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who pretend to see in history an explanation of this le-ter; and it was the stream over which the souls of the gend, make the river Achelous to have laid waste, by dead were first conveyed. The Acheron is representits frequent inundations, the plains of Calydon. This, ed under the form of an old man arrayed in a humid introducing confusion among the landmarks, became vestment. He reclines upon an urn of a dark colthe occasion of continual wars between the Etolians our. In Virgil and later poets Acheron sometimes and Acarnanians, whose territories the river divided designates the lower world.-II. A river of Brutas above stated, until Hercules, by means of dikes, re- tium, flowing into the Mare Tyrrhenum a short distance strained its ravages, and made the course of the stream below Pandosia. Alexander, king of Epirus, who had uniform. Hence, according to this explanation, the come to the aid of the Tarentines, lost his life in passserpent denoted the windings of the stream, and the ing this river, being slain by a Lucanian exile. He had bull its swellings and impetuosity, while the tearing off been warned by an oracle to beware of the Acherusian of the horn refers to the turning away of a part of the waters and the city Pandosia, but supposed that it rewaters of the river, by means of a canal, the result of ferred to Epirus and not to Italy. (Justin, 12, 2.— which draining was shown in the fertility that succeed- Liv. 8, 24.)-III. A river of Elis, which falls into the ed. (Diod. Sic. 4, 35.) The Achelous must have Alpheus. On its banks were temples dedicated to been considered a river of great antiquity as well as Ceres, Proserpina, and Hades, which were held in high celebrity, since it is often introduced as a general rep- veneration. (Strab. 344.)-IV. A river of Bithynia, resentative of rivers, and is likewise frequently used near the cavern Acherusia, and in the vicinity of Hefor the element of water. (Eustath, ad II. 21, 194.- raclea. (Apollon. Rhod. 2, 745.) Eurip. Bacch. 625.-Id. Androm. 167.-Aristoph. Lysistr. 381-Heyne, ad Il. 21, 194.) The reason of this peculiar use of the term will be found in the remarks of the scholiast. The Achelous was the largest river in Epirus and Ætolia, in which quarter were the early settlements of the Pelasgic race, from whom the Greeks derived so much of their religion and mythology. Hence the frequent directions of the Oracle at Dodona, "to sacrifice to the Acheloüs," and hence the name of the stream became associated with some of their oldest religious rites, and was eventually used in the language of poetry as an appellation, kar' ¿§óxmv, for the element of water and for rivers, as stated above ('Axehov пūν япуaïοv vðwp).—II. There was another river of the same name, of which nothing farther is known, than that, according to Pausanias (8, 38), it flowed from Mount Sipylus. Homer, in relating the story of Niobe (Пl. 24, 615), speaks of the desert mountains in Sipylus, where are the beds of the goddess-nymphs, who dance around the Achelous.-III. A river of Thessaly, flowing near Lamia. (Strab. 434.) ACHERDUS, a borough of the tribe Hippothoontis, in Attica. (Steph. B.-Aristoph. Eccles. 360.)

sea.

ACHERON, I. a river of Epirus, rising in the mountains to the west of the chain of Pindus, and falling into the Ionian sea near Glykys Limen (гλvкùç Ayμýv). In the early part of its course, it forms the Palus Acherusia ('Axepovoía Aiμvn), and, after emerging from this sheet of water, disappears under ground, from which it again rises and pursues its course to the Strabo (324) makes mention of this stream only after its leaving the Palus Acherusia, and appears to have been unacquainted with the previous part of its course. Thucydides, on the other hand (1, 46), would seem to have misunderstood the information which he had received respecting it. His account is certainly a confused one, and has given rise to an inaccuracy in D'Anville's map. The error of D'Anville and others consists in placing the Palus Acherusia directly on the coast, and the city of Ephyre at its northeastern extremity; in the position of the latter contradicting the very words of the writer on whom they rely. No other ancient authority places the Palus Acherusia on the coast. Pausanias (1, 17) makes the marsh, the river, and the city, to have been situated in the interior of Thesprotis; and he mentions also the stream Cocytus (which he styles vowp ȧrɛрRÉσтатоv), as being in the same quarter. He likewise states it as his opinion, that Homer, having visited these rivers in the course of his wanderings, assigned them, on account of their peculiar nature and properties, a place among the rivers of the lower world. The poets make Acheron to have been the son of Sol and Terra, and to have been precipitated into the infernal regions and there changed into a river, for having supplied the Titans with water during the war which they waged with Jupiter. Hence its waters were muddy and bit

ACHERONTIA, I. a town of Bruttium, placed by Pliny on the river Acheron (Plin. 3, 5.)-II. A city of Lucania, now Acerenza, on the confines of Apulia. It was situated high up on the side of a mountain, and from its lofty position is called by Horace nidus Acherontiæ, "the nest of Acherontia." Procopius speaks of it as a strong fortress in his days. (Horat. Od. 3, 4, 14, et schol. ad loc.-Procop. 3, 23.)

