(Socrat., Hist.

cuted the virtuous Chrysostom, patriarch of Constan- of opinion, that his view of things did not differ from tinople. Arcadius was in succession the tool of all the true spirit of the Platonic doctrine; nay, more, that these designing individuals. He saw, with equal in- it was perfectly in agreement with those older philosodifference, Alaric ravaging his territories, his subjects phemes, from which, according to the opinion of many, groaning under oppression, the succours brought him Plato had drawn his own doctrines, namely, those by Stilicho, general of Honorius, rendered of no avail of Socrates, Parmenides, and Heraclitus.-Upon the by the perfidy of his own ministers, the best citizens death of Crantor, the school in the Academy was falling by his proscriptions, and, finally, Arianism des- tarnsferred by a certain Socratides to Arcesilaus, who olating the religion which Chrysostom in vain attempt- here introduced the old Socratic method of teaching ed to defend. Such was the reign of this prince, in dialogues, although it was rather a corruption than which lasted for fourteen years. He died A.D. 408, an imitation of the genuine Socratic mode. Arcesiat the age of thirty-one. Nature had given him an laus does not appear to have committed his opinions exterior corresponding to his character; a small, ill-to writing, at least the ancients were not acquainted made, disagreeable person, an air of imbecility, a lazy with any work which could confidently be ascribed to enunciation, everything, in fact, announcing the weak- him. Now, as his disciple Lacydes also abstained est and most cowardly of emperors. He had by his from writing, the ancients themselves appear to have wife Eudoxia a son named Theodosius, who succeed-derived their knowledge of his opinions only from the ed him as the second of that name. works of his opponents, of whom Chrysippus was the Eccles., 5.-Cassiod., Chron., &c.) most eminent. Such a source must naturally be both ARCAS, a son of Jupiter and Callisto. (Vid. Cal- defective and uncertain, and accordingly we have little listo.) The fabulous legend relative to him and his that we can confidently advance with respect to his mother is given by the ancient writers with great dif- doctrine. According to these statements, the results ference in the circumstances. According to the most of his opinions would be a perfect scepticism, expressed common account, Jupiter changed Callisto into a bear, in the formula that he knew nothing, not even that to screen her from the jealousy of Juno, and Arcas which Socrates had ever maintained that he knew, her son was separated from her and reared among namely, his own ignorance. (Cic., Acad., 1, 12.) men. When grown up, he chanced to meet his moth- This expression of his opinion implicitly ascribes to er in the woods, in her transformed state, and was on Arcesilaus a full consciousness that he differed in a the point of slaughtering her, but Jupiter interfered, most important point from the doctrine of Socrates and translated both the parent and son to the skies. and Plato. But, as the ancients do not appear to have Arcas, previously to this, had succeeded Nyctimus in ascribed any such conviction to Arcesilaus, it seems the government of Arcadia, the land receiving this to be a more probable opinion, which imputes to him name first from him. He was the friend of Triptole- a desire to restore the genuine Platonic dogma, and mus, who taught him agriculture, which he introduced to purify it from all those precise and positive deteramong his subjects. He also showed them how to minations which his successors had appended to it. manufacture wool, an art which he had learned from Indeed, one statement expressly declares, that the subAristaus. (Apollod., 3, 8.