hisp., 2, 9), but it is generally supposed to be the forgery of a Jesuit of Toledo. Servius (ad Virg., En., 10, 272-388) ascribes to Avienus iambic versions of the narrative of Virgil and the history of Livy; which observation of the grammarian, together with a consideration of the genius and habits of this poet, renders it not altogether improbable that he is the author of a very curious and spirited Latin Epitome of the Iliad, which has reached us, and which throws some light on the poetical history of the time. -The best edition of Avienus is that of Wernsdorff, in the Poeta Latini Minores, vol. 5, pt. 2, Helmstad., 1791, 12mo. (Encyclop. Metropol., Div. 3, vol. 2, p. 575, seq.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 185," Mille, mille, mille, occidit." At length Valerian II. segg.) raised him to the consulship, and his good fortune was AULEROI. Under this name are reckoned three farther favoured by a wealthy and noble marriage. AURELIA LEX, was enacted A.U.C. 683, and ordained that judices or jurymen should be chosen from the Senators, Equites, and Tribuni Erarii.— Another, A.U.C. 678. It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia, and permitted the tribunes to hold other offices after the expiration of the tribuneship. AURELIANI. Vid. Genabum. AURELIANUS, I. (Lucius Domitius) an emperor of Rome, distinguished for his military abilities and stern severity of character, was the son of a peasant in the territory of Sirmium, in Illyria. His father occupied a small farm, the property of Aurelius, a rich senator. The son enlisted in the troops as a common soldier, successively rose to the rank of centurion, tribune, prefect of a legion, inspector of the camp, general, or, as it was then called, duke of a frontier; and at length, during the Gothic war, exercised the important office of commander-in-chief of the cavalry. In every station he distinguished himself by matchless valour, rigid discipline, and successful conduct. Theoclius, as quoted in the Augustan history (p. 211), affirms, that in one day he killed forty-eight Sarmatians, and in several subsequent engagements nine hundred and fifty. This heroic valour was admired by the soldiers, and celebrated in their rude songs, the burden of which was condemns the use of hellebore, which is a mode of treatment approved of by every ancient authority except himself. Neither, also, does he make mention of the application of the actual cautery to the wound, which practice is recommended by the best authorities, both ancient and modern. (Sprengel, Hist. de la Med., vol. 2, p. 37, seqq.) AURELIUS, I. Marcus, a Roman emperor. (Vid. Antoninus II.)-II. Victor, a Roman historian. (Vid. Victor.) AURINIA, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans. (Tacit., Germ., 8.) Some imagine the true form of the name to have been, when Latinized, Alurinia; and trace an analogy between it and the Alruna of northern mythology. (Consult Oberlinus, ad Tacit., l. c.) His next elevation was to the throne, Claudius II., on | likewise by that of wolves, bears, leopards, horses, and his deathbed, having recommended Aurelian to the asses. He also mentions an instance of its being troops of Illyricum, who readily acceded to his wishes. brought on by a wound inflicted by the spurs of a cock. The reign of this monarch lasted only four years and Nay, he says that he knew a case of the disease being about nine months; but every instant of that short brought on by the breath of a dog, without a wound at period was filled by some memorable achievement. all. Sometimes too, he says, the complaint comes on He put an end to the Gothic war, chastised the Ger- without any apparent cause. His description, if commans who invaded Italy, recovered Gaul, Spain, and pared with modern descriptions (for example, with Britain out of the hands of Tetricus, and destroyed the that given in Hufeland's Journal for 1816, by Dr. proud monarchy which Zenobia had erected in the East Goden), will be found in every respect very complete. on the ruins of the afflicted empire. Owing to the un- He considers the affection as a general one, but that generous excuse of the queen, that she had waged war the nerves of the stomach are more particularly interby the advice of her ministers, her secretary, the celested in the disease; and Dr. Goden likewise is of ebrated Longinus, was put to death by the victor; but, opinion, that the splanchnic nerves are more especially after having graced his triumphal entry into Rome, affected. In short, his theory is, that the complaint Zenobia herself was