their heads were fixed round the place of contest, | mer under a figure entirely female. Creuzer seeks to when Meilanion, her cousin, offered himself as a com- reconcile this difficulty by supposing that Atergatis petitor. Venus had presented him with three golden and Derceto, though originally the same, were at a apples from the garden of the Hesperides, or, accord- subsequent period represented under forms that differing to others, from an orchard in Cyprus; and, as ed from each other." (Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. soon as he had started in the course, he artfully threw 2, p. 28, seqq.) down the apples at some distance one from the other. ATARNEUS, I. a town of Mysia, opposite to Lesbos. While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to It was ceded to the Chians by the Persians, in the gather the apples, Meilanion won the race. Atalanta reign of Cyrus, for having delivered into their hands became his wife, and they had a son named Partheno- the Lydian Pactyas. (Herod., 1, 160.) The land pæus. It is added, that while hunting together on around Atarneus was rich, and productive in corn. one occasion, they profaned the temenos, or sacred (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 133.)—II. A place enclosure of Jove, with their love, for which offence near Pitane, in Mysia, and called "Atarneus under they were turned into lions. (Apollod., I. c., where for Pitane," to distinguish it from the town of the same μn Oпpevovτas we must read, with Canter, ovvon-name mentioned in the previous article. It was oppopevovras-Theognis, 1279, seqq-Hygin., fab., 185. -Ovid, Met., 10, 560, seqq -Schol. ad Theocr., 3, 40. Musaus, 153.) Other authorities, however, make the name of the victor Hippomenes, and say, that on his neglecting to give thanks to Venus for her aid, she inspired him with a sudden passion, which led to the profanation of the sanctuary of Jove, and the transforination of himself and his bride. (Ovid, l. c. -Schol. ad Theocr., 1. c.) According to other accounts, Atalanta was the daughter of Schoneus, son of Athamas, and therefore a Baotian. (Hesiod, ap. Apollod., l. c.-Ovid, l. c.-Hygin., l. c) There is no necessity for supposing two of the same name, as has usually been done. They are both connected with the Minyans, and are only examples of different appropriations of the same legend. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 427, seq.) site the island of Elæussa. The bricks made here are said to be so light as to float in the water. (Strab., 614.) ATAX, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Lacus Rubrensis or Rubresus, at the city of Narbo (now Narbonne), for which the lake served as a harbour, an outlet or canal being cut to the Mediterranean. The Atax (otherwise called Adax) is now the Aude, and the modern name of the lake is l'etang de Sigean. (Plin., 3, 4.- Mela, 2, 5.-Lucan, 1, 403.) ATE, the goddess of evil, and daughter of Jupiter. When Jupiter had been deceived by Juno into making the rash oath that rendered Hercules subject to the command of Eurystheus, the monarch of the skies laid the whole blame on Ate, and, having seized her by the hair, flung her to earth, declaring with an oath that ATARANTES, a people of Africa, ten days' journey she should never return to Olympus. Thenceforward from the Garamantes. There was in their country a she took up her abode among men. Her feet, accordbill of salt, with a fountain issuing out of the summit. ing to Homer, are tender, and she therefore does not (Herod., 4, 184.)-All the MSS. have 'Arλavres (At-walk on the ground, but on the heads of mortals (kar' lantes), which Salinasius (in Solin., p. 292) first alter- dvdpov κpúara Baivet). The name is derived from ed to 'Arúpavτes, an emendation now almost univer- ouat (Poetic dúoμai), to injure, or, to adopt the lansally adopted. Rennell thinks, that the people meant guage of Homer, 'Arŋ, î núvraç àūrai. (Il., 19, 91, here are the same with the Hammanientes of Pliny seqq.) (5, 5). What Pliny, however, says of the Atlantes suits the case better (5, 8). Castiglioni makes the Atlantes and Atarantes the same people. (Mem. Geogr. et Numism., &c., Paris, 1826.) Heeren, on the other hand, places the Atarantes in the vicinity of Tegeny, the last city of Fezzan. (Ideen, vol. 2, pt. 1. p. 239.) Herodotus says, that the Atarantes were destitute of names for individuals; and they cursed the sun as he passed over their heads, because he consumed both the inhabitants and the country with his scorching heat (Herod., l. c.) ATARBECHIS, a city of Egypt, sacred to Venus, in one of the small islands of the Delta called Prosopitis. The name of the city is said to be derived from Atar or Athar (Etymol. Mag., s. v. "A0up), which signified "Venus," and Bek, "a city;" as Balbeck, "the city of the Sun," called by the Greeks Heliopolis. Baki is still found in the same sense among the Copts, and in their language a is pronounced as e. Strabo and Pliny call the city Aphroditespolis. (Herod., 2, 41.Larcher, ad Herodot, c.) ATARGATIS OF ATERGATIS, an Eastern deity, the same with the Great Goddess of Syria. She was worshipped principally at Mabog or Bambyce (Edessa), and at a later period at Hierapolis. Strabo informs us that her true name was Athara. (Compare Xanth, Lyd. ap. Hesych., s. v. 