—Ov., Met., 2, 401, seqq.) ject of his lecture to his most accomplished scholars ARCE, a city of Phoenicia, north of Tripolis, and was the doctrine of Plato (Cic., l. c.); and he would south of Antaradus. It was the birthplace of Alexan- therefore appear to have adopted this formula with a der Severus, the Roman emperor. (Lamprid., Vit. view to meet more easily the objections of the dogAlex., c. 5.-Plin., 5, 18.) The name is sometimes matists. Now if we thus attach Arcesilaus to Plato, given as Arcæ. (Socrat., Hist. Eccles., 7, 36.) we must suppose him to have been in the same case ARCESILAUS, I. son of Battus, king of Cyrene, was with many others, and unable to discover in the wridriven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B.C. tings of Plato any fixed and determinate principles of 575. The second of that name died B.C. 550. science. The ambiguous manner in which almost (Polyan, 8, 41.-Herodot., 4, 159.)-II. A philoso- every view is therein advanced, and the results of one pher, born at Pitane, in Eolis, and the founder of investigation admitted only conditionally to other what was termed the Middle Academy. The period inquiries, may perhaps have led him to regard the of his birth is usually given as 316 B.C., while ac- speculations of Plato in the light of mere shrewd and cording to Apollodorus, as cited by Diogenes Laertius intelligent conjectures. Accordingly, we are told, that (4, 45), he flourished about B. C. 299. If these num- Arcesilaus denied the certainty, not only of intellecbers are accurate, he must have had an early reputa- tual, but also of sensuous knowledge. (Cic., de Orat., tion, as he would at the latter date have been only 3, 18.) For his attack upon the former, Plato would seventeen years of age. There is therefore some er- furnish him with weapons enough; and it is against it ror here in the remark of Apollodorus. (Clinton's principally that his attacks were directed, for the Stoics Fasti Hellenici, vol. 1, p. 179, and 367, not.) Arces- were his chief opponents.-The true distinction beilaus at first applied himself to rhetoric, but subse- tween the Sceptics and the members of the Middle quently passed to the study of philosophy, in which Academy, at its first formation by Arcesilaus, appears he had for teachers, first Theophrastus, then Crantor to have been this. The former made the end of life to the Academician, and probably also Polemo. (Diog. be the attainment of a perfect equanimity, and derived Laert., 4. 24, 29.-Cic., Acad., 1, 9.) The state- the difference between good and bad, as presented by ment of Numenius (ap. Eus., Pr. Ev., 14, 5), that the phænomena of life, from conversion, and not from Arcesilaus was the disciple of Polemo at the same nature. The Academicians, on the other hand, taught, time with Zeno, appears to be ill-grounded, and to in- as a general rule, that, in the pursuit of good and the volve great chronological difficulties. It is very prob- avoidance of evil, men must be guided by probabilities. ably a mere fiction, designed to suggest some outward They admitted that the sage, without absolutely mormotive for the controversial relation of the Porch and tifying his sensual desires, will live like any other in the Academy. Besides the instructers above named, obedience to the general estimate of good and evil, but Arcesilaus is also said to have diligently attended the with this simple difference, that he does not believe lectures of the Eretrian Menedamus, the Megarian that he is regulating his life by any certain and stable Diodorus, and the sceptic Pyrrho. His love for the principles of science. It is on this account that we do philosophemes of these individuals has been referred not meet with any statements concerning the strangeto as the source of his scepticism, and his skill in re-ness of their habits of life, like to those about Pyrrho; futing philosophical principles. At the same time, it is on all hands admitted that, of philosophers, Plato was his favourite. He seems to have been sincerely

