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town. Ajax and Ulysses contend for his arms, and the defeat of Ajax causes his suicide. (Schol. Pind., 1sthm., 3, 58.) Arctinus farther related the story of the wooden horse, the careless security of the Trojans, and the destruction of Laocoon, which induced Æneas to fly for safety to Ida, before the impending destruction of the city. In this he is quite different from Virgil, who, in other respects, has in the second book of the Eneid chiefly followed Arctinus. The sack of Troy by the Greeks returning from Tenedos, and issuing from the Trojan horse, was described so far as to display in a conspicuous manner the arrogance and mercilessness of the Greeks, and to occasion the resolution of Minerva, already known from the Odyssey, to punish them in various ways on their return home. This last part, when divided from the preceding, was called the Destruction of Troy (Iiov Tepois); the former, comprising the events up to the death of Achilles, was termed the Ethiopis of Arctinus. (Procl., Chrestom.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 169.Hist. Lit. Gr., p. 65, in Libr. Us. Knowl.)

ARCTOPHYLAX, a constellation near the Great Bear, called also Boötes. The term is derived from uрктог, "a bear," and púλağ, “a keeper or guard," for the position of the constellation on the celestial sphere is such, that it appears to watch over the Greater and Smaller Bear. Hence Ovid calls it Custos Ursa" (Trist., 1, 10, 15), and Vitruvius simply "Custos" (9, 4.-Compare Ideler, Untersuch., &c., der Sternnamen, p. 47.-Cic., de Nat. D., 2, 42).

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chytas. So high was his character for moral and political wisdom, and so deservedly did he enjoy the unlimited confidence of his fellow-citizens, that, contrary to the usual custom, he was appointed seven different times to the responsible office of general, and never experienced either check or defeat. (Diog. Laert., 8, 79-Menage, ad loc.-Ælian makes it six times. Var. Hist., 7, 14.) Archytas was eminently distinguished for his self-command and purity of conduct; and as uniting with a rare knowledge of mankind such a childlike feeling of universal love, and such simpleness of manners, that he lived with the inmates of his house a real father of a family. Amid all his public avocations, however, he still found leisure to devote to the most important discoveries in science, and to the composition of many works of a very diversified character. His discoveries were exclusively in the mathematical and kindred sciences. He was occupied not merely with theoretical, but also practical inechanics; and his inventions in this department of study imply a considerable advance in their cultivation. He also published a musical system, which was referred to by all succeeding theoretical students of the art. (Ptolem., Harm., 1, 13.-Boeth., de Mus.) He wrote, moreover, a treatise on agriculture. (Varro, de R. R., 1, 1.—Colum., 1, 1.) Of his philosophical doctrines many accounts have come down to us; but wherever our information on this head is derived exclusively from writers of later date, we cannot be too much on our guard, lest we should adopt anything which rests merely on supposititious writing, since nearly all ARCTOS, two celestial constellations near the north the fragments attributed to him are spurious. These pole, commonly called Ursa Major and Minor, supfragments have been preserved by Stobæus and others, posed to be Arcas and his mother, who were made and edited from him by Gale, in his Opuscula Mytholo- constellations. Ovid calls them Fera conjointly: gica (Cantabr., 1671, 12mo), among the IIvdayopɛiwv "magna minorque Fera" (Trist., 4, 3, 1). Originalanоoлаoμúria. They are given, however, more fully ly, the Greater Bear alone had the name of Arctos, and and correctly by Orellius, in his Opuscula Græcorum, Homer appears merely to have been acquainted with &c., vol. 2, p. 234, seqq.—Aristotle, who was an in- this constellation, not with that of the Smaller Bear. dustrious collector from the Pythagoreans, is said to (Il., 18, 487.-Od., 5, 275.) The discoverer of the have borrowed from Archytas the general arrangements latter constellation is said to have been Thales, who which are usually called his "Ten Categories."-The lived at least two centuries after Homer. (Schol. ad sum of the moral doctrines of Archytas is, that virtue I., 1. C.- -Achill. Tat., Isag. in Arat., Phan., c. 1.is to be pursued for its own sake in every condition of Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 2) The truth is, however, life; that all excess is inconsistent with virtue; that that Thales merely brought the knowledge of the the mind is more injured by prosperity; and that there Smaller Bear from the East into Greece, for the Phois no pestilence so destructive to human happiness as nicians were acquainted with it at a much earlier pepleasure. It is probable that Aristotle was indebted riod, and hence the name Poivíkn, Phoenice, that was to Archytas for many of his moral ideas; particularly sometimes given to it. (Eratosth., Cat., c. 2.-Schol. for the notion which runs through his ethical pieces, ad German., p. 89.) Another natne for the Greater that virtue consists in avoiding extremes. Archytas Bear was "Auaga, or "the Wain," an appellation perished by shipwreck, and his death is made a sub-known already to Homer (I., . c.). Subsequently, ject of poetical description by Horace, who celebrates him as a geometer, mathematician, and astronomer. (Od., 1, 28-Ritter, History of the Pythag. Philos., p. 67.-Id., Hist. Anc. Phil., vol. 1, p. 350, seq.)

