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cian side, except at the bottom of deep bays, the choice of which would have doubled the width of the passage. Sestos was not opposite to the Asiatic town, nor was the Hellespont in this place called the Straits of Sestos and Abydos, but the Straits of Abydos. Sestos was so much nearer the Propontis than the other town, that the ports of the two places were 30 stadia, or more than 3 1-2 miles from each other. The bridges were on the Propontic side of Abydos, but on the opposite quarter of Sestos; that is to say, they were on the coasts between the two cities, but nearer to the first than to the last." (Hobhouse, l. c.) The ancient accounts make the strait in this quarter seven stadia, or 875 paces, broad, but to modern travellers it appears to be nowhere less than a mile

across.

ACACALLIS. Vid. Supplement.

sense, Diogenes Laertius makes a threefold division of
the Academy, into the Old, the Middle, and the New.
At the head of the Old he puts Plato, at the head of
the Middle Academy, Arcesilaus, and of the New, La-
cydes. Sextus Empiricus enumerates five divisions of
the followers of Plato. He makes Plato founder of
the 1st Academy; Arcesilaus of the 2d; Carneades of
the 3d; Philo and Charmides of the 4th; Antiochus of
the 5th. Cicero recognises only two Academies, the
Old and New, and makes the latter commence as above
with Arcesilaus. In enumerating those of the Old
Academy, he begins, not with Plato, but Democritus,
and gives them in the following order: Democritus,
Anaxagoras, Empedocles, Parmenides, Xenophanes,
Socrates, Plato, Speusippus, Xenocrates, Polemo,
Crates, and Crantor. In the New, or Younger, he
mentions Arcesilaus, Lacydes, Evander, Hegesinus,
Carneades, Clitomachus, and Philo. (Acad. Quæst.
ogenes, and alluded to above, the Old Academy will
consist of those followers of Plato who taught the
doctrine of their master without mixture or corruption;
the Middle will embrace those who, by certain inno-
vations in the manner of philosophizing, in some meas-
ure receded from the Platonic system without entirely
deserting it; while the New will begin with those who
relinquished the more obnoxious tenets of Arcesilaus,
and restored, in some measure, the declining reputa-
tion of the Platonic school.-II. A Villa of Cicero
near Puteoli (Pliny, 31, 2). As to the quantity of the
penult in Academia, Forcellini (Lex. Tot. Lat.) makes
it common. Bailey cites Dr. Parr in favour of its being
always long in the best writers. Maltby (in Morell's
Thes.) gives 'Akadηuía, and 'Akadhμɛia. Hermann
(ad Aristoph. Nub. 1001) makes the penult of 'Akadnuía
short by nature, but lengthened by the force of the ac-
cent, as the term was in common and frequent use.
(Compare the remarks of the same scholar, in his
work de Metris, p. 36, Glasg.)

ACACESIUM, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill called Acacesius, and lying near Lycosura, in the south-4, 5.) If we follow the distinction laid down by Diwestern angle of the country. Mercury Acacesius was worshipped here (Paus. 8, 36). Some make the epithet equivalent to undevòç kakov naρaíтios, nullius mali auctor, ranking Mercury among the dei averrunci (Spanh. ad Callim. H. in D. 143.—Heyne, ad Il. 16, 185).

ACACIUS, I. a disciple of Eusebius, bishop of Casarea, whom he succeeded in 338 or 340. He was surnamed Movóolaμoç (Luscus), and wrote a Life of Eusebius, not extant; 17 volumes of Commentaries on Ecclesiastes; and 6 volumes of Miscellanies. Acacius was the leader of the sect called Acacians, who denied the Son to be of the same substance as the Father. (Socr. Hist. 2, 4.-Epiph. Hær. 72.-Fabr. Bibl. Gr. 5, 19.-Cave's Lit. Hist. 1, 206.)--II. A patriarch of Constantinople in 471, who established the superiority of his see over the eastern bishops. He was a favourite with the Emperor Zeno, who protected him against the pope. Two letters of his are extant, to Petrus Trullo, and Pope Simplicius. (Theodor. 5, 23.-Cave, 1, 417.)--III. A bishop of Beroa, assisted at the Council of Constantinople in 381. (Theodor. 5, 32.)—IV. A bishop of Melitene, in Armenia Minor, present at the Council of Ephesus in 431, and has left in the Councils (vol. 3) a Homily against Nestorius (Nicephor. 16, 17.--Cave 1, 417).-V. A bishop of Amida, distinguished for piety and charity in having sold church-plate, &c., to redeem 7000 Persian prisoners on the Tigris, in Mesopotamia. His death is commemorated in the Latin church on April 9th. (Socr. 7, 21.—Fabr. Bibl. Gr. 5, 19.)