ACHERUSIA, I. a lake in Epirus, into which the. Acheron flows. (Vid. Acheron.)-II. According to some modern expounders of fable, a lake in Egypt, near Memphis, over which the bodies of the dead were conveyed, previous to their being judged for the actions of their past lives. The authority cited in support of this is Diodorus Siculus (1, 92). A proper examination of the passage, however, will lead to the following conclusions: 1st, that no name whatever is given by Diodorus for any particular lake of this kind; and, 2d, that each district of Egypt had its lake for the purpose mentioned above, and that there was not merely one for the whole of Egypt. (Diod. Sic. 1, 92, et Wesseling, ad loc.)--III. A cavern in Bithynia, near the city of Heraclea and the river Oxinas, probably on the very spot which Arrian (Peripl. Mar. Eux., p. 125, ed. Blancard) calls Tyndarida. Xenophon (Anab. 6, 2) names the whole peninsula, in which it lies, the Acherusian Promontory. This cavern was two stadia in depth, and was regarded by the adjacent inhabitants as one of the entrances into the lower world. Through it Hercules is said to have dragged Cerberus up to the light of day; a fable which probably owed its origin to the inhabitants of Heraclea. (Diod. Sic. 14, 31.-Dionys. Perieg. 790, et Eustath. ad loc.) Apollonius Rhodius (2, 730) places a river, with the name of Acheron, in this quarter. This stream was afterward called, by the people of Heraclea, Soonautes (Lowvavrns), on account of their fleet having been saved near it from a storm. (Apollon. Rhod. 2, 746, et schol. ad loc.) Are the Acheron and the Oxinas the same river?

ACHILLAS, I. a bishop of Alexandrea from A.D. 311 to 321. His martyrdom is commemorated on the 7th of November.-II. An Alexandrean priest, banished with Arius, 319 A.D. He fled to Palestine. - III. (Vid. Supplement.)

ACHILLEA, an island near the mouth of the Borys thenes, or, more properly, the western part of the Dromus Achillis insulated by a small arm of the sea. (Vid. Dromus Achillis and Leuce.)

ACHILLEIS, a poem of Statius, turning on the story of Achilles. (Vid. Statius.)

ACHILLES, I. a son of the Earth (ynyévnç), unto whom Juno fled for refuge from the pursuits of Jupiter, and who persuaded her to return and marry that deity. Jupiter, grateful for this service, promised him that all who bore this name for the time to com should be illustrious personages. (Ptol. Hephast