ARCITENENS, an epithet applied to Apollo, as bear ing a bow (arcus and tenco). The analogous Greek expression is rožcoópos. (Virg., Æn., 3, 75, &c.)

ARCTINUS, a cyclic bard, born at Miletus. He was confessedly a very ancient poet, nay, he is even termed a disciple of Homer. The chronological accounts place him immediately after the commencement of the Olympiad. Arctinus composed a poem consisting of 9100 verses. (Heeren, Bibliothek der Alten Lit., &c., pt. 4, p. 61.) It opened with the arrival of the Amazons at Troy, which event followed immediately after the death of Hector. The action of the epic of Arctinus was connected with the following principal events. Achilles kills Penthesilea, and then, in a fit of anger, puts to death Thersites, who had ridiculed him for his love of her. Upon this, Memnon, the son of Aurora, appears with his Ethiopians, and is slain by the son of Thetis, after he himself has killed in battle Antilochus, the Patroclus of Arctinus. Achilles himself falls by the hand of Paris, while pursuing the Trojans into the

a distinction was made between the Greater and Smaller Wain, as between the Greater and Smaller Bears. Hence we have, in Latin, the plural form Plaustra applied to both constellations of the Wain. (German., v. 25.-Avien, v. 103.) The more common Latin expression, however, is Septem Triones, “the seven ploughing oxen," originally applied to the Greater Bear, but afterward to both. Hence the Latin Septemtrio, as indicating the north. (Varro, L. L., 6, 4.— Aul. Gell, 2, 21.-Virg., Æn., 1, 748.) Two other names are also found among the ancients for the Bear, namely, 'Ehikŋ (Helice), and Kvróσovpa (Cynosura). The first of these is derived from 25, "curled," and has reference to the curved or s-like position of the stars composing the Greater Bear, if we regard what is commonly called the Square or Quadrangle, merely as a semicircle opening towards the north. (Buttmann, as cited by Ideler, Untersuch. über die Beobacht. der Alt., p. 376.) The term Kuvócoupa, on the other hand, which signifies the "Dog's tail," was applied by the ancients to the constellation of the Smaller Bear, because this animal is represented on the celestial planisphere with its tail bent upward like that of a dog, or, as the scholiast on Homer remarks (Il., 18, 487), διὰ τὸ ὡς κυνὸς ἔχειν ἀνακεκλασμένην οὐράν. Αt

display the same zeal and constancy in the service of the republic. In the second Punic war, and at a time when the victories of Hannibal had exhausted the resources of the state, they refused to furnish any farther supplies of men and provisions. Their city was therefore included in the vote of censure which the Roman senate afterward passed on several refractory colonies. (Liv., 27, 9.) Another curious circumstance in the history of Ardea is recorded by Varro (R. R., 2, 2), who states, that the era in which barbers were first

a later period, however, the etymology of the two terms was forgotten or neglected, and Helice and Cynosura appear in fable as two nymphs, the nurses of Jove. Arat., Phan., 30, seqq.—Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 2.) The name Cynosura is sometimes improperly applied by the moderns to the Pole-star. (Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 8.)-The ancient name of the Greater Bear in the north is Karlsvagn, the "Carle's," or "Old Man's Wain." The Carle, Magnusen says, is Odin or Thor. Hence our "Charles's Wain." The Icelanders call the Bears "Stori (great) Vagn," and "Litli Vagn." (Edda Sa-introduced into Italy from Sicily was noted in the armundar, 3, 304.)

chives of this city. This epoch Varro makes to coincide with 454 A.U.C. Strabo (22) informs us, that the country about Ardea was marshy, and the climate consequently very unfavourable; which is confirmed by Seneca (Epist. 105) and Martial (Ep., 4, 60). Some warm springs, strongly impregnated with sulphur,

still exist under the name of la Solforata, near the Terre di S. Lorenzo, in the direction of Antium. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 21, seqq.)