'ATTαyúðŋ.—Creuzer, fragm. hist. Græc. antiquiss., p. 183.) Ctesias calls her Derceto. It is probable that this latter name is only a corruption of Atargatis or Atergatis, and that these three appellations designate one and the same divinity. Lucian, however (de Dea Syria, c. 14.—Op., ed. Bip., vol. 9, p. 96), distinguishes expressly between the goddess worshipped at Hierapolis and the Phoenician Derceto, stating that the latter was represented with the lower extremities like those of a fish, and the for ATELLA, a town of Campania, to the west of Suessula, the ruins of which, as Holstenius reports (Adnot, p. 260), are still to be seen near the village of St. Elpidio or St. Arpino, about two miles from the town of Aversa. Atella is known to have been an Oscan city, and it has acquired some importance in the history of Roman literature, from the circumstance of the name and origin of the farces called Fabula Atellana being derived from thence. We are told that these comic representations were so much relished by the Roman people, that the actors were allowed privileges not usually extended to that class of persons; but these amusements having at length given rise to various excesses, were prohibited under the reign of Tiberius, and the players banished from Italy. (Liv., 7, 2-Strabo, 233-Tacit., Ann., 4, 14.) Atella, in consequence of having joined the Carthaginians after the battle of Canna, was reduced, with several other Campanian towns, to the condition of a præfectura on the surrender of Capua to the Romans. (Liv., 22, 61.-Id., 26, 34.) Subsequently, however, it is mentioned by Cicero as a municipal town (Ep. ad Fam., 13, 7), and Frontinus states that it was colonized by Augustus. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 208.) ATHAMANES, a rude mountaineer race of Epirus, whose territory lay between Pindus on the east and a parallel chain on the west. They were at first of little importance, either from their numbers or territorial extent, but they subsequently acquired great power and influence by the conquest or extirpation of several small Thessalian and Epirotic tribes, and they appear in history as valuable allies to the Etolians, and formidable enemies to the sovereigns of Macedon. (Strab., 427.-Liv., 33, 13.-Id., 36, 9.) The rude habits of this people may be inferred from the custom that prevailed among them, of assigning to their fe males the active labours of husbandry, while the males were chiefly employed in tending their flocks. (Heracl, Pont. frag.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 95, seqq.) ATHAMANTIADES, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phrixus, or Helle, children of Athamas. (Ovid, Met., 13, 319.) | refused to listen to anything but an express command of the emperor, when he was one day preparing to cele brate a festival in the church, a body of soldiers suddenly rushed in to make him prisoner. But the surroundATHAMAS, king of Thebes, in Boeotia, was son of ing priests and monks placed him in security. Athaolus. He married Nephele, and by her had Phrixus nasius, displaced for a third time, fled into the deserts and Helle. Some time after, having divorced Neph- of Egypt. His enemies pursued him even here, and ele, he married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by set a price on his head. To relieve the hermits, who whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino dwelt in these solitary places, and who would not be became jealous of the children of Nephele, because tray his retreat, from suffering on h's account, he went they were to ascend their father's throne in preference into those parts of the desert which were entirely uninto her own; therefore she resolved to destroy them; habited. He was followed by a faithful servant, who, but they escaped from her fury to Colchis on a golden at the risk of his life, supplied him with the means of ram. (Vid. Argonaute.) Athamas, through the en- subsistence. In this undisturbed spot Athanasius commity of Juno towards Ino, who had suckled the infant posed many writings, full of eloquence, to strengthen Bacchus, was afterward seized with madness. In his the faith of the believers or expose the falsehoods of phrensy he shot his son Learchus with an arrow, or, his enemies. When Julian the apostate ascended the as others