presented with a villa near Tibur, consists of an incendium nervorum, or increased heat and allowed to spend the remainder of her days as a of the nerves. He treats the disease upon much the Roman matron. (Vid. Zenobia, Longinus, Palmyra.) same plan as tetanus, to which he appears to have Aurelian followed up his victories by the reformation considered it allied, by frictions with tepid oil, oily of abuses, and the restoration throughout the empire clysters, and other remedies of a relaxing nature. He of order and regularity, but he tarnished his good in-approves of venesection, but not to a great extent. He tentions by the general severity of his measures, and the sacrifice of the senatorian order to his slightest suspicions. He had planned a great expedition against Persia, and was waiting in Thrace for an opportunity to cross the straits, when he lost his life, A.D. 125, by assassination, the result of a conspiracy excited by a secretary whom he intended to call to account for peculation. Aurelian was a wise, able, and active prince, and very useful in the declining state of the empire; but the austerity of his character caused him to be very little regretted. It is said that he meditated a severe persecution on the Christians, when he was so suddenly cut off. (Hist. August., p. 211, seqq.— Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 11.-Biogr. Univ., vol. 3, p. 72.-Encyclop. Am., vol. 1, p. 474.)-II. Cælius, a native of Sicca, in Numidia, who is supposed to have lived between 180 and 240 A.D. He was a member of the medical profession, and has left behind him two works the one entitled, "Libri Quinque tardarum sive chronicarum passionum," and the other, "Libri tres celerum sive acutarum passionum." Both are drawn from Greek authors; from Themison, Thessalus, and, above all, Soranus. Cælius Aurelianus being the only author of the sect called Methodists who has come down to us (if we except Octavius Horatianus, who lived in the days of the Emperor Valentinian, and is little known), his work is particularly valuable, as preserving to us an account of many theories and views of practice which would otherwise have been lost; but even of itself it is deserving of much attention for the practical information which it contains. Cælius is remarkable for learning, understanding, and scrupulous accuracy; but his style is much loaded with technical terms, and by no means elegant. He has treated of the most important diseases which come under the care of the physician in the following manner. In the first place, he gives a very circumstantial account of the symptoms, which he does, however, more like a systematic writer and a compiler, than as an original observer of nature. Next, he is at great pains to point out the distinction between the disease he is treating of and those which very nearly resemble it. He afterward endeavours to determine the nature and seat of the disease; and this part frequently contains valuable references to the works of Erasistratus, the celebrated Alexandrean anatomist. Then comes his account of the treatment, which is, in general, sensible and scientific, but somewhat too formal, timid, and fettered by the rules of the sect. He is ingenious, however, in often delivering a free statement of modes of practice, essentially different from his own. His account of Hydrophobia is particularly valuable, as being the most complete treatise upon that fatal malady which antiquity has furnished us with. He states, that the disease is occasioned not only by the bite of a dog, but | AURORA, the goddess of the dawn, daughter of Hyperion and Theia. Her Greek name was Eôs, ('Húc). Other genealogies represent her as the daughter of Titan and Terra, or of Pallas, the son of Crius and husband of Styx, whence she is sometimes styled Pallantias. In Homer and Hesiod she is simply the goddess of the dawn, but in the works of succeeding poets she is identified with Hemera, or the Day. (Eschyl., Pers., 384.-Eurip., Troad., 844.-Bion, Idyll., 6, 18.—Quint., Smyrn, 1, 119.-Nonnus, 7, 286, 294.-Id., 25, 567.-Musaus, 110, &c.) Aurora became, by Astræus, the mother of the winds Boreas, Zephyrus, and Notus, and also of the stars of heaven. (Hes., Theog., 378.) She was more than once, moreover, deeply smitten with the love of mortal man. She carried off Orion, and kept him in the isle of Ortygia till he was slain there by the darts of Diana. (Od., 5, 121.) Clitus, the son of Mantius, was for his exceeding beauty snatched away by her, "that he might be among the gods." (Od., 15, 250.) She also carried off Cephalus, and had by him a son named Phaethon. (Hes., Theog., 986.