ARCTURUS, a star near the tail of the Great Bear, the rising and setting of which was generally supposed to portend tempestuous weather. It belongs to the constellation Bootes or Arctophylax and forms its brightest star. Originally, according to Erotianus (Expos. voc. Hippocr.), the term Arcturus was synony-noticed by Vitruvius (8, 3) in the vicinity of Ardea, mous with Arctophylax, being derived from apkrog, a bear, and ovpos, a watch or guard. Whether Hesiod, who twice makes mention of Arcturus (Op. et D., 566. -Ibid., 610), means the star or the constellation, is not very clear. Even some later writers, such as Martianus Capella, and the scholiast to Germanicus, employ the term as indicating the constellation itself. The common derivation of the name, from upктоs, and oùpá, a tail, as referring to the situation of the star near the tail of the bear, is condemned by Buttmann. (Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 47, seqq.) Arcturus, observes Dr. Halley, in the time of Columella and Pliny rose with the sun at Athens, when the sun was in 12 of Virgo; but at Rome three days sooner, the sun being in 9 of Virgo, the autumnal equinox then falling on the 24th or 25th of September.

ARDALUS, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented the pipe. He erected a temple also at Trazene, in honour of the Muses, who were hence called, from him, Ardalides, or Ardaliotides. (Pausan., 2, 31.-Steph. Byz., s. v.)

ARDEA, the capital of the Rutuli, a very ancient city of Italy, founded, as tradition reported, by Danaë, the mother of Perseus. (Virg., En., 7, 408.) Hence the boast of Turnus, that he could number Inachus and Acrisius among his ancestors. Pliny (3, 5) and Mela (2, 4) have improperly reckoned Ardea among the maritime cities of Latium; but Strabo (232) and Ptolemy (66) have placed it more correctly at some distance from the coast. The ruins which yet bear the name of Ardea are situated on a hill about three miles from the sea. Though the early accounts of this ancient city are lost in obscurity, we are led to infer that it must have attained to a considerable degree of power and prosperity at a remote period, if it be true, as Livy (21, 7) asserts, that a body of Ardeata formed part of the Zacynthian colony, which settled Saguntum in Spain. The first mention which occurs of this city in the history of Rome, is in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. We are told that it was during the siege of Ardea, which the king was carrying on, that the memorable circumstance occurred which led to his expulsion from the throne, and the consequent change of government at Rome. (Liv., 1, 57.-Dion. Hal, 4, 64.) The Ardeata had the honour of affording an asylum to Camillus in his exile, and, under the conduct of that great man, were enabled to render a signal service to the Romans in their utmost distress (if indeed we are to give credit to Livy's account of these transactions); first by defeating a large body of Gauls who had advanced towards their city in quest of booty (Liv., 5, 45), and afterward by contributing greatly to the decisive victory which freed Rome from her most dangerous enemies. (Liv., 5, 49). In all probability, however, this story is merely to be regarded as one of the embellishments of the false legends of the Furian family. (Compare Arnold's History of Rome, vol. 1, p. 393, seqq.) The Ardeatæ, however, did not always

ARDERICCA, I. a small town of Assyria, north of Babylon, on the Euphrates. Herodotus informs us (1, 185) that Nitocris, queen of Babylon, in order to render her territories more secure against the Medes, altered the course of the Euphrates, and made it so very winding, that it came, in its course, three times to Ardericca. (Compare Larcher, ad loc., where a diagram is given, explanatory of the course of the stream.) Heeren thinks that this laborious undertaking had also another object in view, to facilitate, namely, the navigation of the vessels in their descent from the higher countries. He considers it probable that this was effected by a series of sluices and floodgates, and that the numerous windings of the canal made it a three days' voyage to pass the village of Ardericca, the canal being cut in a zigzag manner, to diminish the fall occasioned by the steepness of the land. The name Ardericca has led to the conjecture, that it is the present Akkercuf, above Bagdad. Akkercuf, however, lies on the Tigris, not the Euphrates. (Heeren, Ideen., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 138, seqq.-Porter's Travels, vol. 2, p. 277.)-II. A village in Cissia, about two hundred and ten stadia to the northeast of Susa. (Herodotus, 6, 119.-Compare Larcher and. Bähr, ad loc.) It was here that the Eretrian captives were settled. (Vid. Eretria.)