Acicus. Vid. Supplement.

ACADEMUS, an ancient hero, whom some. . identify with Cadmus. According to others (Plut. Thes. 32), he was an Athenian, who disclosed to Castor and Pollux the place where Theseus had secreted their sister Helen, after having carried her off from Sparta; and is said to have been highly honoured, on this account, by the Lacedæmonians. From him the garden of the Academia, presented to the people of Athens, is thought to have been named (vid. Academia).

ACALANDRUS, or ACALYNDRUS, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the Bay of Tarentum. Pliny (3, 2) places it to the north of Heraclea, but incorrectly, since, according to Strabo (283), it flowed in the vicinity of Thurii. The modern name, according to D'Anville, is the Salandrella; but, according to Mannert (9, 2, 231), the Roccanello.

ACAMANTIS, I. a name given to the island of Cyprus, from the promontory Acamas. (Steph. B.)—ÎI. An Athenian tribe.

ACADEMIA, a public garden or grove in the suburbs of Athens, about 6 stadia from the city, named from Academus or Hecademus, who left it to the citizens for gymnastics (Paus. 1, 29). It was surrounded with a wall by Hipparchus (Suid.); adorned with statues, temples, and sepulchres of illustrious men; planted with olive and plane trees; and watered by the Cephissus. The olive-trees, according to Athenian fables, were reared ACAMAS, I. a promontory of Cyprus, to the northfrom layers taken from the sacred olive in the Erech-west of Paphos. It is surmounted by two sugarloaf theum (Schol. Ed. Col. 730.-Paus. 1, 30), and af- summits, and the remarkable appearance which it thus forded the oil given as a prize to victors at the Pana- presents to navigators as they approach the island on thenæan festival (Schol. l. c.-Suid. v. Mopia) The this side, caused them, according to Pliny (5, 31), to Academy suffered severely during the siege of Athens give the name of Acamantis to the whole island.-II. by Sylla; many trees being cut down to supply tim- A son of Theseus and Phædra. He was deputed to ber for machines of war (Appian, B. M. 30). Few accompany Diomede, when the latter was sent to Troy retreats could be more favourable to philosophy and to demand Helen. During his stay at Troy he became the Muses. Within this enclosure Plato possessed, as the father of Munitus by Laodicea, one of the daughpart of his humble patrimony, a small garden, in which ters of Priam. He afterward went to the Trojan war, he opened a school for the reception of those inclined and was one of the warriors enclosed in the wooden to attend his instructions (Diog. L. Vit. Plat.). Hence horse. On his return to Athens, he gave name to the arose the Academic sect, and hence the term Academy tribe Acamantis. (Paus. 10, 26.—Quint. Sm. 12.— has descended, though shorn of many early honours, Hygin. 108.) even to our own times. The appellation Academia is frequently used in philosophical writings, especially in Cicero, as indicative of the Academic sect. In this

ACAMPSIS, a river of Colchis, running into the Euxine; the Greeks called it Acampsis from its impetuous course, which forbade approach to the shore, a, non,

Kápis, inflectio. This name more particularly applied to its mouth; the true appellation in the interior was Boas. (Arrian, Per. M. Eux. 119, Blanc.)

ACANTHUS, I. a city near Mt. Athos, founded by a colony of Andrians, on a small neck of land connecting the promontory of Athos with the continent. Strabo (Epit. l. 7, 330) places it on the Singiticus Sinus, as does Ptolemy (p. 82), but Herodotus distinctly fixes it on the Strymonicus Sinus (6, 44; 7, 22), as well as Scymnus (v. 646) and Mela (2, 3), and their opinions must prevail against the two authors above mentioned. Mannert (7, 451) supposes the city to have been placed on the Singiticus Sinus, the harbour on the Sinus Strymonicus. On the other hand, Gail (Geogr. d'Hérod. 2, 280.-Atlas, Ind. 2.-Anal. des Cartes, p. 21) makes two places of this name to have existed, one on the Strymonicus, the other on the Singiticus Sinus. Probably Erissos is the site of ancient Acanthus. Ptolemy speaks of a harbour named Panormus, probably its haven (p. 82.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, 1, 262.-Walpole's Collect. 1, 225.) The Persian fleet despatched under Mardonius, suffered severely in doubling the promontory of Athos; and Xerxes, to guard against a similar accident, caused a canal to be dug through the neck of land on which Acanthus was situated; through this his fleet was conducted. (Herod. 7, 22.) From the language of Juvenal (10, 173), and the general sarcasm of Pliny (5, 1, “portentosa Græcia mendacia”), many regard this account of the canal as a fable, invented by the Greeks to magnify the expedition of Xerxes, and thus increase their own renown. But vestiges of the canal were visible in the time of Ælian (H. A. 13, 20); modern travellers also discover traces of it (Choiseul-Gouffier, Voy. Pittoresque 2, 2, 148.-Walpole, l. c.)-II. A city of Egypt, the southernmost in the Memphitic Nome. Ptolemy gives it a plural form, probably from the horny thickets in its vicinity, ukaveat: Strabo (809) adopts the singular form, as does also Diodorus Siculus (1, 97). Ptolemy places this city 15 minutes distant from Memphis. It is the modern Dashur.