say, dashed him against a rock. Ino fled throne, he allowed the orthodox bishops to return to with her other son, and, being closely pursued by her their churches. Athanasius, therefore, returned after furious husband, sprang with her child from the cliff an absence of six years. The mildness which he exof Moluris, near Corinth, into the sea. The gods took ercised towards his enemies was imitated in Gaul, pity on her, and made her a sea-goddess, under the Spain, Italy, and Greece, and restored peace to the name of Leucothea, and Melicerta a sea-god, under church. But this peace was interrupted by the comthat of Palemon. Athamas subsequently, in accord-plaints of the heathen, whose temples the zeal of Athaance with an oracle, settled in a place where he built nasius kept always empty. They excited the emperor the town of Athamantia. This was in Thessaly, in the against him, and he was obliged to fly to the Thebaïs Phthiotic district. Here he married Themisto, daugh- to save his life. The death of the emperor and the ter of Hypseus, and had by her four children, Leucon, accession of Jovian again brought him back; but, Erythroe, Schoneus, and Ptoos. (Apollod., 1, 9.) Valens becoming emperor eight months after, and the Such is the account of Apollodorus. There are, how- Arians recovering their superiority, he was once more ever, many variations in the tale in different writers, compelled to fly. He concealed himself in the tomb of especially in the tragic poets. (Keightley's Mythology, his father, where he remained four months, until Valens, p. 333.) moved by the pressing entreaties and threats of the Alexandreans, allowed him to return. From this period he remained undisturbed in his office till he died, A.D. 373.-Of the 46 years of his official life, he spent ATHANASIUS, a celebrated Christian bishop of the 20 in banishment, and the greater part of the remainfourth century. He was a native of Egypt, and a der in defending the Nicene Creed. Athanasius is one deacon of the church of Alexandrea under Alexander of the greatest men of whom the church can boast. the bishop, whom he succeeded in his dignity A.D. His deep mind, his noble heart, his invincible courage, 326. Previous to his obtaining this high office he had his living faith, his unbounded benevolence, sincere been private secretary to Alexander, and had also led humility, lofty eloquence, and strictly virtuous life, for some time an ascetic life with the renowned an- gained the honour and love of all. His writings are chorite St. Anthony. Alexander had also taken him on polemical, historical, and moral subjects. The poto the council at Nice, where he gained the highest lemical treat chiefly of the mysterious doctrines of the esteem of the fathers by the talents which he dis- Trinity, the incarnation of Christ, and the divinity of played in the Arian controversy. He had a great the Holy Spirit. The historical ones are of the greatshare in the decrees passed here, and thereby drew est importance for the history of the church. In all his on himself the hatred of the Arians. On his ad- writings, the style is distinguished, considering the age vancement to the prelacy he dedicated all his time in which they were produced, for clearness and modand talents to the defence of the doctrine of the Trini-eration. His apology, addressed to the Emperor Conty, and resolutely refused the request of Constantine stantine, is a master-piece. The Creed which bears for the restoration of Arius to the Catholic communion. his name is now generally allowed not to have been In revenge for this refusal, the Arian party brought several accusations against him before the emperor. Of these he was acquitted in the first instance; but, on a new charge of having detained ships at Alexandrea, laden with corn for Constantinople, either from conviction or policy, he was found guilty and banished to Gaul. Here he remained an exile eighteen months, or, as some accounts say, upward of two years, his see in the mean time being unoccupied. On the death of Constantine he was recalled, and restored to his functions by Constantius; but the Arian party made new complaints against him, and he was condemned by 90 Arian bishops assembled at Antioch. On the opposite side, 100 orthodox bishops, assembled at Alexandrea, declared him innocent; and Pope Julius confirmed this sentence, in conjunction with more than 300 bishops assembled at Sardis from the East and West. In consequence of this, he returned a second time to his diocese. But when Constans, emperor of the West, died, and Constantius became master of the whole empire, the Arians again ventured to rise up against Athanasius. They condemned him in the councils of Arles and Milan, and, as the worthy patriarch his. Dr. Waterland supposes it was made by Hilary, ATHENA, the name of Minerva