on the contrary, Arcesilaus is usually depicted as a man who, in the intercourse of life, observed all its decencies and proprieties, and was somewhat disposed

to that splendour and luxury which the prevailing | ral. (Dio Cass., 39, 12, seqq.-Id., 39, 55.—Epit. views of morality allowed and sanctioned. His Liv., 105.-Plut., Vit. Anton., c. 3.)-VI. A natural doubts, therefore, as to the possibility of arriving at a son of the preceding by Glaphyre. He is called by Apknowledge of the truth, may probably have had no pian Sicinnes. (Bell. Civ., 5, 7.-Consult Schweigh., higher source than a high idea of science, derived ad loc.) After his father's death he succeeded to the perhaps from his study of Plato's works, and compared high-priesthood at Comana, but was deposed by Julius with which all human thought may have appeared at Cæsar. Some years after (B.C. 36), Antony made best but a probable conjecture -Arcesilaus continued him king of Cappadocia, in place of Ariarathes X., to flourish as late as the 134th Olympiad, B.C. 244. whom he deprived of the throne. Archelaus took part (Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. 1, p. 179.-Ritter's with Antony at the battle of Actium, but was pardonHistory of Philosophy, vol. 3, p. 600, seqq.)-III. A ed by Augustus The emperor even subsequently painter of Paros, acquainted, according to Pliny, with added Armenia and Cilicia Trachea to his territories, the art of enamelling, some time before Aristides, to because he had aided Tiberius in restoring Tigranes, whom the invention is commonly assigned. He ap- the Armenian king. When Tiberius retired to Rhodes, pears to have been contemporary with Polygnotus. into a kind of exile, Archelaus, fearful of offending (Plin., 35, 11.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)-IV. A Augustus, treated the former with neglect. In conpainter, subsequent to the preceding, and who appears sequence of this, when Tiberius came to the throne, to have flourished about the 128th Olympiad, B.C. Archelaus was enticed to Rome by a letter from Livia, 268. (Plin., 35, 11.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)-V. which held out the hope of pardon, but on reaching the A sculptor of the first century before our era. His capital he was accused of designs against the state. country is uncertain. (Plin., 35, 12.-Id., 36, 5.) His age, however, and feeble state of health, together ARCHELAUS, I. a king of Sparta, of the line of the with the imbecility of mind which he feigned on the Agida, who reigned conjointly with Charilaus. Du- occasion, disarmed the anger of the emperor. He died ring this reign Lycurgus promulgated his code of laws. at Rome, B.C. 17, having reigned 52 years. After (Pausan., 3, 2.)—II. A king of Macedonia, natural son his death Cappadocia became a Roman province. (Dio of Perdiccas, who ascended the throne, after making Cass., 57, 17.-Tacit., Ann., 2, 42.-Sueton., Tib., away with all the lawful claimants to it, about 413 37.)-VII. A son of Herod the Great. His father inB.C. He proved a very able monarch. Under his sway tended him for his successor, and named him as such Macedonia flourished, literature and the arts were pat-in his will; but as Philip Antipas, another son of ronised, and learned men and artists were invited to Herod's, had been designated as successor to the throne his court. Euripides and Agatho, the two tragic poets, in a previous will, a dispute arose between the two spent the latter part of their days there, and the paint- brothers, and they repaired to Rome to have the queser Zeuxis received seven talents (about 8000 dollars) tion settled by Augustus. The emperor, after having for adorning with his pencil the royal palace. The cele- heard both parties, gave to Archelaus, under the title brated philosopher Socrates was also invited to come and of tetrarch, one half of the territories of his father reside with the monarch, but declined. Archelaus died Herod, comprising Judæa, properly so called, together after a reign of about 14 years. Diodorus Siculus with Idumaa. On his return home, Archelaus inmakes him to have lost his life by an accidental wound dulged in the hereditary cruelty of his family, and bereceived in hunting, but Aristotle states that he fell ing complained of to Augustus, was deposed (B.C. 6), by a conspiracy. (Diod. Sic., 13, 49.-Id., 14, 37.- and sent to Vienna (Vienne in Dauphiné) as an exile. Aristot., Polit., 5, 10.-Compare the remarks of Wes- This happened in the tenth year of his reign. (Joseling, ad Diod., 14, 37.)-III. Son of Amyntas, king seph., Ant. Jud., 17, c. 2.—Id. ibid., c. 12, seq.—Id., of Macedonia. He was put to death by his half-broth- Bell. Jud., 2, 4.-Noldius, de Vita et Gestis Herodum, er Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. (Justin, p. 219, seqq.)-VIII. A philosopher, a native of Athens, 7, 4.)-IV. A native of Cappadocia, and one of the though others, with less probability, make him to have ablest generals of Mithradates. He disputed with the been born at Miletus. (Simpl. Phys., fol. 6, b.) He Romans the possession of Greece, but was defeated by was a pupil of Anaxagoras, whom he accompanied in Sylla at Charonea, and again at Orchomenus. Arche- exile to Lampsacus, and to whom he succeeded as laus, convinced of the superiority of the Romans, pre-head of the Ionic sect. After the death of this philosvailed upon Mithradates to make peace with them, and arranged the terms of the treaty along with Sylla, whose esteem he acquired. Some years after he became an object of suspicion to Mithradates, who thought that he had favoured too much the interests of the Roman people. Well aware of the cruelty of the monarch, Archelaus fled to the Romans, who gave him a friendly reception. Plutarch thinks that he had been actually unfaithful to Mithradates, and that the present which he received from Sylla, of ten thousand acres in Euboea, was a strong confirmation of this. He informs us, however, at the same time, that Sylla, in his commentaries, defended Archelaus from the censures which had been cast upon him. (Plut., Vit. Syll., c. 23)-V. Son of the preceding, remained attached to the Romans after the death of his father, and was appointed by Pompey high-priest at Comana. As the temple at Comana had an extensive territory attached to it, and a large number of slaves, the high-priest was in fact a kind of king. This tranquil office, however, did not suit his ambitious spirit; and when Ptolemy Auletes had been driven from Egypt, and Berenice his daughter had ascended the throne, he obtained her hand in marriage. Ptolemy, however, was restored by the Romau arms, and Archelaus fell in battle, bravely defending his new dignity. Marc Antony, who had been on friendly terms with him, gave him an honourable fune