ACARNAN. Vid. Supplement.

or Taphians. According to some, it was derived from
Acarnas, son of Alcmeon (Strabo, 462.-Apollod. 3,
7, 7.-Thuc. 2, 102.-Paus. 8, 24). But the remark
just made relative to the silence of Homer about the
Acarnanes seems to oppose this. More likely the ap-
pellation was grounded on a custom, common to the
united race, of wearing the hair of the head cut very
short, úκaphs, a intens., and keίpw, in imitation of the
Curetes, who cut their hair close in front, and allowed
it to grow long behind (vid. Abantes). The to-
lians and Acarnanians were in almost constant hostil-
ity against each other, a circumstance adverse to the
idea of a common origin. It is curious, however, that
the Etolians appear to have had no other object in
view, in warring on their neighbours, than to compel
them to form with them one common league; which
they would scarcely have done towards persons of a
different race. (Mannert, 8, 46.) This constant and
mutual warfare so weakened the two countries event-
ually, that they both fell an easy prey to the Macedo-
nians, and afterward to the Romans. The latter peo-
ple, however, amused the Acarnanians in the outset
with a show of independence, declaring the country to
be free, but soon annexed it to the province of Epirus.
The dominion of the Romans was far from beneficial
to Acarnania; the country soon became a mere wil-
derness; and as a remarkable proof, no Roman road
was ever made through Acarnania or Etolia, but the
public route lay along the coast, from Nicopolis on the
Ambracian Gulf to the mouth of the Achelous. (Man-
nert, 8, 60.) The present state of Acarnania (now
Carnia) is described by Hobhouse (Journ. 174, Am.
ed.) as a wilderness of forests and unpeopled plains.
The people of Acarnania were in general of less re-
fined habits than the rest of the Greeks; and from
Lucian's words (Dial. Meretr. 8, 227., Bip.), xoɩpíσkos
'Akapvávios, their morals were generally supposed to
be depraved. Independently, however, of the injus-
tice of thus stigmatizing a people on slight grounds,
considerable doubt attaches to the correctness of the
received reading, and the explanation commonly as-
signed to it. Guyetus conjectures 'Axapvɛúc, and
Erasmus, explaining the adage, favours this correction.
(Compare Bayle, Dict. Hist. 1, 40.) The Acarnani-
ans, according to Censorinus (D. N. 19), made the year
consist of but six months, in which respect they re-
sembled the Carians; Plutarch (Num. 19) states the
same fact. (Compare Fabricii Menol. p. 7.)

ACARNAS and AMPHOTERUS, sons of Alemæon and Callirhoë. Alemæon having been slain by the brothers of Alphesiboa, his former wife, Callirhoë obtained from Jupiter, by her prayers, that her two sons, then in the cradle, might grow up to manhood, and avenge their father. On reaching man's estate, they slew Pronous and Agenor, brothers of Alphesiboa, and, soon after, Phegeus her father. Acarnas, according to some, gave name to Acarnania; but vid. Acarnania. (Paus. 8, 24.)