among the Greeks ('A0nvù and 'Abývn). ATHENE, I. the celebrated capital of Attica, founded, according to the common account, by Cecrops, 1550 B.C. The town was first erected on the summit of a high rock, probably as a protection against attacks from the sea. The primitive name of this early settlement was Cranaë, from Cranaus, as is said, from whom the Pelasgi took the name of Cranai, and all Attica that of Cranae. At a later period it was called nished by Thucydides, that they must have extended considerably beyond the present line of wall, especially towards the north. Col. Leake is of opinion, that on this side the extremity of the city reached to the foot of Mount Anchesmus, and that to the westward its walls followed the same brook which terminates in the marshy ground of the Academy, until they met the point where some of the ancient foundations are still to be seen near the gate Dipylum; while to the eastward they approached close to the Ilissus, a little besors. The same antiquary estimates the space comprehended within the walls of Athens, the longomural enclosure and the peribolus of the ports, to be more than sixteen English miles, without reckoning the sinuosities of the coast and the ramparts; but if these are taken into account, it could not have been less than nineteen miles. (Topography of Athens, p. 362, seqq.) We know from ancient writers that the extent of Athens was nearly equal to that of Rome within the walls of Servius. (Dion. Hal., 4, p. 670.) Plutarch (Vit. Nic.) compares it also with that of Syracuse, which Strabo estimates at 180 stadia, or upward of twenty-two miles. The number of gates belonging to ancient Athens is uncertain; but the existence of nine has been ascertained by classical writers. The names of these are Dipylum (also called Thriasiæ, Sacræ, and perhaps Ceramica), Diomeiæ, Diocharis, Melitides, Piraicæ, Acharnice, Itoniæ, Hippades, Heriæ. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 312, seqq.) The early history of Athens and its kings is blended with more or less of fable. A brief sketch of the affairs of Attica, from the first glimpses of tradition down to the period when Greece fell beneath the Roman arms, will be found under the article Cecrops. The Athenians have been admired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the great men that were born among them; but favour there was attended with danger; and there are very few instances in the history of Athens that can prove that the jealousy and fickleness of the people did not persecute the man who had fought their battles and exposed his life in the defence of his country. Perhaps not one single city in the world can boast, in the same space of time, of so large a number of illustrious citizens, as regarded either warlike operations or the walks of civil life.— The Athenians claimed to be of indigenous origin, or, Cecropia, from Cecrops; and finally Athenae by Erec- | circumference, it is evident, from the measurement furhonius, from its being under the protection of Minerva or Athënë ('A0hvn). A distinction was also made between the ancient city on the rock and the part subsequently added in the plain. The former, the primitive Cecropia, was called, from its situation, núvw róλis, or 'Akрóжоhis, "the upper city," where afterward stood the Parthenon, and other splendid edifices; the buildings in the plain, where eventually Athens itself stood, were termed kúr óhus, the lower city." (Compare, as regards the various names given to this city, Steph. Byz., s. v. Kpaván-low the present church of the Mologitades, or confesPlin., 7, 56.-Kruse, Hellas, vol. 2, p. 77.)-The Acropolis was sixty stadia in circumference. We have little or no information respecting the size of Athens under its earliest kings; is generally supposed, however, that, even as late as the time of Theseus, the town was almost entirely confined to the Acropolis and the adjoining Hill of Mars. Subsequently to the Trojan war, it appears to have been increased considerably, both in population and extent, since Homer applies to it the epithets of evкτíμevoc and evpvάyvios. The improvements continued, probably, during the reign of Pisistratus, and, as it was able to stand a siege against the Lacedæmonians under his son Hippias, it must evidently have possessed walls and fortifications of sufficient height and strength to ensure its safety. The invasion of Xerxes, and the subsequent irruption of Mardonius, effected the entire destruction of the ancient city, and reduced it to a heap of ruins, with the exception only of such temples and buildings as were enabled, from the solidity of materials, to resist the action of fire and the work of demolition. When, however, the battles of Salamis, Plataa, and Mycale had averted all danger of invasion, Athens, restored to peace and