ARDISCUS, a river of Thrace, falling into the Hebrus at Adrianopolis. Now the Arda.

ARDUENNA, now Ardennes, a forest of Gaul, the longest in that country, reaching, according to Cæsar, from the Rhenus and the territories of the Treveri to those of the Nervii, upward of fifty miles in length. Others make the extent much larger. If it covered the whole of the intervening space between the countries of the Treveri and Nervii, it would greatly exceed fifty miles. The original Gallic name would seem to have been Ar-Denn, i. e., “the profound," or "deep" (forest). Ar is the article, Den in the Kimric, Don in the Bas-Breton, and Domhainn in Gaelic, denote respectively "profound," "thick," &c. (Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, vol. 2, p. 41, in notis) The ground is now in many places cleared, and cities built upon it. It is divided into four districts. Its chief town is Mezieres. (Tacit., Ann., 8, 42.—Cæs., Bell. Gall., 6, 29.)

ARDYS, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, who reigned forty-nine years, took Priene, and made war against Miletus. (Herodot., 1, 16.—Compare Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol 2, p. 296.)

ARELATUM ('Apeλūтov, Ptol.: 'Apeλúraι, Strabo : Arelate, among the Latin writers; and sometimes Arelas by the poets), a town of the Salyes on the east side of the Rhodanus, at the place where divides into three branches, not far from its mouth. Strabo speaks of it as a commercial emporium, and, according to

Pomponius Mela, it was one of the richest cities in Gallia Narbonensis. It was also called Sextanorum Colonia, from having been colonized by the soldiers of the sixth legion, conducted thither by the father of Tiberius. It is now Arles. During the later periods of the Roman empire, Arelate was the residence of some of the emperors; and at a subsequent date, on account of the frequent inroads of the barbarians, the prætorian headquarters were transferred from Treveri (Treves) to this place. (Cas., Bell. Civ., 1, 36.Mela, 2, 5.-Suet., Vit. Tib., 4.)

AREMORICA, or ARMORICA, a Celtic term, applied in strictness to all parts of Gaul which lay along the ocean. As the Romans, however, before Caesar's time, knew no other part of the coast except that between the Pyrenees and the mouth of the Garumna, the name with them became restricted to this portion of the country. (Mannert, Georgr., vol. 2, p. 112.) The appellation is derived from the Gælic ar, upon," and moir, sea." (Compare Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, vol. 1, Introd., p. xxxix., in notis.)

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ARENACUM, a fortified place on the Rhine, in the territories of the Batavi, not far from where the river separates to form the Vahalis. It is now, according to D'Anville, Aert or Aerth, but Mannert is in favour of Arnheim. (Tacit., Hist., 5, 20.-Compare Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 242.)

blameless in their lives, and it was even required that their whole demeanour should be grave and serious beyond what was expected from other men. The dignity of a judge of the Areopagus was always for life, unless he was expelled for immoral or improper conduct. The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management of the public treasury; they had also the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries. Hence St. Paul was arraigned before this tribunal as "a setter forth of strange gods," because he preached to the Athenians of Jesus and the resurrection. They always sat in the open air; because they took cognizance of murder, and, by their laws, it was not permitted for the murderer and his accuser to be both under the same roof. (Vid. Areopagus.) This custom also might originate from the persons of the judges being sacred, and their being afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or defendant by seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them were to be divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most just and most impartial decisions; and their sentence was deemed sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th day of every month. But if any business happened which required despatch, they assembled in the royal portico, Baoiλikn Eroά. This institution was preserved entire until the time of Pericles, who, as he had never filled the office of archon, could not be ad

ployed all his power and influence in undermining an authority which was incompatible with his own. The earlier strictness too, as regarded the private characters of the judges, began now to be relaxed, and eventually, when the grandeur of Athens was on the decline, men of vicious and profligate lives became members of the Areopagus.-As regards the form Areopagita and Ariopagita, consult the remarks of Bergman (Præf. ad Isocr. Areopag. init.).