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apud Photium, Biblioth., vol. i., p. 152, ed. Bekker.) | Phoenix as his first instructer (I. 9, 481, seqq.), while II. The preceptor of Chiron (Id.).-III. The invent- from another passage (Il. 11, 831) it would appear. or of the ostracism (Id.).-IV. A son of Jupiter and that the young chieftain merely learned from the cenLamia. His beauty was so perfect, that, in the judg-taur the principles of the healing art. Those, howment of Pan, he bore away the prize from every com- ever, who pay more regard in this case to the statepetitor. Venus was so offended at this decision, that ments of other writers, make Chiron to have had she inspired Pan with a fruitless passion for the nymph charge of Achilles first, and to have fed him on the Echo, and also wrought a hideous change in his own marrow of wild animals; according to Libanius, on person (Id.).-V. A son of Galatus, remarkable for that of lions, but according to the compiler of the his light coloured, or, rather, whitish hair (Id.).-VI. Etymol. Mag., on that of stags. (Compare Bayle, The son of Peleus, king of Phthiotis in Thessaly. Dict. Hist. 1, 53.) Chiron is said to have given him His mother's name appears to have been a matter of the name of Achilles ('Axizλevç), from the circumsome dispute among the ancient expounders of my-stance of his food being unlike that of the rest of men thology (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 1, 558), although the (a priv., and xiký, “fructus quibus vescuntur homimore numerous authorities are in favour of Thetis, nes"). Other etymologies are also given; but most one of the sea-deities. According to Lycophron (v. likely none are true. (Compare, on this part of our 178), Thetis became the mother of seven male chil- subject, the Etymol. Mag.-Ptol. Hephast. apud dren by Peleus, six of whom she threw into the fire, Photium, Biblioth., vol. i., p. 152, ed Bekker.-Heyne, because, as Tzetzes informs us in his scholia, they ad Il. 1, 1.-Wassenberg, ad schol. in I. 1, p. 130.) were not of the same nature with herself, and the Calchas having predicted, when Achilles had attained treatment she had received was unworthy of her rank the age of nine years, that Troy could not be taken as a goddess. The scholiast on Homer, however (Il. without him, Thetis, well aware that her son, if he 16, 37), states, that Thetis threw her children into the joined that expedition, was destined to perish, sent fire in order to ascertain whether they were mortal or him, disguised in female attire, to the court of Lycomnot, the goddess supposing that the fire would consume edes, king of the island of Scyros, for the purpose what was mortal in their natures, while she would of being concealed there. A difficulty, however, arises preserve what was immortal. The scholiast adds, in this part of the narrative, on account of the early that six of her children perished by this harsh experi- age of Achilles when he was sent to Scyros, which ment, and that she had, in like manner, thrown the can only be obviated by supposing, that he remained seventh, afterward named Achilles, into the flames, several years concealed in the island, and that the when Peleus, having beheld the deed, rescued his off- Trojan war occupied many years in preparation. (Comspring from this perilous situation. Tzetzes (ubi su-pare the remarks of Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c., p. 316, pra) assigns a different motive to Thetis in the case and Gruber, Wörterbuch der altclassischen Mythologie of Achilles. He makes her to have been desirous of und Religion, vol. i., p. 32.) At the court of Lycomconferring immortality upon him, and states that with edes, he received the name of Pyrrha (IIvppá, “ Ruthis view she anointed him (Expiev) with ambrosia fa"), from his golden locks, and became the father of during the day, and threw him into fire at evening. Neoptolemus by Deïdamia, one of the monarch's Peleus, having discovered the goddess in the act of daughters. (Apollod. 1. c.) In this state of concealconsigning his child to the flames, cried out with ment Achilles remained, until discovered by Ulysses, alarm, whereupon Thetis, abandoning the object she who came to the island in the disguise of a travelling had in view, left the court of Peleus and rejoined the merchant. The chieftain of Ithaca offered, it seems, nymphs of the ocean. Dictys Cretensis makes Peleus various articles of female attire for sale, and mingled to have rescued Achilles from the fire before any part with them some pieces of armour. On a sudden blast of his body had been injured but the heel. Tzetzes, being given with a trumpet, Achilles discovered himfollowing the authority of Apollodorus, gives his first self by seizing upon the arms. (Apollod. I. c.-Staname as Ligyron (Aɩyúpwv), but the account of Aga- tius, Achill. 2, 201.) The young warrior then joined mestor, cited by the same scholiast, is more in ac- the army against Troy. This account, however, of cordance with the current tradition mentioned above. the concealment of Achilles is contradicted by the exAgamestor says, that the first name given to Achilles press authority of Homer, who represents him as prowas Pyrisous (IIvpíσooç), i. e., “saved from the fire." ceeding directly to the Trojan war from the court of What has thus far been stated in relation to Achilles, his father. (I. 9, 439.) As regards the forces which with the single exception of the names of his parents, he brought with him, the poet makes them to have Peleus and Thetis, is directly at variance with the au- come from the Pelasgian Argos, from Alus, Alope, and thority of Homer, and must therefore be regarded as Trachis, and speaks of them as those who possessed a mere posthomeric fable. The poet makes Achilles Phthia and Hellas, and who were called Myrmidones, say, that Thetis had no other child but himself; and Hellenes, and Achæi. (Il. 2, 681, seqq.) Hence, though a daughter of Peleus, named Polydora, is men- according to Heyne, the sway of Achilles extended tioned in a part of the Iliad (16, 175), she must have from Trachis, at the foot of Mount Eta, as far as the been, according to the best commentators, only a half river Enipeus, where Pharsalus was situated, and sister of the hero. (Compare Heyne, ad loc.) Equally thence to the Peneus.-The Greeks, having made at variance with the account given by the bard, is the good their landing on the shores of Troas, proved so more popular fiction, that Thetis plunged her son into superior to the enemy as to compel them to seek shelthe waters of the Styx, and by that immersion render- ter within their walls. (Thucyd. 1, 11.) No sooner ed the whole of his body invulnerable, except the heel was this done than the Greeks were forced to turn by which she held him. On this subject Homer is al- their principal attention to the means of supporting together silent; and, indeed, such a protection from their numerous forces. A part of the army was theredanger would have derogated too much from the char- fore sent to cultivate the rich vales of the Thracian acter of his favourite hero. There are several passa- Chersonese, then abandoned by their inhabitants on ges in the Iliad which plainly show, that the poet does account of the incursions of the barbarians from the not ascribe to Achilles the possession of any peculiar interior. (Thucyd. ubi supra.) But the Grecian arphysical defence against the chances of battle. (Com-my, being weakened by this separation of its force, pare Il. 20, 262: id. 288: and especially, 21, 166, where Achilles is actually wounded by Asteropæus.) The care of his education was intrusted, according to the common authorities, to the centaur Chiron, and to Phoenix, son of Amyntor. Homer, however, mentions