ACARNANIA, a country of Greece Proper, along the western coast, having Ætolia on the east. The natural boundary on the Etolian side was the Achelous, but it was not definitely regarded as the dividing limit until the period of the Roman dominion. (Strab. 450.) Acarnania was for the most part a productive country, with good harbours (Scylax 13). The inhabitants, however, were but little inclined to commercial intercourse with their neighbours; they were almost constantly engaged in war against the Etolians, and consequently remained far behind the rest of the Greeks in culture. Hence, too, we find scarcely any city of importance within their territories; for Anactorium and Leucas were founded by Corinthian colonies, and formed no part of the nation, though they engrossed nearly all its traffic. Not only Leucadia, indeed, but ACASTUS, Son of Pelias, king of Iolcos in Thessaly. also Cephalenia, Ithaca, and other adjacent islands, Peleus, while in exile at his court, was falsely accused were commonly regarded as a geographical portion of by Astydamia, or, as Horace calls her, Hippolyte, the Acarnania, though, politically considered, they did not wife of Acastus, of improper conduct. The monarch, belong to it, being inhabited by a different race. (Man-believing the charge, led Pelcus out, under the prenert, 8, 33.) The Acarnanians and Etolians were de-tence of a hunt, to a lonely part of Mount Pelion, and scended from the same parent-stock of the Leleges or there, having deprived him of every means of defence. Curetes, though almost constantly at variance. The left him exposed to the Centaurs. Chiron came to most important event for the Acarnanians was the ar- his aid, having received for this purpose a sword from rival among them of Alcinaon, son of Amphiaraus, Vulcan, which he gave to Peleus as a means of dewho came with a band of Argive settlers a short time fence. According to another account, his deliverer previous to the Trojan war, and united the inhabitants was Mercury. Peleus returned to lolcos, and slew of the land and his own followers into one nation. the monarch and his wife. There is some doubt, His new territories were called Acarnania, and the however, whether Acastus suffered with his queen on people Acarnanians. The origin of the name Acar- this occasion. He is thought by some to have been nania, however, is uncertain. It was apparently not merely driven into exile. (Ov. Met. 8, 306.-Heroid, used in the age of Homer, who is silent about it, 13, 25.-Apollod. 1, 9, &c.--Schol. ad Apoll. Rh. 1 though he mentions by name the Etolians, Curetes, 224.) the inhabitants of the Echinades, and the Teleboans

ACCA LAURENTIA, I. more properly LARENTIA

made, with the aid of the British, under Sir Sidney Smith, against the French, under Bonaparte, who was obliged to raise the siege after twelve assaults. The strength of the place arose in part from its situation. The port of Acre is bad, but Dr. Clarke (Travels, 6, 89) represents it as better than any other along the coast. All the rice, the staple food of the people, enters the country by Acre; the master of which city, therefore, is able to cause a famine over all Syria. This led the French to direct their efforts towards the possession of the place. Hence, too, as Dr. Clarke observes, we find Acre to have been the last position in the Holy Land from which the Christians were expelled.

(Heins. ad Ovid. Fast. 3, 55), the wife of Faustulus, | rendered celebrated for the successful stand which it shepherd of king Numitor's flocks. She became foster-mother of Romulus and Remus, who had been found by her husband while exposed on the banks of the Tiber and suckled by a she-wolf. Some explain the tradition by making Lupa (“she-wolf") to have been name given by the shepherds to Larentia, from her mmodest character (Plut. Rom. 4); a most improba⚫le solution. We have here, in truth, an old poetic egend, in which the name Larentia (Lar), and the animals said to have supplied the princes with sustenance (vid. Romulus), point to an Etrurian origin for the fable. When the milk of the wolf failed, the woodpecker, a bird sacred to Mars, brought other food; other birds, too, consecrated to auguries by the Etrurians, hovered over the babes to drive away the insects. (Niebuhr's Rom. Hist. 1, 185.)-II. The Romans yearly celebrated certain festivals, called Larentalia, a foolish account of the origin of which is given by Plutarch (Quast. Rom. 272). There is some resemblance between Plutarch's story and that told by Herodotus (2, 122) of Rhampsinitus, king of Egypt, and the goddess Ceres; and it may, therefore, like the latter, have for its basis some agricultural or astronomical legend. (Consult Baehr, ad Herod. l. c.)

Accia, or, more correctly, Atia, the sister of Julius Cæsar, and mother of Augustus. Cicero (Phil. 3, 6) gives her a high character. She was the daughter of M. Atius Balbus. (Cic. l. c.-Suet. Aug. 4.)

Accius, I. (Vid. Supplement.)—II. ACCIUS T., a native of Pisaurum in Umbria, and a Roman knight, was the accuser of A. Cluentius, whom Cicero defended, B.C. 66. He was a pupil of Hermagoras, and is praised by Cicero for accuracy and fluency. (Brut. 23.) Acco, a general of the Gauls, at the head of the confederacy formed against the Romans by the Senones, Carnutes, and Treviri. Cæsar (B. G. 6, 4, 44), by the rapidity of his march, prevented the execution of Acco's plans; and ordered a general assembly of the Gauls to inquire into the conduct of these nations. Sentence of death was pronounced on Acco, and he was instantly executed.

ACĒLUM, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, among the Euganei, north of Patavium, and east of the Medoacus Major, or Brenta. It is now Asola. (Plin. 3, 19.Ptol. 63.)