opher, he returned to Athens, and is said to have had Socrates and also Euripides among his pupils; but as to the former of the two this is very doubtful. Of his life and actions we have very scanty information, as also of his doctrines; so that it is extremely difficult to arrive at any certain result with respect to his peculiar views. He received the appellation of Þvσikós, (Physicus, i. e. “Natural Philosopher”), because, like Anaxagoras, he directed his principal attention to physical inquiries. He is said to have adopted the same primal substance as Anaxagoras; but to have aimed at giving an explanation of his own of the mode in which the universe was produced, and of some other details. (Simpl. Phys., fol. 7, a.) His mode of accounting for the separation of the elements, and of connecting therewith the origin of men and animals, indicates in the most remarkable manner the affinity of his theory with that of Anaxagoras. First of all, he taught, fire and water were separated, and by the action of the fire on the water, the earth was reduced to a slimy mass, which was afterward hardened; but water, by its motion, gave birth to air, and thus was the earth held together by air, and the air by fire. While the earth was hardening by the action of heat, a certain mixture of warmth with cold and moist particles was effected, of which animals of various kinds were formed, each animal different, but all having the

Poliorcetes came to attack that city, B.C. 293. He was defeated by Demetrius, in the very view of Sparta itself, and the city would have been taken had not other events called the victor to a different quarter of Greece. The rest of his history is unknown. Larcher makes his reign to have been one of 46 years, but does not give the data on which he founds this opinion. (Plut., Vit. Agid.-Larcher, Hist. d'Hérod., 7, 509.)

same nourishment, the slime in which they were born. | of Eudamidas, was king of Sparta when Demetrins At first they were of very brief duration, and subsequently only acquired the faculty of propagating their species. Men were distinct from the other kinds, and became the ruling race. Mind, however, was inborn in all animals alike, and all have a body for use, only some a more perishable, others a more durable one. The fundamental principle of Archelaus in ethics was as follows: "Good and evil are not by nature, but by convention." (Diog. Laert., 2, 16.—Örig. Phil., 9.— Ritter's Hist. of Philosophy, 1, 319, seqq.) ARCHEMORUS. Vid. Opheltes.