could no longer deter the Trojans from again taking the field, nor prevent succours and supplies from being sent into the city. Thus the siege was protracted to the length of ten years. During a great part of this time, Achilles was employed in lessening the resources

of Priam by the reduction of the tributary cities of Asia Minor. With a fleet of eieven vessels he ravaged the coasts of Mysia, made frequent disembarcations of his forces, and succeeded eventually in destroying eleven cities, among which, according to Strabo (584), were Hypoplacian Thebe, Lyrnessus, and Pedasus, and in laying waste the island of Lesbos. (Compare Homer, Il. 9, 328.) Among the spoils of Lyrnessus, Achilles obtained the beautiful Briscis, while, at the taking of Thebe, Chryseis the daughter of Chryses, a priest of Apollo at Chrysa, became the prize of Agamemnon. A pestilence shortly after appeared in the Grecian camp, and Calchas, encouraged by the proffered protection of Achilles, ventured to attribute it to Agamemnon's detention of the daughter of Chryses, whom her father had endeavoured to ransom, but in vain. The monarch, although deeply of fended, was compelled at last to surrender his captive, but, as an act of retaliation, and to testify his resentment, he deprived Achilles of Briseis. Hence arose "the anger of the son of Peleus," on which is based the action of the Iliad. Achilles on his part withdrew his forces from the contest, and neither prayers, nor entreaties, nor direct offers of reconciliation, couched in the most tempting and flattering terms (Il. 9, 119, seqq.), could induce him to return to the field. Among other things the monarch promised him, if he would forget the injurious treatment which he had received, the hand of one of his daughters, and the sovereignty of seven cities of the Peloponnesus. (Il. 9, 142 and 149.) The death of his friend Patroclus, however, by the hand of Hector (I. 16, 821, seqq.), roused him at length to action and revenge, and a reconciliation having thereupon taken place between the two Grecian leaders, Briseis was restored. (Il. 19, 78, seqq.—Id. 246, seqq.) As the arms of Achilles, having been worn by Patroclus, had become the prize of Hector, Vulcan, at the request of Thetis, fabricated a suit of impenetrable armour for her son. (Il. 18, 468, seqq.) Arrayed in this, Achilles took the field, and after a great slaughter of the Trojans, and a contest with the god of the Scamander, by whose waters he was nearly overwhelmed, met Hector, chased him thrice around the walls of Troy, and finally slew him by the aid of Minerva. (Il. 22, 136, seqq.) According to Homer (Il. 24, 14, seqq.), Achilles dragged the corpse of Hector, at his chariot-wheels, thrice round the tomb of Patroclus, and from the language of the poet, he would appear to have done this for several days in succession. Virgil, however, makes Achilles to have dragged the body of Hector thrice round the walls of Troy. In this it is probable that the Roman poet followed one of the Cyclic, or else Tragic, writers. (Heyne, Excurs. 18, ad En. 1.) The corpse of the Trojan hero was at last yielded up to the tears and supplications of Priam, who had come for that purpose to the tent of Achilles, and a truce was granted the Trojans for the performance of the funeral obsequies. (Il. 24, 599-Id. 669.) Achilles did not long survive his illustrious opponent. Some accounts make him to have died the day after Hector was slain. The common authorities, however, interpose the combats with Penthesilea and Memnon previous to his death. (Compure Heyne, Excurs. 19, ad En. 1.-Quint. Smyrn. 1, 21, seqq.) According to the more received account, as it is given by the scholiast on Lycophron (v. 269), and also by Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius, Achilles, having become enamoured of Poly xena, the daughter of Priam, signified to the monarch that he would become his ally on condition of receiving her hand in marriage. Priam consented, and the parties having come for that purpose to the temple of the Thymbræan Apollo, Achilles was treacherously slain by Paris, who had concealed himself there, being wounded by him with an arrow in the heel. Another tradition, related by Arctinus, makes him to have been