security, soon rose from its state of ruin and desolation; and, having been furnished by the prudent foresight and energetic conduct of The mistocles with the military works requisite for its defence, it attained, under the subsequent administrations of Cimon and Pericles, to the highest pitch of beauty, magnificence, and strength. The former is known to have erected the temple of Theseus, the Dionysiac theatre, the Store or porticoes, and Gymnasium, and also to have embellished the Academy, the Agora, and other parts of the city at his own expense. (Plut., Vit. Cimon) Pericles completed the fortifications which had been left in an unfinished state by Themistocles and Cimon; he likewise built several edifices destroy-in other words, sprung from the earth itself. Hence ed by the Persians, and to him his country was in- they called themselves airóxloves (Autochthones), debted for the temple of Eleusis, the Parthenon, and i. e., Aborigines; and, as a proof of their indigenous the Propylæa, the most magnificent buildings, not of origin, the early Athenians are said by Thucydides Attica only, but of the world. It was in the time of (1, 6) to have worn in the hair of the head golden Pericles that Athens attained the summit of its beauty ornaments, formed like cicada, a species of insect beand prosperity, both with respect to the power of the lieved to spring from the earth. The custom only republic and the extent and magnificence of the archi- went entirely out of use a short time previous to the tectural decorations with which the capital was adorn-age of the historian. The Romans, in the more poled. At this period, the whole of Athens, with its three ports of Piraeus, Munychia, and Phalerus, connected by means of the celebrated long walls, formed one great city, enclosed within a vast peribolus of massive fortifications. The whole of this circumference, as we collect from Thucydides, was not less than 124 stadia. Of these, forty-three must be allotted to the circuit of the city itself; the long walls, taken together, supply twenty-five, and the remaining fifty-six are furnished by the peribolus of the three harbours. Xenophon reports that Athens contained more than 10,000 houses, which, at the rate of twelve persons to a house, would give 120,000 for the population of the city. (Xen., Mem., 3, 6, 14.-Id, Econ., 8, 22.-Compare Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, Append., p. 395.)-From the researches of Col. Leake and Mr. Hawkins, it appears that the former city considerably exceeded in extent the modern Athens; and though little now remains of the ancient works to afford certain evidence of their ished ages of their republic, sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected the learning, while they despised the military character, of the inhabitants.-Modern Athens, in Livadia, a few years ago contained 1300 houses and 12,000 inhabitants, 2000 of whom were Turks. The Greeks here experienced from the Turks a milder government than elsewhere. They also retained some remains of their ancient customs, and annually chose four archons. The Greek archbishop residing here had a considerable income. In 1822, the Acropolis, after a long siege, fell into the hands of the free Greeks. In 1825, a Greek school, under the care of the patriot professor, George Gennadios, was in a flourishing condition. The most thorough investigation of the places among the ruins of Athens worthy of attention, is contained in Leake's Topography of Athens (London, 1821, with an atlas in folio). The splendid work of Stuart and Revett (Antiquities of Athens) must also be consulted. Leake such devastation. The city was surrendered to them September 29th. They wished to send the chariot of Victory, which stood on the west pediment of the Parthenon, to Venice, as a trophy of their conquest; but, in removing it, it fell and was dashed to pieces. In April, 1688, Athens was again surrendered to the Turks, in spite of the remonstrances of the inhabitants, who, with good reason, feared the revenge of their returning masters. Learned travellers have, since that time, often visted Athens; and we may thank their relations and drawings for the knowledge which we have of the monuments of the place. How little the Greeks of modern times have understood the imporGracia. From them originated the names Temple of the unknown God, Lantern of Demosthenes, &c. It is doing injustice to the Turks to attribute to them exclusively the crime of destroying these remains of antiquity. From these ruins the Greeks have supplied themselves with all their materials for buildings for hundreds of years. The ruins in the neighbourhood of inhabited places and in the seaport towns are particularly exposed, because case of transportation is added to the daily want of materials. In the mean time, the