ARCHIGENES, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan. Archigenes enjoyed a high reputation among his conARCHIAS, I. a Corinthian, leader of the colony that temporaries, and for some generations after. He is founded Syracuse. Vid. Syracuse.-II. A Greek poet, regarded as the founder of the Eclectic school of Meda native of Antioch, who came to Rome in the consul- icine, and was also one of the pneumatic sect, having ship of Marius and Catulus (B.C. 102). He soon be- received the principles of the latter from his preceptor came intimate with the most distinguished men in this Agathinus. He wrote on the pulse (a work on which latter city, and accompanied Lucullus to Sicily, and, Galen commented), on chronic affections, on pharmaon returning with him to that province, received the cy, &c. Galen often cites him with eulogiums, and rights of Roman citizenship at the municipal town of Juvenal, his contemporary, makes frequent mention of Heraclea, in southern Italy. A conflagration, how him in his satires. Only fragments of his writings reever, having destroyed the records of this place, a cer- main. According to Suidas, he died at the age of 63; tain Gratius contested judicially his title to the rights but Eudocia makes him to have reached 83 years. and privileges of a Roman citizen. Cicero, his friend The latest edition of the fragments of Archigenes is and former pupil, defended Archias in a brilliant ora- that of Harles, Lips., 1816, 4to.-(Galen, de diff. puls., tion, which has come down to us, and which contains 2, p. 26.-Id., de loc. affect., 2, p. 262, &c.-Suidas, not only the praises of his old instructer, but a beauti- s. v.-Eudocia, ap. Villoison, Anecd. Græc., vol. 1, ful eulogium also on the culture of letters. The poet p. 65.-Sprengel, Hist. de la Med., vol. 2, p. 75.) gained his cause. Archias before this had composed ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek poet, a native of Paros, who a poem on the war with the Cimbri, and had commen- flourished 688 B.C. His mother Enipo was a slave, ced another on the consulship of Cicero. There re- but his father Telesicles one of the most distinguished main, however, of his productions, only some epigrams citizens of the island. The particulars which the anin the Anthology. It is difficult to reconcile the eu- cients have given us respecting the life of Archilochus logiums which Cicero heaps on Archias, with the ex- appear to be in a great measure fabulous. It is certreme mediocrity of the pieces that have reached us. tain, however, that, while still young, he accompanied A servile imitator of Leonidas the Tarentine, and of his father, who, in obedience to a Delphic oracle, led Antipater, he handles the same themes which they had a colony from Paros to Thasos, and that his subseselected before him, and only produces, after all, un-quent career was one succession of misfortunes, which faithful copies. Two or three pieces are somewhat appear to have exasperated his character, and given superior to the rest, but still we must take it for grant- to his poetry that severe cast which the ancients ascried that his poem on the Cimbrian war was a very dif- bed to it. Among the various tales related of Archilferent production from any of his epigrams, or else ochus, the one most commonly mentioned is that conthat Cicero's vanity got the better of his judgment, and cerning Neobule and her parent. (Vid. Lycambes.) that, in praising Archias, he felt he was praising him- This story, however, appears to have been invented self. (Cic., pro Arch.) after the poet's time; and one of the scholiasts on Horace remarks, that Neobule did not destroy herself on account of any injurious verses on the part of Ar

ARCHIDAMUS, I. son of Theopompus, king of Sparta, died before his father.-II. Another king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles. He as-chilochus, but out of despair at the death of her father. cended the throne about 620 B.C.-III. Son of Zeuxidamus, of the line of the Proclidæ. He ascended the Spartan throne B.C. 476, his father having died without becoming king. Laconia was desolated by an earthquake about the 12th year of his reign, and after this the Messenians revolted. Archidamus displayed great coolness and ability amid these events, and finally reduced the Messenians to submission, having taken the fortress of Ithome after a siege of ten years. He opposed the Peloponnesian war; but, his counsel not having been followed, he took the command of the confederate army, and made many invasions of Attica. He died B.C. 428.-IV. Son of Agesilaus, of the line of the Proclide. Before coming to the throne, he had the command of the troops which the Lacedæmonians sent to the aid of their countrymen after the battle of Leuctra. On his return to the Peloponnesus, he gained some advantages over the Arcadians, although the Thebans had come to their aid. Having ascended the throne (B.C. 361), he prevailed upon the Lacedæmonians to aid the Phocians, and took an active part in their behalf, in the Sacred war. He afterward went to the aid of the Tarentines, who were at war with some of the neighbouring communities, and fell in battle there, B.C. 338. His body could not be found after the action, which some ascribed to the vengeance of Apollo, who thus deprived him of the rites of burial for the part he had acted in the Sacred war.-V. Son

(Horat., Epod., 6, 13.) Archilochus states one fact relative to himself, in some verses that have come down to us, which is, that in a battle between the Thasians and people of Thrace, he saved himself by flight, throwing away at the same time his buckler. This act of weakness or cowardice was the occasion of a galling affront which he afterward received: for, having visited Sparta, he was ordered by the magistrate to quit the city immediately. Dissatisfied eventually with the posture of affairs at Thasos, which the poet often represents as desperate, Archilochus must have quitted Thasos and returned to Paros, since we are informed, by credible writers, that he lost his life in a war between the Parians and the inhabitants of the neighbouring island of Naxos. The ancients ascribe to Archilochus the invention of a great number of poetic measures. (Consult, on this subject, Victorinus, lib. 4, p. 2588, ed. Putsch; and, as regards the Epode, which he is also said to have invented, compare the remarks of Vandenbourg, in his edition of Horace, vol 2.) With respect to iambic verse, of which he is, in like manner, named as the author (Hor., Ep. ad Pis. 79), some difference of opinion seems to exist; and it has been thought that the invention, in this case, relates less to the iambic rhythm, which appears so natural to the Greek language, than to a particular kind of versification. (Compare Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 199, segg.) Archilochus was, in general, regard.