slain (in accordance with Hector's prophecy, Il. 21, 452), in the Scaan gate, while rushing into the city. Hyginus states that Achilles went round the walls of Troy, boasting of his exploit in having slain Hector, until Apollo, in anger, assumed the form of Paris, and slew him with an arrow (Hygin. fab. 107), but, with surprising inconsistency, he mentions in another place (fab. 110), that he was slain by Deiphobus and Ålexander or Paris. The scholiast on Lycophron, cited above, says that the Trojans would not give up the corpse of Achilles until the Greeks had restored the various presents with which Priam had redeemed the dead body of Hector. The ashes of the hero were mingled in a golden urn with those of Patroclus, and the promontory of Sigæum is said to mark the place where both repose. A tomb was here erected to his memory, and near it Thetis caused funeral games to be celebrated in honour of her son, which were afterward annually observed by a decree of the oracle of Dodona (vid. Sigrum). It is said, that, after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who was accordingly sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus, or Pyrrhus. (Eurip. Hec. 35, seqq.-Senec. Troad. 191.-Orid, Met. 13, 441, seqq.-Q. Calah. 14.) Another account makes the Trojan princess to have killed herself through grief at his loss. (Tzetzes, ad Lycophr. 323.-Philostratus, Heroica., p. 714, ed. Morellus.) The Thessalians, in accordance with the oracle just mentioned, erected a temple to his memory at Sigæum, and rendered him divine honours. Every year they brought thither two bulls, one white and the other black, crowned with garlands, and along with them some of the water of the Sperchius. (Gruber. Wörterbuch der altclassischen Mythologie, vol. i., p. 48.) Another and still stranger tradition informs us, that Achilles survived the fall of Troy and married Helen; but others maintain that this union took place after his death, in the island of Leuce, where many of the ancient heroes lived in a separate elysium (rid. Leuce). When Achilles was young, his mother asked him whether he preferred a long life spent in obscurity, or a brief existence of military glory. He decided in favour of the latter. (Compare Il. 9, 410, seqq.) Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander, in the course of his march into the East, offered sacrifices on the tomb of Achilles, and expressed his admiration as well of the hero, as of the hard whom he had found to immortalize his name. (Plutarch, Vit. Alexand. 15.) —VII. Tatius, a native of Alexandrea, commonly assigned to the second or third century of the Christian era. The best critics, however, such as Huet, Chardon la Rochette, Coray, and Jacobs, make him to have flourished after the time of Heliodorus, since they have discovered in him what they consider manifest imitations of the latter writer. Nay, if it be true that Musæus, whom he has also imitated, composed his poem of Hero and Leander before 430 or 450 of our era, we must then place Achilles Tatius even as low as the middle of the 5th century. (Schoell, Hist. Litt. Gr. 6, 231.) According to Suidas, he became, towards the end of his life, a Christian and bishop. But as the lexicographer makes no mention of his episcopal see, and as Photius, who speaks in three different places of him, is silent on this head, it may be permitted us to doubt the accuracy of Suidas's statement. (Photii Bibliothec., vol. i., p. 33, ed. Bekker.—Id. ibid., p. 50.— Id. ibid., p. 66.) Equally unworthy of reliance would appear to be another remark of the same lexicographer, that Achilles Tatius wrote a treatise on the sphere. If this were correct, we ought to put him one or two centuries earlier, inasmuch as Firmicus, a Latin writer of the middle of the fourth century, cites the "Sphere of Achilles." (Astron. 4, 10.) Suidas, however, who is not accustomed to discriminate very nicely be tween persons bearing the same name, here confounds

ACHILLEUM, a town on the Cimmerian Bosporus, where anciently was a temple of Achilles. It lay near the modern Buschuk. (Mannert, 4, 326.)

ACHILLĒUS, I. a relation of Zenobia, invested with the purple by the people of Palmyra, when they revolted from Aurelian. (Vopisc.) Zosimus calls him Antiochus (1, 60).-II. A Roman commander, in the reign of Dioclesian, who assumed the purple in Egypt. The emperor marched against him, shut him up in Alexandrea, and took the place after a siege of eight months. Achilleus was put to death, having been exposed to lions, and Alexandrea was given up to pillage. (Oros. 7, 25.—Aurel. Vict. de Cas. c. 39.)`

ACHIVI, properly speaking, the name of the Achæan race ('Axatoi) Latinized. Its derivation through the Eolic dialect is marked by the digammated sound of the letter v ('AxaiFoi). This appellation was generally applied by the Roman poets, especially Virgil, as a name for the whole Greek nation, in imitation of the Homeric usage. In legal strictness it should have been confined by the Romans to the inhabitants of the province of Achaia.