AREOPAGITE, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small eminence at Athens. (Vid. Areopagus.) The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The constitution and form under which it appears in history, is certainly not more ancient than the time of Solon, though he undoubtedly appears to have availed himself of the sanctity already attached to the name and place, to ensure to it that influence and inviolability which were essential to the attainment of its chief object, the maintenance of the laws.mitted a member of the Areopagus, and therefore emIts original right of judging all cases of homicide continued, though evidently the least important part of its duties, since, when Ephialtes had deprived it of all but that, the Areopagus was thought to be annihilated. (Demosth. adv. Aristocr., p. 642.-Lex. Rhet., appended to Porson's Photius, p. 585, ed. Lips.-Hermann's Polit. Antiq., p. 215, not. 6.) It was not restored to its dignity of guardian of the laws till the fall of the thirty tyrants. Its office as such was, in principle, directly opposed to an absolute democracy, and must have appeared the more formidable to the partisans of that form, from the indefinite and arbitrary nature of the merely moral power on which its authority was founded, and which rendered it impracticable clearly to define the extent of its influence. In later times it was found particularly active as a censorship of morals, and in several respects may be viewed as a superior court of police, taking cognizance of luxury and morals, the superintendence of public buildings and public health, and, in particular, making it its business to direct public attention to men who might endanger the state, though its own power to inflict punishment in such cases was very limited. (Hermann, 1. c.) The Areopagus, when originally constituted, was, as has already been remarked, merely a criminal tribunal. Solon, guided by motives which cannot now be easily explained, rendered it superior to the Ephetæ, another court instituted by Draco, and greatly enlarged its jurisdiction.—The number of judges composing this august tribunal is not clearly ascertained. It was probably about ninety. (Tittman, Griech. Stattsverf., p. 252.) The court consisted entirely of ex-archons; and every archon, on laying down his archonship, became a member of it. (Tittmann, l. c.-Plut., Vit. Sol., c. 19.) It was expressly provided, however, that the members of this court should be altogether pure and

AREOPAGUS (Αρειόπαγος, οι "Αρειος πάγος, i. e, "the hill of Mars"), a small eminence at Athens, a little distance to the northwest of the Acropolis. It was so called in consequence, as it was said, of Mars having been the first person tried there, for the murder of Halirrhothius, son of Neptune. (Vid. Areopagitæ.) This celebrated court consisted only of an open space, in which was an altar dedicated to Minerva Areia, and two rude seats of stone for the defendant and his accuser. From Vitruvius we learn (2, 1.—Compare Poll., 8, 10), that at a later period this space was enclosed, and roofed with tiles. According to Herodotus (8, 52), the Persians were stationed in the Areopagus when they made their attack on the western side of the Acropolis. (Consult, as regards the form of the name, the remarks of Bergman, Præf. ad Isocr. Areopag. init.)

ARESTORIDES, a patronymic given to the hundredeyed Argus, as son of Arestor. (Ovid, Met., 1, 624.)

ARETEUS, a Greek physician of Cappadocia, who is supposed to have flourished A.D. 80. We have two productions of his remaining: Tepi Airuv Kai Enμeiwv óžéwv kaì xpovíwv nativ, "On the causes and symptoms of acute and chronic maladies; "and, TEрì Oɛрaneíaç b§éwv kaì xpovíev πalŵv, “On the cure of acute and chronic maladies." The works of this most elegant writer, which have come down to us,

rose in the island of Ortygia at Syracuse, still followed by the stream of the Alpheus. In proof of the truth of this fable, it was asserted that a cup (prá2n) which fell into the Alpheus rose in the fountain of Arethusa, whose pellucid waters also became turbid with the blood of the victims slain at the Olympic games. (Ovid, Met., 5, 572, seqq. — Moschus, İdyll., 7.— Keightley's Mythology, 2d ed., p. 132.) An explanation of this legend will be found under the article Alpheus.-II. A lake in Armenia Major, through which the Tigris ran. It was near the sources of that river, and exhaled, according to Pliny, nitrous vapours. (Plin., 6, 27.)-III. A city in the Macedonian district of Amphaxitis. (Plin., 4, 10.)-IV. A city of Syria, on the eastern bank of the Orontes. It was either built or restored by Seleucus Nicator, and is supposed to have been destroyed by the Arabians. (Strab., 518. A fountain in Euboea, near Chalcis. (Plin., 4, 12.)VI. A fountain in Boeotia, near Thebes. (Plin, 4, 7.)