ACERBAS, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who mar ried Dido, the sister of Pygmalion the reigning mon arch, and his own niece. Pygmalion murdered him in order to get possession of his riches, and endeavoured to conceal the crime from Dido; but the shade of her husband appeared to her, and disclosing to her the spot where he had concealed his riches during life, exhorted her to take these and flee from the country. Dido instantly obeyed, and leaving Phoenicia, founded Carthage on the coast of Africa. (Vid. Dido.) Virgil calls the husband of Dido Sicheus; but Servi us, in his commentary, informs us, that this appella tion of Sichæus is softened down from Sicharbes. Justin (18, 4) calls him Acerbas, which appears to be an intermediate form. Gesenius (Phan. Mon., p. 414) makes Sicharbas come from Isicharbas ("vir gladii" or Masicharbas ("opus gladii," i. e., qui gladio omnia sua debet). If we reject the explanation of Servius the name Sichaus may come from Zachi, "purus, justus."

a Roman colony, but at no period had many inhabitants, from the frequent and destructive inundations of the Clanius. (Frontinus, de Col. 102.—Virg. G. 2, 225, et Schol.) The Modern Acerra stands nearly on the site (Mannert, 9, 780).

ACERRAE, I. a town of Cisalpine Gaul, west of Cre mona and north of Placentia; supposed to have oc cupied the site of Pizzighetone; called by Polybius (2, 31) 'Axéppaι, and regarded as one of the strongACE, a seaport town of Phoenicia, a considerable holds of the Insubres. It must not be confounded with distance south of Tyre. On the gold and silver coins another Celtic city, Acara ("Akapa, Strabo, 216), or of Alexander the Great, struck in this place with Acerra (Plin. 3, 14), south of the Po, not far from FoPhoenician characters, it is called Aco. The Hebrew rum Lepidi and Mutina (Mannert, 9, 170): Tzschucke Scriptures (Judges, 1, 31) term it Accho, signifying incorrectly reads 'Axépaι for "Akapa, making the two "straitened" or "confined." Strabo calls it 'Ak places identical. (Tzsch. ad Strab. 1. c.)-II. A city (758). It was afterward styled Ptolemaïs, in honour of Campania, to the east of Atella, called by the of Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who long held part of south-Greeks 'Axéppa:, and made a Municipium by the Roern Syria under his sway. The Romans, in a later mans at a very early period (Liry, 8, 14). It remainage, appear to have transformed the Greek accusative ed faithful when Capua yielded to Hannibal, and was Ptolemaida into a Latin nominative, and to have des- hence destroyed by that commander. It was subseignated the city by this name; at least it is so writ-quently rebuilt, and in the time of Augustus received ten in the Itin. Antonin. and Hierosol. The Greeks, having changed the original name before this into 'Aký, connected with it the fabulous legend of Hercules having been bitten here by a serpent, and of his having cured (akéopai) the wound by a certain leaf. (Steph. B. v. IITоheuais.) The compiler of the Etym. ACERSECOMES, a surname of Apollo, signifying "unMagn. limits the name of 'Aký to the citadel, but as-shorn," i. e., ever young (Juv. 8, 128). Another form signs a similar reason for its origin. (Compare the is ȧKELрEKóμns. Both are compounded of a priv., learned remarks of Reland, on the name of this city, Keipw, fut., Eol. Képow, to cut, and kóμn, the hair of in his Palest., p. 535, seq.) Accho was one of the the head. The term is applied, however, as well to citics of Palestine, which the Israelites were unable Bacchus as to Apollo. (Compare the Lat. intonsus, to take (Judges, 1, 31). The city is now called Acre, and Ruperti, ad Juv. l. c.) more properly Acca, and lies at the northern angle of the bay, to which it gives its name, which extends, in a semicircle of three leagues, as far as the point of Carmel. During the Crusades it sustained several sieges. After the expulsion of the Knights of St. John, it fell rapidly to decay, and was almost deserted till Sheikh Daher, and, after him, Djezzar Pasha, by repairing the town and harbour, made it one of the first places on the coast. In modern times it has been

ACES, a river of Asia, on the confines, according to Herodotus (3, 117), of the Chorasmians, Hyrcanians, Parthians, Sarangeans, and Thamaneans. The territories of all these nations were irrigated by it, through means of water-courses; but when the Persians conquered this part of Asia, they blocked up the outlets of the stream, and made the reopening of them a source of tribute. The whole story is a very improbable one. Rennell thinks that there is some allusion

in it to the Oxus or Ochus, both of which rivers have
undergone considerable changes in their courses.
ACESANDER. Vid. Supplement.
ACESAS. Vid. Supplement.
ACESTAS. Vid. Supplement.

ACESINES, a large and rapid river of India, falling into the Indus. It is commonly supposed to be the Kaver, but Rennell makes it, more correctly, the Jenuub. (Vincent's Comm. and Nav. of the Anc.)

ACESIUS, I. a surname of Apollo, under which he was worshipped in Elis, where he had a splendid temple in the agora. This surname is the same as 'Aλcikakos, and means the averter of evil.-II. (Vid. Supplement.)

ACESTES. Vid. Egestes.

ACESTODORUS. Vid. Supplement.

