in solemn procession, and which was adorned with ding, as it is technically termed, the colours of a paintflowers and branches of olive. To an olive-tree, dec-ing, and of imitating the exact effect of shades. Pliny orated in its turn with branches of bay and flowers speaks of him with enthusiasm. He became at last intertwined, and covered with a veil of purple, were so arrogant as to style himself the prince of painters, suspended globes of different sizes, types of the sun and never to go forth into public without wearing a and planets, and ornamented with garlands, the num- kind of tiara, after the fashion of the Medes. His fame, ber of which was a symbol of the year. On the altar, however, was eventually eclipsed by Zeuxis, who pertoo, burned a flame, the agitation, colour, and crack- fected all his discoveries. (Plin., l. c.—Sillig, Dict. ling of which served to reveal the future, a species of Art., s. v.)-III. A famous sculptor, whose country is divination peculiar to the sacerdotal order, and which uncertain, but who flourished about Olymp. 114. He prevailed also at Olympia in Elis, the centre of most possessed great acuteness of judgment, but exhibited of the sacerdotal usages of the day.--The god of the also, on many occasions, great violence of temper; so sun became also the god of music, by a natural allusion much so as frequently to break to pieces his own works to the movements of the planets and the mysterious when they chanced not to please him. Silanion, anharmony of the spheres; and the hawk, the universal other artist, represented him in bronze during one of type of the divine essence among the Egyptians, is, these fits of anger, and the work resembled, according with the Greeks, the sacred bird of Apollo. (Elian, to Pliny, not a human being, but choler itself personHist. An., 10, 14.)-As soon, however, as this Apollo, ified. (Plin., 34, 8.)-IV. A comic poet of Athens, whether his origin is to be traced to the banks of the who flourished about 300 B.C. He was a writer of Nile or to the plains of India, assumes a marked sta- much repute among the poets of the New Comedy. tion in the Grecian mythology, the national spirit la- Terence copied the Hecyra and Phormio from two of bours to disengage him of his astronomical attributes. his dramas; all his productions, though very numerous, Henceforward every mysterious or scientific idea disap- are now lost, except the titles of eight, with a few fragpears from the Daphnephoria, and they now become only ments. He was one of the six writers whom the ancommemorative of the passion of the god for a young cient critics selected as the models of the New Comefemale, who turns a deaf ear to his suit. A new deity, dy. The other five were Philippides, Philemon, MeHelios ("Hatoç), discharges all the functions of the sun. nander, Diphilus, and Posidippus. (Theatre of the This god, in his quality of son of Uranus and Terra, is Greeks, 2d ed., p. 188.)-V. A comic poet of Carysplaced among the cosmogonical personifications; he tus in Euboea. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 80.) has no part to play in the fables of the poets, and he -VI. A comic poet of Gela in Sicily, contemporary is only twice named in Homer, once as the father of with Menander. (Suidas, s. v. 'Añoλλód.-Clinton's Circe, and again as revealing to Vulcan the infidelity Fasti Hellenici, 2d ed., p. xlvi.)--VII. A native of of his spouse. He has no priests, no worship; no Athens, and disciple of Aristarchus, Panatius, and solemn festival is celebrated in his praise. Thereupon, Diogenes the Babylonian. He flourished about 146 freed from every attribute of an abstract nature, Apol- B.C., and was celebrated for his numerous productions, lo appears in the halls of Olympus, participates in the both in prose and verse. Of the former, we have, celestial banquets, interferes in the quarrels of earth, with the exception of a few fragments, only the work becomes the tutelary god of the Trojans, the protec- entitled Bi62ionкn (Bibliotheca), being a collection of tor of Paris and Encas, the slave of Admetus, and the the fables of antiquity, drawn from the poets and other lover of Daphne. So true is it, that all these changes writers, and related in a clear and simple style. It has in the character of this divinity were effected by the not reached us, however, in a perfect state, since it transmuting power of the Grecian spirit, that we see breaks off with the history of Theseus; whereas it Apollo preserve in the mysteries, which formed so would seem, from citations made from it, that the work many deposites of the sacerdotal traditions, the astro- was originally carried down to the return of the Greeks nomical attributes of which the public worship had de- from the Trojan war. Faber (Le Fevre), one of the prived him; and at a later period we