ACHLYS. Vid. Supplement.
ACHMET. Vid. Supplement.

ACHOLIUS. Vid. Supplement.

ACICHORIUS, a general with Brennus in the expedition which the Gauls undertook against Pæonia. (Paus 10, 19.) He was chosen by Brennus as his lieutenant, or, rather, as a kind of colleague, which office the name itself, in the original language of the Gauls, is said to designate. Thus the true Gallic appellation was Kikhouïaour, or Akikhouïaour, which the Greeks softened into Kixwptor (Diod. Sic. frag. lib. 22-vol. ix., p. 301, ed. Bip.) and 'Akixóptoç (Paus. 10, 19), and which they mistook for a proper name. (Compare Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, vol. i., p. 145, and Owen's Welsh Dictionary, s. v. Cyciïawr.) Diodorus Siculus (l. c.) makes Cichorius to have succeed

him with the author of the "Introduction to the Pha- | nomena of Aratus” (vid. No. VIII.). Achilles Tatius is the author of a romance, entitled, Tà Karà Aevκίππην καὶ Κλιτοφῶντα, "The loves of Leucippe and Clitophon," as it is commonly translated. Some critics, such as Huet and Saumaise, have preferred it to the work of Heliodorus; but Villoison, Coray, Wyttenbach, Passow, Villemain, and Schoell, restore the pre-eminence to the latter. (Schoell, Hist. Litt. Gr., vol. vi., p. 233.-Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9, p. 131.) "The book," says Villemain, "is written under an influence altogether pagan, and in constant allusion to the voluptuous fables of mythology." The remark is perfectly correct. Pictures of the utmost licentiousness, and traces of everything that is infamous in ancient manners, are seen throughout. Unchaste in imagination, and coarse in sentiment, the author has made his hero despise at once the laws of morality and those of love. Clitophon is a human body, uninformed by a human soul, but delivered up to all the instincts of nature and the senses. He neither commands respect by his courage nor affection by his constancy. Struggling, however, in the writer's mind, some finer ideas may be seen wandering through the gloom, and some pure and lofty aspirations contrasting strangely with the chaos of animal instincts and desires. His Leucippe glides like a spirit among actors of mere flesh and blood. Patient, high-minded, resigned, and firm, she endures adversity with grace; preserving, throughout the helplessness and temptations of captivity, irreproachable purity, and constancy unchangeable. The critics, while visiting with proper severity the sins both of the author and the man, do not refuse to render full justice to the merits of the work. It possesses interest, variety, probability, and simplicity. "The Romance of Achilles Tatius," says Viliemain, "purified as it should be, will appear one of the most agreeable in the collection of the Greek Romances. The adventures it relates present a preg-ed Brennus. nant variety; the succession of incidents is rapid; its ACIDALIA, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of wonders are natural; and its style, although some- the same name at Orchomenus, in Baotia, sacred to what affected, is not wanting in spirit and effect." her. The Graces bathed in this fountain. Photius also, as rigorous in morals as a bishop should ACIDĪNUS. Vid. Supplement. be, praises warmly the elegance of the style, observing that the author's periods are precise, clear, and euphonous. (Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9, p. 131.) Saumaise was of opinion, that Achilles Tatius had given to the world two several editions of his romance, and that some of the manuscripts which remain belong to the first publication of the work, while others supply us with the production in its revised state. Jacobs, however, in the prolegomena to his edition, has shown that the variations in the manuscripts, which gave rise to this opinion, are to be ascribed solely to the negligence of copyists, as they occur only in those words which have some resemblance to others, and in which it was easy to err. Few works, moreover, were as often copied as this of Achilles Tatius. The best "dition is that of Jacobs, 2 vols. 8vo, Lips., 1821, in which may be seen a very just, though unfavourable, critique on the editions of Saumaise and Boden, the former of which appeared in 1640, 12mo, Lugd. Bat., and the latter in 1776, 8vo, Lips. A French version of the work is given in the "Collection des Romans Grecs, traduits en Français; avec des notes, par MM. Courier, Larcher, et autres Hellénistes," 14 vols. 16mo, Paris, 1822-1828.-VIII. Tatius, an astronomical writer, supposed to have lived in the first half of the fourth century, since he is quoted by Firmicus {Astron. 4, 10), who wrote about the middle of the same century. Suidas confounds him with the individual mentioned in No. VII. We possess, under the title of Eloaywyn eis tù 'Apútov Þaivóμɛva, “Introduction to the Phænomena of Aratus," a fragment of his work on the sphere. This fragment is given in the Uranologia of Petavius (Petau), Paris, 1630, fol.