ACESTOR. I. an ancient statuary mentioned by Pausanias (6, 7, 2). He was a native of Cnossus, or at least exercised his art there for some time, and was the father of that Amphion who was the pupil of Ptolichus of Corcyra. Ptolichus lived about Olymp. 80, 82, and Acestor must have been his contemporary. (Sillig, Dict. of Anc. Artists.)-II. Vid Supplement.

ACHEA, 'Ayala, a surname of Pallas. Her temple among the Daunians, in Apulia, contained the arms of Diomede and his followers. It was defended by dogs, which fawned on the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other persons (Aristot. de Mirab.).-II. Ceres was also called Achæa, from her grief (uxoç) at the loss of Proserpina (Plut. in Is. et Os.). Other explanations are given by the scholiast (ad Aristoph. Acharn. 674). Consult also Kuster and Brunck, ad loc., and Suidas, s. v. ACHÆI, one of the main branches of the great olic race. (Vid. Achaia and Græcia, especially the latter article.)

ACHEMENES, the founder of the Persian monarchy, according to some writers, who identify him with the Giem Schid, or Djemschid, of the Oriental historians (vid. Persia). The genealogy of the royal line is given by Herodotus (7, 11) from Achæmenes to Xerxes. The earlier descent, as given by the Grecian writers, and according to which, Perses, son of Perseus and Andromeda, was the first of the line, and the individual from whom the Persians derived their national appellation, is purely fabulous. Eschylus (Pers. 762) makes the Persians to have been first governed by a Mede, who was succeeded by his son; then came Cyrus, succeeded by one of his sons; next Merdis, Maraphis, Artaphernes, and Darius; the last not being, however, a lineal descendant. For a discussion on this subject, consult Stanley, ad loc.: Larcher, ad Herod. 7, 11, and Schütz, Excurs. 2, ad Esch. Pers. l. c.

only once. Athenæus, however (6, p. 270), accuses
Euripides of borrowing from this poet. The number
of plays composed by him is not correctly ascertained.
Suidas (s. v.) gives three accounts, according to one
of which he exhibited 44 plays; according to another,
30; while a third assigns to him only 24. Most of
the plays ascribed to him by the ancients are suspected
by Casaubon (de Sut. Poes. 1, 5) to have been satyric.
The titles of seven of his satyrical dramas, and of ten
of his tragedies, are still known. The extant fragments
of his pieces have been collected and edited by Urlichs,
Bonu, 1834 He should not be confounded with a la-
ter tragic writer of the same name, who was a native
of Syracuse.-III. A river, which falls into the Euxine
on the eastern shore, above the Promontorium Heracle-
um. The Greek form of the name is 'Αχαιούς, · οῦντος.
(Arrian, Per. Mar. Eux. 130, Blanc.)-IV. An his-
torian mentioned by the scholiast on Pindar (Ol. 7, 42).
Vossius (Hist. Gr. 4, p. 501) supposes him to be the
same with the Achæus alluded to by the scholiast on
Aratus (v. 171); but Boeckh throws very great doubt
on the whole matter. (Boeckh, ad Schol. Pind. l. c.,
vol. ii., p. 166.-V. A general of Antiochus the Great.
(Vid. Supplement.)

ACHALA, I. a district of Thessaly, so named from the Achæi (vid. Græcia). It embraced more than Phthiotis, since Herodotus (7, 196) makes it comprehend the country along the Apidanus. Assuming this as its western limit, we may consider it to have reached as far as the Sinus Pelasgicus and Sinus Maliacus on the east. (Mannert, 7, 599.) Larcher (Hist. d'Herod. 8, 7, Table Geogr.) regards Melitaa as the limit on the west, which lies considerably east of the Apidanus. That Phthiotis formed only part of Achaia, appears evident from the words of Scymnus (v. 604). ETEIT' 'Axatoì пapáñio piwTIKOί (Gail, ad loc.) Homer (I. 3, 258) uses the term 'Axauda, sc. xúpav, in opposition to Argos, "Apyoç, and seems to indicate by the former, according to one scholiast, the Peloponnesus; according to another, the whole country occupied by the Hellenes (v ruoav 'Eλλývwv yÿv, Schol. Il. 3, 75).—II. A harbour on the northeastern coast of the Euxine, mentioned by Arrian, in his Periplus of the Euxine (131, Blanc.), and called by him Old Achaia (ri rahaiav 'Axaíav). The Greeks, according to Strabo (416), had a tradition, that the inhabitants of this place were of Grecian origin, and natives of the Baotian Orchomenus. They were returning, it seems, from the Trojan war, when, missing their way, they wandered to this quarter. Appian (B. M. 67, 102, Schw.) makes them to have been Achæans, but in other respects coincides with Strabo. Müller (Gesch. Hellen. Stämme, &c., 1, 282) supposes the Greeks to have purposely altered the true name of the people in question, so as to make it resemble Achæi ('Axaloi), that they might erect on this superstructure a mere edifice of fable.-III. A country of the Peloponnesus, lying along the Sinus Corinthiacus, north of Elis and Arcadia. A number of mountain-streams, descending from the ridges of Arcadia, watered this region, but they were small in size, and many mere wintertorrents. The coast was for the most part level, and was hence exposed to frequent inundations. It had few harbours; not one of any size, or secure for ships. On this account we find, that of the cities along the coast of Achaia, none became famous for maritime enterprise. In other respects, Achaia may be ranked, as to extent, fruitfulness, and population, among the middling countries of Greece. Its principal productions ACHEUS, I. a son of Xuthus. (Vid. Græcia, rela- were like those of the rest of the Peloponnesus, nametive to the early movements of the Grecian tribes.)ly, oil, wine, and corn. (Mannert, 8, 384.-Heeren's II. A tragic poet, born at Eretria, B.C. 484, the very year Eschylus won his first prize. We find him contending with Sophocles and Euripides, B.C. 447. With such competitors, however, he was, of course, not very successful. He gained the dramatic victory