find the New editors of the Bibliotheca, pretends that we merely Platonists endeavouring to restore to him these same have an extract from the original work of Apollodorus; attributes, when they wished to form an allegorical sys- while another editor, Clavier, maintains that Apollotem of religious science and philosophy out of the ab- dorus never wrote a work of this kind, but that what surdities of polytheism. But, in the popular religion, has come down to us is nothing more than a mere instead of being the god from whom emanate fecundity abridgment, extracted most probably from several of and increase, he is a simple shepherd, conducting the his works, especially that on the gods (πepì dewv), herds of another. Instead of dying and arising again which consisted of at least 20 books. The best edito life, he is ever young. Instead of scorching the tion of the Bibliotheca is that of Heyne, Götting., 2 vols. earth and its inhabitants with his devouring rays, he 8vo, 1803. The edition of Clavier, Paris, 1805, 2 darts his fearful arrows from a quiver of gold. Instead vols. 8vo, is also worthy of notice. Of the poetical of announcing the future in the mysterious language of works of Apollodorus, the most remarkable was the the planets, he prophesies in his own name. Nor does Xpovikú, or poetical Chronicle, which is unfortunately he any longer direct the harmony of the spheres by the lost. It was divided into four books, and contained, notes of his mystic lyre; he has now an instrument, according to Scymnus (v. 16-35, and 45-49), a stateinvented by Mercury and perfected by himself. The ment of all the remarkable events, famous sieges, midances, too, of the stars cease to be conducted by him; grations, establishments of colonies, treaties, exploits, for he now moves at the head of the nine Muses (the &c., from the fall of Troy, which Apollodorus fixed at nine strings of his divine cithara), the divinities who 1184 B.C., down to 144 B.C. It was written in a brief each preside over one of the liberal arts. (Constant, style, in iambic trimeters. We are indebted to this De la Religion, vol. 2, p. 93.) work, through the citations of other writers, for the knowledge of various important dates, such as the fall of Troy, the invasion of the Heraclidae, the Ionian emigration, the first Olympiad, &c. That part of the Chronicle which gave the dates when the various great men of antiquity lived, served as a basis for the Chronicle composed by Cornelius Nepos, but which is also lost. Apollodorus composed also a Description of the Earth (5 epíodos), in iambic verse, which gave Scymnus of Chios and Dionysius of Charax the idea of their respective Periegeses. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., APOLLODORUS, I. a native of Phalerum, one of the intimate friends of Socrates. (Plat., Phaed.)-II. A celebrated painter of Athens, who brought the art to a high degree of perfection, and handed it in this state to his pupil Zeuxis. Two of his celebrated productions are noticed by Pliny (35, 9). One of these was a priest at the altar, the other an Ajax struck by a thunderbolt. These two chefs-d'œuvre still existed in Pliny's time at Pergamus, and were highly admired. Apollodorus first discovered the art of softening and degra cording to Strabo, was renowned for the wisdom of its laws, which appear to have been framed, however, rather on the Spartan than the Corinthian model. Elian states, that decrees to the exclusion of foreigners were enforced here as at Lacedæmon; and Aristotle affirms, that none could aspire to the offices of the republic but the principal families, and those descended from the first colonists. (Æl, V. H., 13, 6. quent attacks from the Illyrians, and it was probably the dread of these neighbours, and also of the Macedonians, that induced the city to place itself under the protection of the Romans on the first appearance of that people on their coast. (Polyb., 2, 11.) Through vol. 4, p. 57, seqq.-Id., 5, 36-Clavier, in Biogr.ed by a colony from Corinth and Corcyra, and, ac Univ., vol. 2, p. 313.)-VIII. An Epicurean philosopher, supposed to have been contemporary with Cicero. He governed, as chief, the school of Epicurus, and the severity of his administration caused him to receive the appellation of Knorúрavvos (tyrant of the garden). According to Diogenes Laertius, he wrote more than 400 works, and among them a life of Epicurus. (Diog. Laert., 10, 2, et 25.-Consult Menoge, ad loc., where Gassendi's explanation of the terin Kn--Arist., Polt., 4, 4.) Apollonia was exposed to freTоTÚρavvoç is giveň.)