- Eurip., Hippol., 457.) But her strongest affection was for Tithonus, son of Laomedon, king of Troy. (Vid. Tithonus.) The children whom she bore to Tithonus were Memnon and mathion.-The most probable derivation of the name Eôs ('Hús, Doric 'Adc) seems to be tha! from aw, to blow, regarding it as the cool morning air, whose gentle breathing precedes the rising of the sun The Latin term Aurora is similarly related to Aura (Hermann, über das Wesen, &c., p. 98.—Keightley's Mythology, p. 63, seqq.) Aurora is sometimes rep resented in a saffron-coloured robe, with a wand or torch in her hand, coming out of a golden palace, and ascending a chariot of the same metal. Homer describes her as wearing a flowing veil, which she throws back to denote the dispersion of night, and as opening with her rosy fingers the gates of day. Others represent her as a nymph crowned with flowers, with a star above her head, standing in a chariot drawn by winged horses, while in one hand she holds a torch, and with the other scatters roses, as illustrative of the flowers springing from the dew, which the poets describe as diffused from the eyes of the goddess in liquid pearls. (Compare Inghirami, Mon. Etrusc., 1, 5.Millin, Vases de Canosa, 5. Vases, 1, 15.-Id. ibid., 2, 37.-Eckhel, Syll., 7, 3.—Müller, Archæol. der Kunst, p. 611.) Latium, and first consul. The last of these dignities he obtained A.D. 379 The question has been often started, whether Ausonius was a Christian or not. Some have doubted the circumstance on account of the extreme licentiousness of certain of his productions. It is difficult, however, to deny the affirmative of this question without attacking the authenticity of some of his pieces, such as, for example, his first Idyl: besides, how can we imagine that so zealous a Christian as Valentinian would have confided to a pagan the education of his son? As to the licentious character of some of his poetry, it may be remarked, that, in professing the prevailing religion of the day, he omitted, perhaps, to follow its purer precepts, and hence indulged in effusions revolting to morality and decency. The frequent use which he makes of the pagan mythology in his writings does not prove any AURUNCI, a people of Latium, on the coast towards Campania, southeast of the Volsci. They were, in fact, identical with the Ausonians. The Italian form of the name Ausones can have been no other than Aurini, for from this Aurunci is manifestly derived. Auruncus is Aurunicus; the termination belongs to the number of adjective-forms in which the old Latin luxuriated, so as even to form Tuscanicus from Tuscus. (Niebuhr's Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 56, 2d ed., Cam-thing against his observance of Christianity, since the bridge transl.) AUSAR, a river of Etruria, which formerly joined the Arnus, not far from the mouth of the latter. At present they both flow into the sea by separate channels. Some indication of the junction of these rivers seems preserved by the name of Osari, attached to a little stream or ditch which lies between them. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 174.) AUSCHISE, a people of Libya. (Herodot., 4, 171.) They extended from above Barca to the neighbourhood of the Hesperides. (Compare Rennell's Geography of Herodotus, vol. 2, p. 266.) Ausci, a people of Gallia Aquitania. Their capital was Ausci, now Ausch, on the Ger, one of the southern branches of the Garumna or Garonne. Its earlier name was Climberris or Climberrum. (Cæs., B. G., 3, 27.-Mela, 3, 2.—Amm. Marc., 15, 28.) AUSON, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, were fabled to have been descended. (Vid. Ausonia.) spirit of the times allowed this absurd mixture of fable with truth.-The exact time when Ausonius died is uncertain; he was alive in 392.-The poetry of Ausonius, on the whole, like that of Avienus, is marked by poverty of argument, profusion of mechanical ingenuity, and imitation of, or, rather, compilation from, the ancients. It is valuable, however, to the literary historian: its variety alone affords us a considerable insight into the state of poetry in that age; and the station and pursuits of the author allowed him that familiarity with contemporary poets which has imparted to his works the character of poetical memoirs.Of the editions of Ausonius, the best, although a very rare one, is that of Tollius, Amst., 1671, 8vo. It contains the learned commentary of Joseph Scaliger, together with selected notes from Accursius, Barthius, Gronovius, Grævius, and others. The Delphin edition is also held in considerable estimation. The Bipont edition, published in 1783, 8vo, is a useful and correct one. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 304, seqq.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 52.--Encyclop. Metropol., Div. 3, vol. 2, p. 576, seq.) AUSPICES, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly the same as the augurs. Auspex (the nom. sing.) deno AUSONIA, a name properly applied to the whole southern part of Italy, through which the Ausones, one of the ancient races of Italy, had spread themselves. Its derivation from Auson, son of Ulysses and Calypso, is a mere fable. The sea on the south-ted a person who observed and interpreted omens, east coast was for a long time called from them Mare Ausonium. Niebuhr makes the Ausonians a portion of the great Oscan nation. (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 56, 2d ed., Cambridge transl.) especially those connected with the flight, the sounds, and the feeding of birds; and hence the term is said to be derived from avis, “a bird," and specio, "to behold" or "observe," the earlier form of the word havAUSONIUS (Decius, or, more correctly, Decimus, ing been avispex. In later times, when the custom Magnus), a Roman poet of the fourth century. The of consulting the auspices on every occasion lost much most authentic particulars respecting him are to be of its strictness, the term ausper acquired a more genfound in his own writings, and more especially in the eral signification. Before this, the name was particu second volume of his Præfatiuncule, wherein he treats larly applied to the priest who officiated at marriages: the subject professedly. He was born at Burdigala but now, those employed to witness the signing of (Bourdeaux), where his father, Julius Ausonius, was the marriage contract, and to see that everything was an eminent physician, and also a Roman senator and rightly performed, were called auspices nuptiarum, member of the Municipal Council. Had his educa- otherwise proxeneta, conciliatores, and pronubi, in tion been solely confided to paternal attentions, it is Greek waрavýμgioi. (Val. Max., 2, 1, 1.-Cic., de probable that no record of him would have been ne- | Divin., 1, 16.—Sueton., Claud., 26.—Serv., ad Æn., cessary among the Latin poets, since the elder Auso- 1, 350, et 4, 45.—Buleng., de Aug. et Ausp., 3, 13.) nius, although well read in Greek, was but indiffer- Hence auspex is put for a favourer or director; thus, ently acquainted with the Latin tongue. By the ex-auspex legis, "one who advocates a law;" diis ausertions, however, of his maternal uncle, Emilius Magnus Arborius, himself a poet, and the reputed author of an elegy still extant, "Ad nympham nimis cultam," and those of the grammarians Minervius, Nepotian, and Staphylus, the disadvantages of our poet's circumstances were abundantly removed. From these eminent men he acquired the principles of grammar and rhetoric. His success in the latter of these studies induced him to make trial of the bar; but the former was his choice, and in A.D. 367 he was appointed by the Emperor Valentinian tutor to the young prince Gratian, whom he accompanied into Germany the following year. He became successively Count of the empire, quæstor, governor of Gaul, Libya, and picibus, "under the guidance of the gods;" auspice musa, "under the inspiration of the muse," &c. (Consult remarks under the article AUGURES.) AUSTER, the South wind, the same with the Notos of the Greeks. Pliny (2, 48) speaks of it as a drying, withering wind, identifying it, therefore, with the Sirocco of modern times. Aristotle (Probl., 1, 23) ascribes to its influence burning fevers. Horace (Serm., 2, 6, 18) calls it "plumbeus Auster," thus characterizing it as unhealthy; and, on another occasion, he speaks of it in plainer language, as corporibus." (Od., 2, 14, 15.) Statius describes the roses as dying at its first approach," Pubentesve rosa primos moriuntur ad Austros." (Sylv., 3, 3, 129.- nocens AXI Compare Virg., Eclog., 2, 58.) Pliny recommends AZAN, I. a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele. AUTOCHTHONES, an appellation assumed by the Athenians, importing that they sprang from the soil which they inhabited. (Consult remarks under the article ATTICA.) AUTOLOLE, a people of Africa, on the western or Atlantic coast of Mauritania Tingitana. (Plin., 6, 31.-Lucan, Pharsal., 4, 677.