are so truly valuable as to make us deplore the loss we | have sustained by the mutilations they have suffered. His language is in the highest degree refined, and his descriptions are uncommonly graphic and accurate. For example, what picture could be truer to life than the one which he has drawn of a patient in the last stage of consumption? and what description was ever more poetically elegant than that which he gives us of the symptoms attending the collapse in ardent fever? -Considering that most probably he was prior to Galen, the correctness of his physical views cannot but excite our admiration. Thus, in his account of Paralysis, he alludes to the distinction between the Nerves of Sensation and those of Muscular motion, which doctrine is treated of at great length by Galen, in his work De Usu Partium (ñɛpì Xpelaç τův év ávoρúñov σúμатi μорíwv). He enumerates indigestion among the exciting causes of palsy, which seems to be an-Zosim., 1, 52.-Theod., Hist. Eccles., 3, 7.)—V. anticipation of a late pretended discovery, that paralysis of the limbs is sometimes to be referred to derangement of the stomach and bowels.-In speaking of epilepsy, he makes mention of the use of copper, which medicine has been tried of late years in this complaint with manifest advantage.-No other ancient writer that we are acquainted with gives us so correct an account of ulcers on the throat and tonsils. His description of the various phenomena of mania is very interesting, and contains the singular case of a joiner, who was in his right senses while employed at his profession at work, but no sooner left the seat of his employment than he became mad. He gives an interesting account of jaundice, which he attributes, probably with correctness, to a variety of causes, but more especially to obstruction of the ducts, which convey the bile to the intestinal canal. He makes no mention, indeed, of gall-stones, nor are they mentioned, as we know, by any ancient writer; only Nonnius recommends Lithontriptics for the cure of the disease, which might seem to imply that he was acquainted with the existence of these concretions.-Aretaus was fond of administering hellebore, and concludes his work with a glowing eulogy on the properties of this medicine. The best editions of Aretæus are, that of Wigan, Oxon., 1723, fol., and that of Boerhave, Lugd. Bat., 1731, fol. This latter one, in fact, is superior to the former, since it contains all that is given in Wigan's edition, together with the commentary of Petit, and the notes and emendations of Triller. The edition of Aretaus given in Kuhn's collection of the Greek medical writers, has AREVA, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, in the not proved very satisfactory in a critical point of view. territory of the Arevaci. It rose southeast of Sala(Pierer, Annal Aug., p. 1041.-Hoffmann, Lex.mantica, and flowed into the Durius. The modern Bibl., vol. 1, p. 248.)

ARETE, a daughter of the philosopher Aristippus. Elian, however, contrary to the common account, makes her his sister. (Hist. An., 3, 40.) Aristippus taught her the doctrines of his school, and she in her turn became the instructress of her own son, the younger Aristippus, who, on this account, received the surname of Metrodidactus (MnTрodidakтoç). Her attainments in philosophy were_highly celebrated. (Aristocles, ap. Euseb., Præp. Ev., 14, 18.-Diog. Laert., 2, 86.-Casaub., ad Diog., l. c.)

ARETHUSA, I. a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana's attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she came to the clear stream of the Alpheus, and, enticed by its beauty, entered into its waters to drive away the heat and fatigue. She heard a murmur in the stream, and, terrified, sprang to land. The river-god rose and pursued her. The nymph sped all through Arcadia, till with the approach of evening she felt her strength failing, and saw that her pursuer was close upon her. She then prayed to Diana for relief, and was immediately dissolved into a fountain. Alpheus resumed his aqueous form, and sought to mingle his waters with hers. She fled on under the earth, however, and through the sea, till she |

AREUS, I. (two syllables) a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus, son of Cleomenes, who, on being defeated in his claim upon the throne, called in the aid of Pyrrhus. Areus was in Crete when the King of Epirus marched against Sparta; and instantly leaving that island, whither he had gone to aid the Gortynians, he returned home and repulsed Pyrrhus. He afterward went to the aid of Athens, when attacked by Antigonus Gonatas, and lost his life in a battle with this prince in the environs of Corinth, B.C. 268. (Pausan., 3, 6.)—II. (Areus, 'Apɛtos) a native of Alexandrea, and member of the Pythagorean sect. According to the common account, he was one of the masters of Augustus, and enjoyed so high a degree of favour with this prince, that when, after the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Augustus appeared in the theatre of Alexandrea, he had his old instructer on his right hand, and conversed familiarly with him, declaring that one of the causes of his sparing the inhabitants was his friendship for Areus. (Dio Cassius, 51, 16.-Fabric., ad Dion., l. c.-Plut., Vit. Anton., 80.) The eloquence and philosophy of Areus were so persuasive, that, according to Seneca, he powerfully contributed to console Livia for the loss of Augustus! (Senec., Consol. ad Mar., 4, 2.) It is thought by some that Dioscorides dedicated to him his work on the Materia Medica, but the point is not clearly ascer tained. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 407.)

name is, according to Harduin, the Arlanzo (ad Plin., 3, 4), but according to Florez, more correctly, the Ucero. (Esp. Sagr., 5, 16, 39.)