most accessible part of Athens has rich treasures to reward well-directed searches; and each fragment which comes to light in Athens proves the all pervading art and taste of the ancient race. It is fortunate that many of the remains of Grecian art have been covered by barbarous structures until a brighter day should dawn on Greece. (Encyclop. Americ., vol. 1, p. 445, seqq.) For an accurate and interest makes it appear probable, that, in the time of Pausanias, many monuments were extant which belonged to the period before the Persian war; because so transitory a possession as Xerxes had of the city scarcely gave him time to finish the destruction of the walls and principal public edifices. In the restoration of the city to its former state, Themistocles looked more to the useful, Cimon to magnificence and splendour; and Pericles far surpassed them both in his buildings. The great supply of money which he had from the tribute of the other states belonged to no succeeding ruler. Athens, at length, saw much of her ancient splendour restored; but, unluckily, Attica was not an island; and, after the sources of power, which be-tance of these buildings, is proved by Crusius's Turkolonged to the fruitful and extensive country of Macedonia, were developed by an able and enlightened prince, the opposing interests of many free states could not long withstand the disciplined army of a warlike people, led by an active, able, and ambitious monarch. When Sylla destroyed the works of the Piræus, the power of Athens by sea was at an end, and with that fell the whole city. Flattered by the triumvirate, favoured by Hadrian's love of the arts, Athens was at no time so splendid as under the Antonines, when the magnificent works of from eight to ten centuries stood in view, and the edifices of Pericles were in equal preservation with the new buildings. Plutarch himself wonders how the structures of Ictinus, of Menesicles and Phidias, which were built with such surprising rapidity, could retain such a perpetual freshness. The most correct criticism on the accounts of Greece by Pausanias and Strabo is in Leake. Probably Pausanias saw Greece yet un-ing account of the various works that have been pubplundered. The Romans, from a reverence towards a religion approaching so nearly to their own, and wishing to conciliate a people more cultivated than themselves, were ashamed to rob temples where the master-pieces of art were kept as sacred, and were satisfied with a tribute in money, although in Sicily they did not abstain from the plunder of the temples, on account of the prevalence of the Carthaginian and Phoenician influence in the island. Pictures, even in the time of Pausanias, may have been left in their places. The wholesale robberies of collectors; the removal of great quantities of the works of art to Constantinople, when the creation of new specimens was no longer possible; Christian zeal, and the attacks of barbarians, destroyed, after a time, in Athens, what the emperors had spared. We have reason to think, that the colossal statue of Minerva Promachos was standing in the time of Alaric. About 420 A.D. paganism was totally annihilated at Athens; and, when Justinian closed even the schools of the philosophers, the recollections of the mythology were lost. The Parthenon was turned into a church of the Virgin Mary, and St. George stepped into the place of Theseus. The manufacture of silk, which had hitherto remained, was destroyed by the transportation of a colony of weavers, by Roger of Sicily; and in 1456 the place fell into the hands of Omar. To complete its degradation, the city of Minerva obtained the privilege (an enviable one in the East) of being governed by a black eunuch as an appendage to the harem. The Parthenon became a mosque, and, at the west end of the Acropolis, those alterations were menced which the new discovery of artillery then made necessary. In 1687, at the siege of Athens by the Venetians under Morosini, it appears that the tem- ATHENEUM, a building at Athens, sacred to Minerple of Victory was destroyed, the beautiful remains of va, whence its name ('Anvalov, from 'A0ývn). Here which are to be seen in the British Museum. On the poets, philosophers, and literary men in general were 28th September of this year, a bomb fired the powder- accustomed to assemble and recite their compositions, magazine kept by the Turks in the Parthenon, and, or engage in the discussion of literary subjects, as the with this building, destroyed the ever-memorable re- Roman poets and others were wont to do in the temmains of the genius of Phidias. Probably the Vene-ple of Apollo at Rome. The Emperor Hadrian built tians knew not what they destroyed; they could not an Athenæum at Rome in imitation of that at Athens. have intended that their artillery should accomplish | The ancient Athenæa were generally in the form of com lished in modern times, illustrative of the remains of Grecian art, as well as of the numerous travellers that have visited these classic regions, consult Kruse's Hellas, vol. 1, p. 65-156. In this work also will be found an account of Lord Elgin's operations. For remarks on the coinage and commerce of Athens, vid. Mina and Piræus, and for some account of its public structures, consult the separate articles throughout the volume, such as Parthenon, Erechtheum, &c.