ACILIA, I. gens, a plebeian family of Rome, of whom many medals are extant. (Rasche, Lex. Rei Num., vol. i., col. 47.) The name of this old and distinguished line occurs five times in the consular fasti, during the time of the republic, and twelve times in those of the empire, down to the reign of Constantine. (Sigon. Fast. Cons.) The two most celebrated branches of the house were those of Acilius Glabrio and Acilius Balbus.-II. Lex, a law introduced by Acilius the tribune, A.U.C. 556, for the planting of five colonies along the coast of Italy, two at the mouths of the Vulturnus and Liternus, one at Puteoli, one at Salernum, and one at Buxentum. (Liv. 32, 29.)—III. Calpur nia Lex (introduced A.U.C. 686), excluded from the senate, and from all public employments, those who had been guilty of bribery at elections. Cicero calls it merely Calpurnia Lex, but others Acilia Calpurnia Lex. (Ernesti, Ind. Leg.)—IV. Lex, a law introduced A.U.C. 683, by the consul Manius Acilius Giabrio, relative to actions de pecuniis repetundis. It determined the forms of proceeding, and the penalties to be inflicted. (Compare Ernesti, Ind. Leg.)

ACILIUS, I. a Roman, who wrote a work in Greek on the history of his country, and commentaries on the twelve tables. He lived B.C. 210, and was a contemporary of Cato's. His history was translated into Latin by an individual named Claudius, and was entitled, in this latter language, Annales Acilienses. (Voss. Hist. Gr. 1, 10.)-II. Quintus, appointed a commissioner, about 200 B.C., for distributing among the new colonists the conquered lands along the Po.-III. A tribune, author of the law respecting the maritime colonies. (Vid. Acilia II.)-IV. Glabrio M., a consul

with P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, A.U.C. 561, and the conqueror of Antiochus at Thermopyla. (Liv. 35, 24.-Id. 36, 19.)—V. Glabrio M., son of the preceding, a decemvir. He built a temple to Piety, in fulfilment of a vow which his father had made when fighting against Antiochus. He erected also a gilded statue (statuam auratam) to his father, the first of the kind ever seen at Rome. (Val. Max. 2, 5.-Liv. 40, 34. Compare Hase, ad loc.)-VI. A consul, A.U.C. 684, appointed to succeed Lucullus in the management of the Mithradatic war. (Cic. in Verr. 7, 61.)-VII. Aviola Manius, a lieutenant under Tiberius in Gaul, A.D. 19, and afterward consul. He was roused from a trance by the flames of the funeral pile, on which he had been laid as a corpse, but could not be rescued. (Plin. 7, 53.-Val. Max. 1, 8.)-VIII. Son of the preceding, consul under Claudius, A.D. 54.-IX. A consul with M. Ulpian Trajanus, the subsequent emperor. He was induced to engage with wild beasts in the arena, and, proving successful, was put to death by Domitian, who was jealous of his strength.

ACIRIS, now the Agri, a river of Lucania, rising near Abællinum Marsicum, and falling into the Sinus Tarentinus. Near its mouth stood Heraclea.

ACINDYNUS. Vid. Supplement.

pais. It was founded either by Athamas, or by Acræ pheus, a son of Apollo. Pausanias calls the place Acræphnium (9, 23-Compare Steph. Byz. s. v.). ACRAGALLIDE. vid. Crauallidæ.

ACRAGAS, I. the Greek name of Agrigentum.-II. A river in Sicily, on which Agrigentum was situate. It gave its Greek name to the city. The modern name is San Blasio. (Mannert, 9, 2, 354.)—III. An engraver on silver, whose country and age are both uncertain. He is noticed by Pliny (33, 12, 55), who speaks of cups of his workmanship, adorned with sculptured work, preserved in the temple of Bacchus at Rhodes. His hunting pieces on cups were very famous. (Sillig, Dict. Art. s. v.)

ACRATUS, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples of the gods, which commission he executed readily, being, according to Tacitus (Ann. 15, 45), “cuicumque flagitio promptus." Secundus Carinas was joined with him on this occasion, whom Lipsius (ad Tac. l. c.) suspects to be the same with the Carinas sent into exile (Dio Cassius, 59, 20) by the Emperor Caligula, for declaiming against tyrants. Compare Juvenal, 7, 204.