ed by the ancients as one of the greatest poets that Greece had produced. Cicero classes him with Homer, Sophocles, and Pindar (Orat. 1); and in an epigram in the Anthology (vol. 2, p. 286), the Emperor Hadrian remarks, that the Muses, fearing for the glory of Homer, inspired Archilochus with the idea of composing in iambics. One production of this poet's, in particular, his Hymn in honour of Hercules, was the subject of high eulogium; this piece he himself sung at the Olympic games. The anniversary of his birth was celebrated, as in the case of Homer; and the rhapsodists recited his verses as they did those of the Iliad. Blame, however, attaches itself to the bitter and vindictive spirit that characterized his verses, as well to the indecency which pervaded them; and it is probably to this latter cause that we must ascribe the loss of his poems, of which we possess only a few fragments, preserved as citations in the writings of Athenæus, St. Clement of Alexandrea, Stobæus, the scholiasts, &c. If the ancients speak of the Fables of Archilochus, it is not because he ever published any collections of apologues, but because he was accustomed to give life and movement to his iambics by introducing into them occasionally this species of composition. The fragments of Archilochus were published by H. Stephens and Froben in their respective collections, and by Brunck in his Analecta. An edition of them by Liebel, with a critical commentary, appeared from the Leipsic press in 1812, and also in an enlarged form, in 1819, 8vo.

who, from the silence of Polybius, Livy, and Plutarch on this subject, still view the tale with an eye of unbelief. (Compare Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 381.-Foreign Review, No. 1, p. 305.) Eminent as this great mathematician was for his knowledge of mechanics, he was still more so for the rare talent which he possessed of investigating abstract truths, and inventing conclusive demonstrations in the higher branches of geometry. According to Plutarch (Vit. Marcell.), intellectual speculations of this nature most delighted him; and he did not deem it worth his while to leave any account in writing of his mechanical inventions. We have, indeed, no precise indication of any works in which they are described, except it be with regard to a sphere representing the movements of the stars, of which Cicero and Claudian make mention. Archimedes prided himself on the discovery of the ratio between the cylinder and the inscribed sphere, and requested his friends to place the figures of a sphere and cylinder on his tomb, with an inscription expressing the proportion between them; a desire that afterward led to its discovery by Cicero. The Roman orator, when he was quæstor in Sicily, discovered this monument in the shape of a small pillar, and showed it to the Syracusans, who did not know that it was in being. He says there were some iambic verses inscribed upon it, the latter halves of which were almost eaten out by time; and that there were likewise to be seen (as those verses asserted) the figures of a cylinder and a sphere. From the death of this great mathematician, which happened A.U.C. 542, to the quæstorship of Cicero, A.U.C. 678, a hundred and thirty-six years had elapsed. This period, though it had not effaced the cylinder and the sphere, had put an end to the learning of Syracuse, once so respectable in the republic of letters. (Cic., Tusc. Quæst., 5, 23.) Archimedes's sepulchre, which stood near one of the city gates, was almost overgrown with thorns and briers, and, but for the exertions of Cicero, would most probably have never been discovered. Various accounts are given by Plutarch of the manner of Archimedes' death. The period when it occurred was during the capture and storming of Syracuse. According to the narrative most commonly received, Archimedes was engaged in study when the city fell; and so intent was

ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated mathematician among the ancients, a native of Syracuse in Sicily, and related to King Hiero. He flourished about 250 B.C. Under what masters he studied, or how much of his extraordinary knowledge he acquired from his predecessors, is not known. That he travelled into Egypt appears certain; but it is probable that, in his scientific acquaintance with that country, he communicated more than he received, and that he owes the great name which he has transmitted to posterity to his own vigorous and inventive intellect. He was equally skilled in the science of astronomy, geometry, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics, in all of which he excelled, and produced many extraordinary inventions. His ingenuity in solving problems had in Cicero's days become proverbial; and his singular in-he upon a geometrical figure which he was tracing in genuity in the invention and construction of warlike the sand, as to be altogether unconscious of the conengines is much dwelt upon by Livy. His knowledge fusion around him. A soldier suddenly entered his of the doctrine of specific gravities is proved by the room, and ordered him to follow him to Marcellus, the well-known story of his discovery of the mixture of Roman general having given particular orders to spare silver with gold in King Hiero's crown, which fraud he him. Archimedes refused to go until he had finished detected by comparing the quantity of water displaced his demonstration, whereupon the soldier, in a passion, by equal weights of gold and silver. The thought oc- drew his sword and killed him. The Roman comcurred to him while in the bath, on observing that he mander took upon himself the charge of his funeral, displaced a bulk of water equal to his own body; when, and protected and honoured his relations.-Several at once, perceiving a train of consequences, he ran valuable remains of this celebrated mathematician are naked out of the bath into the street, exclaiming, preserved. In abstract geometry there are two books Evрnka, "I have found it!" This part of the story, "On the Sphere and Cylinder;" a treatise "On the however, is regarded by some as a mere exaggeration. Dimensions of the Circle;" two books "On obtuse (Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 379.) To show Hiero the Conoids and Spheroids;" a book "On Spiral Lines;" wonderful effects of mechanic power, he is said, by and another "On the Quadrature of the Parabola." the help of ropes and pulleys, to have drawn towards Besides these geometrical works, he wrote a treatise, him, with perfect ease, a galley which lay on the shore entitled Yauuirns (Arenarius), in which he demonmanned and loaded. His intimate acquaintance with strates that the sands of the earth might be numbered the powers of the lever is evinced by his famous decla- by a method somewhat similar to that of logarithms. In ration, to the same monarch: Aòç TOÙ σTW, Kai Tòν mechanics he has left a treatise "On Equiponderants, koopov kivyow, "Give me where I may stand, and I or Centres of Gravity;" and in hydrostatics, a treatise will move the world." But his greatest efforts of me- "On bodies floating in fluids." Other works of Archanic skill were displayed during the siege of Syra-chimedes are mentioned by ancient writers, which are cuse, when he contrived engines of annoyance of the now lost. Of those that remain various editions have most stupendous nature. Among other applications appeared, the latest of which was issued in 1792 from of science, he is said to have fired the Roman fleet the Clarendon press in Oxford, with a new Latin transby means of reflecting mirrors, of which story, long lation, a preface, notes by Torrelli of Verona, purchased treated as a fable, Buffon has proved the credibility of his executor Albertini, and with various readings. (Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences, 1747.) There are not The edition was published under the care of the Rev. wanting persons, however, even at the present day, | A. Robertson, of Christ Church, Oxford, and may be

regarded as the first truly complete one of the works of Archimedes. Translations have also appeared in some of the modern languages. That of Peyrard, in French (1807, 4to, and 1808, 2 vols. 8vo) is most deserving of mention. Delambre has appended to this version a memoir on the Arithmetic of the Greeks; a subject of great interest, as we have very scanty data left us on this point. A review of this translation is given in the London Quarterly, vol. 3, p. 89, seqq. (Compare Hutton's Math. Dict.-Aikin's G. Dict. -Saxii Onomast.-Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 378, seqq.)

ARCHIPPE, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost in Lake Fucinus. It is thought by Holstenius, on the authority of some people of the country who had seen vestiges of it, to have stood between the villages of Transaqua and Ortuccia, on the spot which retains the name of Arciprete. (Holst., Adnot., p. 154.)

ARCHIPPUS, Í. a king of Italy, from whom perhaps the town of Archippe received its name. He was one of the allies of Turnus. (Virg., En., 7, 752.)-II. An Athenian comic poet, who gained the prize but once (Olymp. 91), according to Suidas. For some of the titles of his pieces consult Fabricius, Bibl. Gr., vol. 1, p. 747, and Schweighaeuser's Index Auctorum to Athenæus (Animadv., vol. 9, p. 47).