-II. A town of Euboea, in the northwestern corner of the island, and near the promontory of Cenæum. It was founded, according to Strabo, by an Athenian colony, but, according to Ephorus, by Dias, a son of Abas. (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'À¤vai-Eustath, ad Il., 2, 537.) The modern name is Port Calos.-III. An ancient city, which, according to tradition, stood at an early period, along with another named Eleusis, near the spot where the town of Cope was erected at a later day. Athena was situate on the river Triton, which, if it is the torrent noticed by Pausanias, was near Alalcomene. (Strab., 407.-Pausan., 9, 24.) Stephanus of Byzantium reports that, when Crates drained the waters which had overspread the plains, the ruins of Athenæ became visible (s. v. 'A0ñvat). Some wri ters asserted, that it occupied the site of the ancient Orchomenus. (Strab., l. c.-Steph Byz., l. c.) The existence of such a city, at so remote a date, might form the basis of no uninteresting theory respecting the early migrations of the people of Attica from the north. (Compare Müller, Orchomenus, p. 58.) ATHENEA, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One of them was called Panathenea, and the other Chalcea for an account of which, see those words. amphitheatres. (Lamprid., in Alex. Sev., c. 35.Aurel. Vict., de Cas., c. 14.-Forcellini, Lex. Tot. Lut., s. v.) 66 the Archbishop of Thessalonica appears never to have seen the entire work, but to have made use of the Epit. ome, the stores of his erudition would be miserably ATHENÆUS, I. a native of Naucratis in Egypt, and reduced if he were compelled to make restitution of the author of a very interesting compilation, entitled the property of our author which he has converted to Deipnosophista (Δειπνοσοφισταί, the learned men his own benefit. By the same fortunate accident at supper"), from which the moderns have derived a which has preserved a few of the writings of the anlarge portion of their knowledge respecting the private cients, a single copy of Athenæus appears to have eslife of the ancient Greeks. He declares himself to caped from the ravages of time, ignorance, and fanathave been a little later than the poet Oppian; and, as icism. That MS. still exists. After the death of Carthat writer dedicates his Halieutics to the Emperor dinal Bessarion, who probably brought it from Greece, Caracalla, the age of Athenæus may be fixed at the it passed into the library of St. Mark at Venice. In beginning of the third century of the Christian era. this sepulchre of books it would certainly have continThe professed object of Athenæus was to detail to his ued for many ages, unknown to the learned, if the contemporaries the convivial antiquities of their an- French successes had not caused it to be included in cestors, and he has chosen to convey his information the valuable spoils of Italy, which, until lately, enriched in the form of a dialogue as the most convenient and the national collection of Paris. Many transcripts of amusing. The plan of the work is as follows: A con- this manuscript exist in different parts of Europe, siderable number of learned men, among whom we find which were probably made while it was in the possesthe celebrated Galen, assemble at the table of La- sion of Cardinal Bessarion. All of them betray their rensius, a liberal and wealthy Roman, where they be- origin, as, besides their coincidence in orthographical stow as large a portion of erudition on every part of errors, the same parts are wanting in all of them. The their entertainment as the memory or commonplace- two first books, the beginning of the third, a few leaves book of the author could supply. So much of the in the eleventh, and part of two leaves in the fifteenth, business of human life is connected, mediately or im- are wanting in the Venetian manuscript, and the defimediately, with eating and drinking, that it does not ciency appears evidently to have proceeded from accirequire any great share of ingenuity to introduce into dent. The same lacunæ occur in every other manua work of so miscellaneous a nature much useful and script, but are exhibited in a manner which shows the curious information, which, at first sight, does not ap- cause to have existed in the copy from which they pear