ACRIDOPHAGI, an Æthiopian nation, who fed upon locusts. Diodorus Siculus (3, 28) says, that they Acis, a Sicilian shepherd, son of Faunus and the never lived beyond their 40th year, and that they then aymph Simæthis. He gained the affections of Gala- perished miserably, being attacked by swarms of winged æa, but his rival Polyphemus, through jealousy, crush-lice (TEрwToì quɛīpɛç), which issued forth from their ed him to death with a fragment of rock, which he skin. The account given of their diet is much more hurled upon him. Acis was changed into a stream, probable. The locust is said to be a very common and which retained his name. According to Servius (ad palatable food in many parts of the East, after having Virg. Eclog. 9, 39) it was also called Acilius. Cluve-been dried in the sun. This is thought by some to have rius places it about two miles distant from the modern Castello di Acct. Fazellus, however, without much reason, assigns the name of Acis to the Fiume Freddo, near Taormina. Sir Richard Hoare describes the Acis of Cluverius as a limpid though small stream. The story of Acis is given by Ovid (Met. 13, 750, seq.), ACOLTES. Vid. Supplement. ACOMINATUS. Vid. Nicetas.

ACONTIUS, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to sacrifice to Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin, and, being unable to obtain her, by reason of his poverty, had recourse to a stratagem. A sacred law obliged every one to fulfil whatever promise they had made in the temple of the goddess; and Acontius having procured an apple or quince, wrote on it the following words: "I swear by Diana I will wed Acontius." This he threw before her. The nurse took it up, and handed it to Cydippe, who read aloud the inscription, and then threw the apple away. After some time, when Cydippe's father was about to give her in marriage to another, she was taken ill just before the nuptial ceremony. Acontius thereupon has tened to Athens, and, the Delphic oracle having declared that the illness of Cydippe was the punishment of her perjury, the parties were united.

ACORIS. Vid. Supplement.

ACRA, I. a village on the Cimmerian Bosporus. (Strab., p. 494.)--II. A promontory and town of Scythia Minor, now Ekerne or Cavarna.

ACHRADINA, one of the five divisions of Syracuse, and deriving its name from the wild pear trees with which it once abounded (axpás, a wild pear-tree). It is sometimes called the citadel of Syracuse, but incorrectly, although a strongly fortified quarter. It was very thickly inhabited, and contained many fine buildings, yielding only to Ortygia. (Laporte Du Theil, ad Strab., vol 2, p 358, not. 3, French transl.) As regards the situation of Achradina, and its aspect in more modern times, compare Swinburn, Travels in the Two Sicilies, 3, 382 (French transl.), and Göller, de Situ et Origine Syracusarum, p. 49, seqq.

ACREA. Vid. Supplement.

ACRÆPHNIA, a city of Boeotia, situate on Mount Ptous, towards the northeast extremity of the Lake Co

constituted the food of the Israelites on the occasion mentioned in Exodus (16, 14). Wesseling (ad Diod. Sic. 3, 28) is of this opinion. But the salvim of Moses evidently mean quails, as the received version has rendered the word.

ACRION, a Locrian, was a Pythagorean philosopher: he is mentioned by Valerius Maximus (8, 7) under the name of Arion, which is a false reading instead of Acrion. (Cic. Fin. 5, 9.)

ACRISIONEIS, a patronymic appellation given to Danaë, as daughter of Acrisius. (Virg. Æn. 7, 410, and Servius, ad loc.)

ACRISIONIADES, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius. (Ovid, Met. 5, v. 70.)

ACRISIUS, son of Abas, king of Argos, by Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He was born at the same birth as Prœtus, with whom it is said that he quarrelled even in his mother's womb. After many dissensions, Protus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danaë by Eurydice, daughter of Lacedæmon; and an oracle having declared that he should lose his life by the hand of his grandson, he endeavoured to frustrate the prediction by the imprisonment of his daughter, in order to prevent her becoming a mother (vid. Danaë). His efforts failed of success, and he was eventually killed by Perseus, son of Danaë and Jupiter. Acrisius, it seems, had been attracted to Larissa by the reports which had reached him of the prowess of Perseus. At Larissa, Perseus, wishing to show his skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. (Hygin. fab. 63.-Ovid, Met. 4, fab. 16.-Horat. 3, od. 16.-Apollod. 2, 2, &c.—Paus. 2, 16, &c. — Vid. Danaë, Perseus, Polydectes.)

ACRITAS, a promontory of Messenia, in the Peloponnesus. (Plin. 4, 5.—Mela, 2, 3.) Now Cape Gallo

ACROATHOS, or ACROTHOUм. The name Acroathos properly denotes the promontory of the peninsula of Athos, now Cape Monte Santo. It is the lower one of the two, the upper one being called Nymphæum (Promontorium). By Acrothoum (or Acrothoi) is meant a town on the peninsula of Athos, situate some distance up the mountain, and of which Mela observes

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