—Sil. Ital., 2, 63.) AUTOLYCUS, Son of Mercury and Philonis, according to the scholiast on Homer (Od., 19, 432), but, according to Pausanias (8, 4), the son of Dadalion, and not of Mercury. He dwelt on Parnassus, and was celebrated as a stealer of cattle, which he carried off in such a way as to render it nearly impossible to recog. Among nise them, all the marks being defaced. others, he drove off those of Sisyphus, and he defaced the marks as usual; but, when Sisyphus came in quest of them, he, to the great surprise of the thief, selected his own beasts out of the herd, for he had marked the initial letter of his name under their hoofs. (The ancient form of the Σ was C, which is of the shape of a horse's hoof.) Autolycus forthwith cultivated the acquaintance of one who had thus proved himself too able for him; and Sisyphus, it is said, seduced or violated his daughter Anticlea (who afterward married Laertes), and thus was the real father of Ulysses. (Pherecyd., ap. Schol. ad Od., 19, 432.-Schol. ad Il., 10, 267. -Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 344.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 400.) AUTOMEDON, a son of Dioreus, who went to the Trojan war with ten ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. (Hom., Il., 9, 16, &c.-Virg., En., 2, 477.) AZIRIS, a place in Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful hills covered with trees, and watered by a river, where Battus built a town, previous to founding Cyrene. (Herod., 4, 157.) Ptolemy calls the place Arylis. The harbour of Azaris, mentioned by Synesius (c. 4), appears to coincide with this same place. Pacho thinks, that the Aziris of Herodotus coincides with the modern Temminch. (Voyage, &c., p. 50, seqq.) Azōrus (the Asdod of Scripture), one of the five chief cities of the Philistines, and, at the same time, one of the oldest and most celebrated cities of the land. The god Dagon was worshipped here. It lay on the seacoast, and in the division of the country among the Israelites, it fell to the tribe of Judah, but was not conquered until the reign of Solomon. In the time of King Hezekiah it was taken by the Assyrians, and subsequently by Psammetichus, king of Egypt, after a siege of twenty-nine years. (Herod., 2, 157.) At a later period Azotus became the seat of a Christian bishop. The ruins of the ancient city are near a small village called Esdud. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 261, seq.) B. All BABRIUS OF BABRIAS (or, as the name is sometimes corrupted, GABRIAS), a Greek poet, who lived, according to Tyrwhitt, either under Augustus or a short time before that emperor; while Coray, on the other hand, makes him a contemporary of Bion and Moschus. The particulars of his life have not reached us. that we know of him is, that, after the example of Socrates, who, while in prison, amused himself with verAUTONOE, a daughter of Cadmus, who married sifying the fables of Esop, Babrius published a colAristaus, by whom she had Acteon, often called Au-lection of fables under the title of uvvo or μvíaμboi; toneius heros. The death of her son (vid. Acteon) was so painful to her that she retired from Boeotia to Megara, where she soon after died. (Pausan., 1, 44. -Hygin., fab., 179.-Ovid, Met., 3, 720.) from which the fables of Phædrus are closely imitated. They were written in choliambics, and comprised in ten books, according to Suidas, or two volumes, ac cording to Avianus. (Av., Præf. Fab.)-These two AUTRIGONES, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, accounts are not at variance with each other, as the among the Cantabri. They occupied what is now books were doubtless divisions made by the author, the eastern half of La Montana, the western quarter like the books of Phædrus, perhaps with an appropriof Biscay and Alava, and the northeastern part of ate introduction to each; while the "volumina" of Burgos. Their capital was Flaviobriga, now Porto Avianus were probably rolls of parchment or papyrus, Gallete, near Bilboa. (Florez, Esp. S., 24, 10.-on which the ten books were written. It may be Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 446.) Mannert, however, makes to be Santander. (Geogr., vol. 1, p. 373.) AXENUS, the ancient name of the Euxine Sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which was highly applicable to the manners of the ancient inhabitants of the coast. It took the name of Euxinus after the coast was setied by Grecian colonies. (Vid. Pontus Euxinus.) Axius, the largest river in Macedonia, rising in the chain of Mount Scardus, and, after a course of eighty niles, forming an extensive lake near its mouth. It .alls into the Sinus Thermaïcus, after receiving the waters of the Erigonus, Ludias, and Astræus. In the middle ages this river assumed the name of Bardarus (Theophylact., Epist., 55.