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AREVACI, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, deriving their name, according to Pliny (3, 3), from the river Areva. They lay between the Vaccæi to the north and the Carpetani to the south, and formed one of the most powerful branches of the Celtiberi. cording to some authorities, their chief city was Numantia. (Strabo, 162.-Mela, 2, 6.-Appian, B. Hisp., c. 91.) Pliny, however, assigns this place to the Pelendones (3, 4). Their later capital was Segobia or Segubia, now Segovia. (Itin. Ant., p. 435. Ptol., 2, 6.)

ARGEUS, a mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, and so lofty that from its summit, according to the ancient writers, both the Euxine and the Mediterranean Seas might be seen, although, according to Strabo (538), there were very few who could boast of such a feat. It is now called Argehdag, and at its foot stood Mazaca, the capital of Cappadocia, called, in the time of Tiberius, Cæsarea ad Argæum, and now Kaisarich. Mr. Kinneir observes, that Mount Argaus is unquestionably one of prodi gious elevation; but he much questions whether any

human being ever reached its summit; and, indeed, he was positively informed that this was quite impossible. It was covered for some miles below the peak with snow, which was said to be eight or ten feet in depth in the month of October, when he was at Casarea. (Journey through Asia Minor, &c., p. 94, note.) ARGATHONIUS, or Arganthonius, a king of Gades, who, according to one account (Herod., 1, 163.-Cic., de Senect., 19), lived 120 years, and reigned 80 years of this number. Pliny (7, 48) gives 150 years as the period of his existence; and Silius Italicus (3, 398), by poetic license, 300 years.

ARGES, a son of Coelus and Terra, who had only one eye in his forehead. (Vid. Cyclopes.)

ARGEUS, a son of Perdiccas, king of Macedonia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyntas, father of Philip, was driven out for a season by the Illyrians (from 393 B.C. to 390). On the death of Perdiccas, B.C. 360, he endeavoured, but in vain, to remount the throne. (Justin, 7, 1.)

violence to this people, for they were accounted sacred, and had no warlike weapon among them. They determined the differences between their neighbours, and whoever fled to them for refuge was permitted to live unmolested. (Herodot., 4, 23.) Ritter thinks that these Argippai were one of the early sacerdotal colonies from India, which had settled in the wilds of Scythia, and whose peaceful and sacred character had secured the regard of the neighbouring barbarians. Their bald heads he accounts for by the circumstance of the priests of Buddha being accustomed to shave the head. (Vorhalle, p. 286.) De Guignes, on the other hand, refers the description of Herodotus to the Sinæ. (Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., vol. 35, p. 551.) The best opinion, however, is in favour of the Calmucs, whose peculiar physiognomy coincides with that ascribed to the ancient Argippæi. (Malte-Brun, Annal. des Voyag., vol. 1, p. 372.) The Calmuc priests, moreover, called Ghelongs, are said to shave the entire head, and to do this also in the case of infants that are destined for the priesthood. (Compare Bähr, ad Herod., l. c.-Rennell, Geogr. of Herodotus, vol. 1, p. 172, seqq.)

ARGIVA, a surname of Juno, as worshipped at Argos. (Virg., Æn., 3, 547.)

ARGI (plur. masc.). Vid. Argos. ARGIA, I. daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the Theban war, and Creon had forbidden any one to perform his funeral obsequies, Argia, in conjunction with Antigone, disobeyed the mandate, and placed the corpse of Polynices on the funeral pile. Antigone was seized by the guards who had been stationed near the dead body, but Argia escaped. Vid. Antigone. (Hygin., fab.,69 and 72.)-II. A country ARGO, the name of the famous ship which carried of Peloponnesus, called also Argolis, of which Argos Jason and his fifty companions to Colchis, when they was the capital. III. The wife of Inachus, and moth-resolved to recover the golden fleece. Jason having er of lo. (Hygin., fab., 145.)