ACHÆMENIDES, I. a branch of the Persian tribe of Pasargada, nained from Achæmenes, the founder of the line. From this family, the kings of Persia were descended (Herod. 1, 126). Cambyses, on his deathbed, entreated the Achæmenides not to suffer the king. dom to pass into the hands of the Medes (3, 65).-II. A Persian of the royal line, whom Ctesias (32) makes the brother, but Herodotus (7, 7) and Diodorus Siculus (11, 74) call the uncle of Artaxerxes I. The latter styles him Achæmenes. (Bachr, ad Ctes. l. c.Wessel. ad Herod. l. c.)

ACHÆORUM STATIO, I. a place on the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shade of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus.II. The name of Achæorum Portus was given to the harbour of Corone, in Messenia.

It em

Ideen, &c., 3, 27.) The most ancient name of this
region was Egialea or Egialos, Alyiañóç, “sea-
shore," derived from its peculiar situation.
braced originally the territory of Sicyon, since here
stood the early capital of the Ægialii or Ægialenses.

that race.

by these means in driving Cleomenes from Sparta, yet
the Macedonians from this time remained at the head
of the league, and masters of the Peloponnesus.
Aratus himself fell a victim to the jealous policy of
Philip. The troubles that ensued gave the Romans
an opportunity of interfering in the affairs of Greece,
and at last Corinth was destroyed, and the Achæan
league annihilated by these new invaders. Vid. Eto-
lia and Corinth.) Mummius, the Roman general,
caused the walls of all the confederate cities to be de-
molished, and the inhabitants to be deprived of every
warlike weapon. The land was also converted into a
Roman province, under the name of Achaia, embra-
cing, besides Achaia proper, all the rest of the Pelo-
ponnesus, together with all the country north of the
isthmus, excepting Thessaly, Epirus, and Macedonia.
(Vid. Epirus and Macedonia.) The dismantled cities
soon became deserted, with the exception of a few,
and in what had been Achaia proper only three remain-
ed in later times, Ægium, Ægira, and Patræ. In our
own days, the last alone survives, under the name of
Patras. The entire coast from Corinth to Patras
shows only one place that deserves the name of a city,
or, rather, a large village; this is Vostitza, near the
ruins of the ancient Egium. (Mannert, 8, 392.)
ACHAICUS, a philosopher, whose time is unknown.
He wrote a work on Ethics. (Diog. Laert. 6, 99.)

ACHARNE, 'Axapvaí (or, as Stepnanus Byzantinus writes the name, 'Axápva), one of the most important boroughs of Attica, lying northwest of Athens and north of Eleusis. It furnished 3000 heavy-armed men as its quota of troops, which, on the supposition that slaves are not included, will make the entire population about 15,000. (Thucyd. 2, 20.-Mannert,8, 330.) This large number, however, did not all dwell in villages, but were scattered over the borough, which contained some of the finest and most productive land in Attica. From a sarcasm of Aristophanes (Acharn, 213.-Id. ibid. 332, seqq.) we learn, that many of the Acharnenses ('Axapveis) followed the business of charcoal-burning. This borough belonged to the tribe Eneis (Oivnic), and was distant 60 stadia from Athens. (Thucyd. 2, 21.)