-Niceph. Greg., vol. 1, p. 230), whence has been derived that of Vardari or Vardar, which it now bears. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 235.) In this man farther observed, that Avianus calls the books of Phædrus libelli, and not volumina. ner may be explained the statement of Pliny (8, 16), that Aristotle's writings on Natural History were contained in nearly fifty volumina. (Compare Menage, ad Diog. Laert., 5, 25.) This collection threw all preceding ones into comparative obscurity. It appears to have been still in existence as late as the twelfth century, in the days of Tzetzes: the copyists, however, of succeeding times, little sensible of the charms of the versification which Babrius had adopted, thought they could not do better than convert it into so much prose; and the fragments of verses, which they were unable in this way perfectly to disguise, are all that recalls the original lines which they have spoiled. The collection of Babrius, thus dishonoured, was perpetuated by numerous copies, in which traces of a province only. If, then, with the ancient authors generally, we allow Semiramis to have been the foundress of that Babylon described by Herodotus, we cannot fix the date of the improved foundation beyond the eighth century before the Christian era: so that the duration of this city, in its improved form, was less than 800 years, reckoning to the time of Pliny. (Rennell, Geography of Herodotus, vol. 1, p. 443, seqq.)—— The shape of the city of Babylon was that of a square, traversed each way by twenty-five principal streets, which, of course, intersected each other, dividing the city into 625 squares. These streets were terminated at each end by gates of brass, of prodigious size and strength, with a smaller one opening towards the river. Respecting the height and thickness of the walls of Babylon, there are great variations among the ancient writers. Herodotus makes them 200 royal cubits, or 337 feet, 8 inches high, and 50 royal cubits, or 84 feet, 6 inches broad. Ctesias gives 50 fathoms (op of the original became more and more obscured, until | pire, the wonder increases when ascribed to the capital a single apologue alone, that of the swallow and nightmgale, bore marks of a versified fable. This piece found its way into a collection of fables attributed to Ignatius Magister, a priest of Constantinople, who, being in possession of a copy of the original fables of Babrius, in choliambic verse, as that author had written them, resolved to change them into iambic tertrastics. With this view he abridged and tortured each apologue until he succeeded in reducing them individually to four verses. Fifty-three fables were thus strangled; but as if Ignatius had wished, by means of a comparison, to augment our regrets for those which he had altered, he preserved entire and unchanged a single fable, the one to which we have alluded. At the period when the Greek authors began to be printed, the true collection of Babrius no longer existed it was thought, however, that the collection of Ignatius was the original one, and hence it was published under the name of Babrius, or rather Gabrias, the B in the manuscripts being confounded with a г.yviai), or 300 feet, for the height. An anonymous The error of the name was only perceived about the close of the sixteenth century. Two English scholars, the celebrated Bentley, in his dissertation on Esop, and, at a later period, Tyrwhitt, in his dissertation on Babrius (Lond., 1776, 8vo), have avenged the memory of the poet, and dissipated much of the obscurity which hung over this portion of literary history. The latter of these two scholars reunited all the fragments of Babrius to be found in Suidas, as well as all those which were to be met with in other works. In this way he succeeded in recomposing four of the fables of Babrius, so that their number now amounted in all to five. Thirty-three years afterward (1809) De Furia published many fables of Æsop, up to that time inedited. In the number of these were thirty-six, which he believed to be written in prose like the rest, and which he printed as prose compositions; they were, in reality, however, versified fables, and a few corrections sufficed to restore them to their primitive form. This service has been rendered by Coray, in his collection of Esop's Fables; by J. G. Schneider, at the end of his edition of Esop, from the Augustan MS.; by Berger, in an edition of the remains of Babrius, published at Munich in 1816; by Mr. G. Burges, in the Classical Journal (whose collection, however, is unfinished); by the present Bishop of London (Dr. Blomfield), in the third number of the Museum Criticum; and by an anonymous writer in the second number of the Cambridge Philological Museum. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 61, seq.-Cambridge Philol. Mus., n. 2, p. 282, seq.) BABYLON, I. a celebrated city, the capital of the Babylonian empire, situate on the Euphrates, in 32° 25' north latitude, and 44° east longitude, as is supposed. Its origin is lost in the obscurity of early times. It is remarkable enough that Herodotus should have given us no intimation respecting its founder; he merely informs us that Semiramis and Nitocris, two of its queens, strengthened the fortifications, and guarded the city against inundations of the river, as well as improved and adorned it. May we not conclude from this, asks Rennell (Geography of Herodotus, vol. 1, p. 442), that its antiquity was very great; and ascended so high that Herodotus could not satisfy himself concerning it At the same time, adds this intelligent writer, the improvements that took place in the city in the reign of Semiramis, might occasion the original foundation to be ascribed to her; the like having happened in the history of other cities. Herodotus informs us (1, 178), that Babylon became the capital of Assyria after the destruction of Nineveh. Perhaps, then, we ought to date the foundation of those works which appear so stupendous in history from that period only: for, wonderful as these works appear, even when ascribed to the capital of an em writer in Diodorus Siculus makes the height 50 common cubits, or 75 feet, and this estimate is followed by Strabo and Quintus Curtius. Pliny gives 200 feet, and Orosius 200 common cubits, or 300 feet. (Herod., 1, 178.-Ctesias, p. 402, ed. Baehr.-Diod. Sic., 2, 7.-Strabo, 738.—Curtius, 5, 1.-Pliny, 6, 25-Orosius, 2, 6.) In this statement, Ctesias evidently copies from Herodotus, since 50 fathoms make exactly 200 cubits; only he appears not to have perceived that royal cubits were meant by the latter. It is also clear, that the anonymous writer mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, as well as Strabo and Quintus Curtius, had Ctesias respectively in view, but that, startled at the number of 50 fathoms, they have reduced it to the number of 50 cubits. The number 200, employed by Pliny, proves that he had consulted Herodotus merely; but that, through inadvertence on his part, or through the fault of later copyists, feet are substituted for cubits. Orosius follows Herodotus, but, forgetting that the latter speaks of royal cubits, he contents himself with giving 200 common cubits. (Larcher, ad Herodot., 1, 178.) But are we to receive the estimate of Herodotus as correct, and entitled to full belief? Evidently not: the measurement is incredible, and bears on its very front the impress of gross exaggeration. A difficulty also presents itself with regard to the extent of the walls of Babylon. Herodotus makes them 120 stadia each side, or 480 in circumference. Pliny and Solinus give the circuit at 60 Roman miles; which, reckoning eight stadia to a mile, agrees with the account of Herodotus. Strabo makes it 385 stadia. Diodorus, from Ctesias, assigns 360, but from Clitarchus, who accompanied Alexander, 365. Curtius gives 368. It appears highly probable, remarks Rennell (Geography of Herodotus, vol. 1, p. 447), that 360 or 365 was the true statement of the circumference, since one of these numbers was reported by Ctesias, the other (which differs so little) by Clitarchus, both of them eyewitnesses. Taking the circumference of Babylon at 365 stadia, and these at 491 feet, each side of the square (which is equal to 914 stadia) will be 8.485 British miles, or nearly 8. This gives an area of 72 miles and an inconsiderable fraction. If the same number of stadia be taken at 500 feet each, the area will be 74.8. And, finally, the 385 stadia of Strabo, at 491 feet, about 80. The 480 stadia of Herodotus would give about 126 square miles, or eight times the area of London! But that even 72 contiguous square miles should have been in any degree covered with buildings, is on every account too improbable for belief. This famous city, in all likelihood, occupied a part only of the vast space enclosed by its walls. It is a question that no one can positively answer, "what proportion of the space was occupied?" It is possible, however, that nearly two |