ARGILĒTUM, a street at Rome, which led from the Vicus Tuscus to the Forum Olitorium and Tiber. The origin of the name is uncertain. Some accounts derived it from Argus, a guest of Evander's (vid. Argus, V.), who was said to have been interred there; others from the abundance of argilla, or clay, found in the vicinity. (Varro, L. L., 4, 32.) This street appears to have been chiefly tenanted by booksellers (Martial, Ep., 1, 4.—Id., 1, 118), and also by tailors. (Martial, Ep., 2, 17.) Cicero informs us (Ep. ad Att., 1, 14), that his brother Quintus had a house in the Argiletum. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 545.) ARGILUS, the first town on the coast of Bisaltia in Thrace, beyond Bromiscus and the outlet of the Lake Bolbe. It was founded by a colony from Andros, according to Thucydides (4, 102). Herodotus (7, 115) says it was the first town which Xerxes entered after crossing the Strymon. The Argilians espoused the cause of Brasidas on his arrival in Thrace, and were very instrumental in securing his conquest of Amphipolis. (Thucyd., 4, 103.)

ARGINUS, small islands below Lesbos, and lying off the promontory of Cana or Coloni in Æolis. They were rendered famous for the victory gained near them by the Athenian fleet under Conon, over that of the Lacedæmonians, in the 26th year of the Peloponnesian war, B.C. 406. Of these three islands, the largest had a town called Arginusa. They are formed of a white, argillaceous soil, and from that circumstance took their names (apɣivóɛiç, shining white, feminine upyivúɛooa, contracted upyivovoa.-Compare the remarks of Heusinger, ad Cic., de Off., 1, 24, 9).

ARGIPHONTES, a surname given to Mercury, because he killed the hundred-eyed Argus, by order of Jupiter. Cowper, in his version of Homer, renders the term in question by "Argicide." (Consult remarks under the article Io.)

ARGIPPEI, a nation among the Sauromatæ, born bald, with flat noses and long chins. They lived upon the fruit of a tree called Ponticus, from which, when ripe, they made a thick black liquor called Aschy, which they drank clear, or mixed with milk. Of the husks they prepared a kind of cake. No man offered

ARGIVI, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring country. The word is also applied by Homer, and, in imitation of him, by the later poets, to all the inhabitants of Greece.

applied to Argus (vid. Argus, III.) to construct a vessel for the expedition, Argus built for him a fifty-oared galley, called from himself the Argo. Minerva aided the architect in its construction, and set in the prow a piece of timber cut from the speaking oak of Dodona, and which had the power of giving oracles. On the termination of the voyage, Jason consecrated the vessel to Neptune at the Isthmus of Corinth. According to the more popular account, however, Minerva translated the Argo to the skies, and made it a constellation. (Apollod., 1, 9, 16.—Id., 1, 9, 24.-Id., 1, 9, 27.-Diod. Sic., 4, 53.—Eratosth., 35.—Hygin., fab., 24, &c.)

ARGOLICUS SINUS, a bay on the coast of Argolis, between this country and Laconia. It is now the Gulf of Napoli.

ARGOLIS, a country of Peloponnesus, to the east of Arcadia. It is properly a neck of land, deriving its name from its capital city Argos, and extending in a southeasterly direction from Arcadia fifty-four miles into the sea, where it terminates in the promontory of Scillæum. Many and important associations of the heroic age are connected with this country. Here was Tyrins, from which Hercules departed at the commencement of his labours; here was Mycenae, the royal city of Agamemnon, the most powerful and the most unhappy of kings; here was Nemea, celebrated for its games instituted in honour of Neptune. But the glory of its early history does not seem to have animated Argos. No Themistocles, no Agesilaus was ever counted among its citizens; and though it possessed a territory of no inconsiderable extent, it never assumed a rank among the first of the Grecian states, but was rather the passive object of foreign policy. (Heeren's Politics of Greece, p. 19, Bancroft's transl.)-For a sketch of the history of Argolis, vid. Argos.

ARGONAUTÆ, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason on board the ship Argo to Col chis. The expedition arose from the following cir cumstance. Athamas, king of Orchomenus in Baotia, married Nephele, by whom he had two children, a son and a daughter, named Phrixus and Helle. Having subsequently divorced Nephele, he married Ino, daugh

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