The origin of the gialii appears to connect them | tus was defeated by the Lacedæmonian monarch Clewith the great Ionic race. Ion, son of Xuthus, came omenes. The Achæan commander, in an evil hour, from Attica, according to the received accounts, set- called in the aid of Macedon; for though he succeeded tled in this quarter (Paus. 7, 1.—Strabo, 383), obtained in marriage the daughter of King Selinus, and from this period the inhabitants were denominated Egialean lonians. Pausanias, however, probably from other sources of information, makes Xuthus, not Ion, to have settled here. The Pelasgi appear also to have spread over this region, and to have gradually blended with the primitive inhabitants into one community, under the name of Pelasgic Ægialeans (Herod. 7, 94). Twelve cities now arose, the capital being Helice, founded by Ion. At the period of the Trojan war, these cities were subject to the Achæans, and acknowledged the sway of Agamemnon as the head of Matters continued in this state until the Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus. The Achæans, driven by the Dorians from Argos and Lacedæmon, took refuge in Ægialea, under the guidance of TisaThe Ionians gave their new menos, son of Orestes. visiters an unwelcome reception; a battle ensued, the Ionians were defeated, and shut up in Helice; and at last were allowed by treaty to leave this city unmolested, on condition of removing entirely from their former settlements. They migrated, therefore, into Attica (Paus. 7, 1), but soon after left this latter country for Asia Minor (vid. Iones and Ionia). The Achæans now took possession of the vacated territory, and changed its name to Achaia. Tisamenos having fallen in the war with the Ionians, his sons and the other leaders divided the land among themselves by lot, and hence the old division of twelve cantons or districts, as well as the regal form of government, continued until the time of Ögygus or Gygus. (Strabo, 384.-Paus. 7, 6.-Polyb. 2, 41.) After this monarch's decease, each city assumed a republican government. The Dorians, from the very first, had made several attempts to drive the Achæans from their newly-acquired possessions, and had so far succeeded as to wrest from them Sicyon, with its territory, which was ever after regarded as a Dorian state. All farther attempts at conquest were unsuccessful, from the defence made by the Achæans, and the aid afforded to them by their Pelasgic neighbours in Arcadia. The result of this was an aversion on the part of the Achæans to everything Dorian. Hence they took no part with the rest of the Greeks against Xerxes; hence, too, we find them, even before the Peloponnesian war, in alliance with the Athenians; though, in the course of that war, they were forced to remain neutral, or else at times, from a consciousness of their weakness, to admit the Dorian fleets into their harbours. (Thucyd. 1, 111 and 115.-Id. 2, 9.-Id. 8, 3.-Id. 2, 84.) The Achæans preserved their neutrality also in the wars raised by the ambition of Macedon; but the result proved most unfortunate. The successors of Alexander seemed to consider the cities of Achaia as fair booty, and what they spared became the prey of domestic tyrants. Even after the Peloponnesus had ceased to be the theatre of war, and a Macedonian garrison was merely kept at the Isthmus, the public troubles seemed only on the increase. The whole country, too, began to be infested by predatory bands, whose numbers were daily augmented by the starving cultivators of the soil. At length, four of the principal cities of Achaia, viz., Patræ, Dyme, Tritæa, and Pharæ, formed a mutual league for their common safety. (Polyb. 2, 41.) The plan succeeded, and soon ten cities were numbered in the alliance. About twenty-five years after, Sicyon was induced to join the league by the exertions of Aratus, and he himself was chosen commander-in-chief of the confederacy. All the more important cities of the Peloponnesus gradually joined the coalition. Sparta alone kept aloof, and, in endeavouring to enforce her compliance, Ara

ACHATES, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary, that Fidus Achates became a proverb. (Virg. Æn. 1, 312.)

ACHELOÏDES, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of Achelous. (Ovid, Met. 5, fab. 15.— Gierig, ad loc.)

ACHELOUS, I. a river of Epirus, now the Aspro Potamo, or "White River," which rises in Mount Pindus, and, after dividing Acarnania from Ætolia (Strab. 450), falls into the Sinus Corinthiacus. It was a large and rapid stream, probably the largest in all Greece, and formed at its mouth, by depositions of mud and sand, a number of small islands called Echinades. The god of this river was the son of Occanus and Tethys, or of the Sun and Terra. Fable speaks of a contest between Hercules and the river god for the hand of Deianira. The deity of the Achelous assumed the form of a bull, but Hercules was victorious and tore off one of his horns. His opponent, upon this, having received a horn from Amalthea, the daughter of Oceanus, gave it to the victor, and obtained his own in return. Another account (Ovid, Met. 9, 63) makes him to have first assumed the form of a serpent, and afterward that of a bull, and to have retired in disgrace into the bed of the river Thoas, which thenceforward was denominated Achelous. A third version of the fable states, that the Naiads took the horn of the conquered deity, and, after filling it with the various productions of the seasons, gave it to the goddess of plenty, whence the origin of the cornu copia. They

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