to be very closely connected with the science were transcribed. Fortunately for Athenæus, the inof cookery. Accordingly," says the author of the tegrity of his work is in some measure preserved by Epitome, "we find disquisitions on fish of every sort, an epitome of the whole, which has been transmitted together with potherbs and poultry; not to mention to us without defalcation. This abridgment, if it may historians, poets, and philosophers; likewise a great be called so, is nearly as bulky as the original work. variety of musical instruments, witty sayings, and The age of it is uncertain. It is executed in a careless drinking vessels; royal magnificence, ships of prodi- manner; and the copy which the writer had before his gious magnitude, and many other articles too tedious eyes appears to have suffered so much from time or to mention." Although this kind of conversation accident, that he frequently breaks off in the middle of bears no very strong resemblance to the dying specu- an extract, and declares his inability to decipher the lations of Socrates on the immortality of the soul, our remainder. From these sources our editions are deauthor has selected the Phado of Plato for his proto-rived; and it will easily be seen that, where the oritype, and has borrowed the beginning of that dialogue, ginal copies are so few and so faulty, conjectural with no alteration, except the substitution of the emendation will find ample scope to display its powers. names of Timocrates and Athenæus for those of Ech--The best editions of Athenæus are those of Casauecrates and Phædo. A strong objection to the dramatic form which the work assumes, arises from the impossibility of collecting the productions of all the different seasons at one banquet. The author seems to suppose, that an astonished fishmonger might exclaim, in the words of Theocritus, 'Aλhà rà μev vépεος, τὰ δὲ γίγνεται ἐν χειμῶνι. The loss of the two first books renders us unable to judge how far he was able to palliate this palpable absurdity. The most valuable part of the work is the large quantity of quotations which it presents from authors whose writings no longer exist. The Athenian comic poets afforded an ample store of materials, and Athenæus seems to have been by no means sparing in the use of them. Many of the extracts from their works, which he has inserted in his own, are highly interesting; and the mass is so considerable, as far to exceed in bulk all that can be collected from every other Greek or Latin writer. The number of theatri-5 vols., and the remaining nine contain the commentcal pieces which he appears to have consulted, was probably not less than two thousand. The middle comedy furnished him with eight hundred.-The compilation of Athenæus immediately became the prey of other compilers less diligent than himself. Elian, who was nearly his contemporary, has made use very liberally of the Deipnosophists in his Various History. In a later age we find our author again pillaged by Macrobius, who seems to have taken from him not only many of the materials, but even the form and idea, of his Saturnalia. But of all writers, ancient or modern, there is none who is so highly indebted to Athenæus as the industrious Eustathius. Although bon, Schweighaeuser, and Dindorff. Of the edition of Casaubon there are three different impressions, in the years 1597, 1612, and 1664, which do not differ considerably from each other. To these editions is annexed the Latin translation of James Dalechamp of Caen, which was first printed by itself in 1583. The Greek text is much more perfect and accurate than in the preceding editions; as in the long interval which had elapsed between the edition published at Basle and the first of Casaubon's, many new transcripts had been discovered, and much labour had been bestowed on Athenæus by some of the most celebrated scholars of that age. The most valuable part of the edition of Casaubon is his celebrated commentary which constitutes a folio of no inconsiderable magnitude. The edition of Athenæus by Schweighaeuser was published at Strasburg (Argentorati) in 18011807, and consists of 14 vols. 8vo. The text occupies aries and indexes. This commentary is made up of a large portion of the notes of Casaubon, together with others by Schweighaeuser himself. The greatest advantage which this editor enjoyed was the collation of the Venetian manuscript. This was performed by his son. The least commendable part of the work is the critical observations, in which Schweighaeuser's little acquaintance with Greek metre exposes him to many mistakes. The edition, however, is extremely valuable. Dindorff's edition is in 5 vols. 8vo, Lips, 1827. (Elmsley, in Edinburgh Review, vol. 3, p 181, seqq.)-II. A contemporary of Archimedes His native country is not known. He has left a trea |