out his crown. The Polemarch was another archon of inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a sufficient maintenance, from the public treasury, for the families of those who had lost their lives in the defence of their country. But because these three magistrates were often, by reason of their youth, not so well skilled in the laws and customs of their country as might have been wished, that they might not be left wholly to themselves, they were each accustomed to make choice of two persons of age, gravity, and reputation, to sit with them on the bench, and assist them with their advice. These they called Пúpedpot, or assessors, and obliged them to undergo the same probation as the other magistrates. The six other archons were indifferently called Thesmothete, and received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. Indictments before the Thesmotheta were in writing; at the tribunal of the Basileus, they were by word of mouth. They settled all disputes between the citizens, redressed the wrongs of strangers, and forbade any laws to be enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state. After some time, the qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly observed, and, when the glory of Athens was on the decline, even foreigners, who had been admitted to the rights of citizenship, were created archons. Thus ARCHONTES, the name of the chief magistrates of Hadrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, Athens. At first the archons were for life, and on was made archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and their death the office descended to their children. the same honours were conferred upon Plutarch.This arrangement took place after the death of Codrus, Many lists of the Athenian archons have been published the Athenian state having been previously governed by in various works, but all of these were more or less Kings. The first of these perpetual archons was Me- inaccurate till the time of Corsini, and on that account don, son of Codrus, from whom the thirteen following of little use in illustrating ancient history. A cataand hereditary archons were named Medontidæ, as be-logue of the archons is given in Stanley's "Lives of ing descended from him. In the first year of the sev- the Philosophers," p. 938, seqq.; another by Du Fresenth Olympiad, the power of the archons was curbed noy (Tablettes, vol. 1, p. 66, seqq.), and a third by Dr. by their being allowed to hold the office only for ten Hales (Analysis of Chronology, vol. 1, p. 230, seqq.). years. These are what are termed decennial archons. One cause of the incorrectness of these lists has been, Seventy years after this the office was made annual, the not adverting to a peculiarity of the Parian marand continued so ever after.-These annual archons ble; that the compiler places the annual archons, who were nine in number, and none were chosen but such preceded the Peloponnesian war, one year higher reas were descended from ancestors who had been free spectively than the Julian year, with which they were citizens of the republic for three generations. They in reality connumerary. Hence two archons have been were also to be without any personal defect, and must often made out of one. Again, those who have used show that they had been dutiful towards their parents, this document did not always distinguish between what had borne arms in the service of their country, and were was attested by the marble, and what was supplied by possessed of a competent estate to support the office conjecture where the marble was defaced. Hence with dignity. They took a solemn oath that they the marble is often quoted for that which was only inwould observe the laws, administer justice with impar- serted by its editors. Various forms or corruptions of tiality, and never suffer themselves to be corrupted. the name of an archon have been sometimes admitIf they ever received bribes they were compelled by ted as the names of different archons. From these the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi a statue of causes, the catalogues of archons are not as correct gold, of equal weight with their body. (Plut., Vit. and accurate as they might have been rendered. Solon, c. 19.-Pollux, 8, 9, 85.) They possessed (Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. 1, p. x., Introduction.) the entire power of punishing malefactors with death. The most accurate tables, as far as they extend, are The chief among them was called Archon; the year those given by Clinton, in the work which has just took its denomination from him, and hence he was been quoted. also called óvuoç. He determined all causes be- ARCHYTAS, a native of Tarentum, and one of the tween man and wife, and took care of legacies and Pythagoric preceptors of Plato. He is said to have wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, been the eighth in succession from Pythagoras; and and punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. this account deserves more credit than the assertion of If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time Iamblichus, that he heard Pythagoras in person; for of his office, the misdemeanor was punished with death. the father of this sect flourished, as we shall see, about The second of the archons was called Basileus: it the 60th Olympiad, B.C. 540; but Archytas conwas his office to keep good order, and to remove all versed with Plato upon his first visit to Sicily, which causes of quarrel in the families of those who were was in the 96th Olympiad, B.C. 396; whence it apdedicated to the service of the gods. The profane pears, that there was an interval of above a century and the impious were brought before his tribunal; and between the time of Pythagoras and that of Archytas. he offered public sacrifices for the good of the state. Such was the celebrity of this philosopher, that many He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festi-illustrious names appear in the train of his disciples, vals and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be a citizen of the whole blood of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among them with

particularly Philolaus, Eudoxus, and Plato. To these Suidas, and, after him, Erasmus (Chil., p. 550), add Empedocles; but Empedocles certainly flourished about the 84th Olympiad, near fifty years before Ar