-IX. A native of Damascus, and an architect of great ability in the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian, by the former of whom he was employed in constructing the famous stone bridge over the Ister or Danube, A.D. 104. Various other bold and magnificent works, both at Rome and in the provinces, con-out the war with Macedon they remained faithful to tributed to his high reputation. The principal of these the interest of their new allies. From its proximity to were the Forum of Trajan, in the middle of which arose Brundisium and Hydruntum in Italy, Apollonia was the Trajan Column, an immense library, an odeum, always deemed an important station by the Romans; the Ulpian basilica, therma, aqueducts, &c. Falling and among the extravagant projects of Pyrrhus, it is into disgrace with Hadrian, he lost his life through said he had contemplated the idea of throwing over a that emperor's caprice. The occasion is variously re-bridge to connect it with the last-mentioned place; a lated; by some it has been ascribed to an old grudge, distance not less than fifty miles! (Plin., 3, 11.) which originated in the time of Trajan, when Hadrian, Augustus spent many years of his early life in Apollogiving an ignorant opinion, in presence of the then em- nia, which were devoted to the study of literature and peror, respecting some architectural designs, was so philosophy. (Suet., Aug., 10.—Cramer's Anc. Gr., seriously mortified by a sarcastic rebuke from Apollo- vol. 1, p. 56, seqq.)-III. A town in the interior of dorus, that he never forgave him. This old offence Chalcidice, on the Egnatian way. (Scylax, p. 27.— was heightened by another on the part of Apollodorus, Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 2.) Mention is made of it in the when Hadrian had ascended the imperial throne. The Acts of the Apostles (17, 1), St. Paul having passed emperor pretended to submit to him, for his opinion, through it on his way from Philippi to Thessalonica. the design of a recently-built temple of Venus. The The ruins are called Pollina. (Cramer's Anc. Gr., plainness of speaking, for which the architect was vol. 1, p. 264.)-IV. A city of Thrace, at the mouth famed, got the better of his policy, and drew from him of the river Nestus. (Mela, 3, 2.-Liv., 38, 41.) It an observation, in allusion to the want of proportion was called, in a later age, Sozopolis, and is now Sizebetween the edifice and the statue it contained, that boli.-V. A city of Assyria, to the northwest of Ctesiif "the goddess wished to rise and go out" of her tem- phon. (Amm. Marcell, 23, 20.) Hardouin and othple, it would be impossible for her to accomplish her ers make it the same with Antiochia Assyria, menintention. The anger of the monarch knew no bounds. tioned by Pliny (6, 27).-VI. A city of Palestine, in Apollodorus was banished; and finally, after having Samaria, on the Mediterranean coast. It lay northbeen accused of various crimes, was put to death. west of Sichem. (Plin., 5, 13.—Joseph, Antiq. Jud., (Xiph, Vit. Hadr.)-X. A name common to several 13, 23.-Id., Bell., 1, 6.)—VII. A city of Phrygia, to medical writers. The most distinguished of these was the southeast of Apamea, on the road to Antioch in a physician and naturalist, born at Lemnos, about a Pisidia. Its earlier name was Margium. (Strab., century before the Christian era. He lived under 576.-Steph. Byz.) Colonel Leake is inclined to Ptolemy Soter and Lagus, to one of whom, accord-place it at Ketsi Bourlou, not far from the Lake Bouing to Strabo, he dedicated his works. The scholiast dour.-VIII. A city of Lydia, called also Apollonis, to Nicander states that he wrote also on plants. He is mentioned by Pliny, who says that he boasted of the juice of cabbage and of horseradish as a remedy against poisonous mushrooms. Athenæus often cites him. He wrote also on venomous animals, and there is reason to believe that it was from this work that Galen derived his antidote against the bite of vipers. (Plin., 14, 9.-Athen., 15, p. 675, e.) APOLLONIA, I. a festival at Sicyon, in honour of Apollo and Diana. It arose from the following circumstance. These two deities came to the river Sythas, in the vicinity of Sicyon, which city was then called Egialea, intending to purify themselves from the slaughter of the serpent Python. They were frightened away, however, and fled to Crete. Egialea being visited by a pestilence soon after this, the inhabitants, by the advice of soothsayers, sent seven boys and the same number of girls to the Sythas, to entreat the offspring of Latona to return. Their prayer was granted, and the two deities came to the citadel. In commemoration of this event, a temple was erected on the banks of the river to the goddess of Persuasion, Пɛι, and every year, on the festival of Apollo, a band of boys conveyed the statues of Apollo and Diana to the temple of Persuasion, and afterward brought them back again to the temple of Apollo. (Pausan., 2, 7.)-II. A celebrated city of Illyricum, near the mouth of the river Aous, or Aeas, and the ruins of which still retain the name of Pollina. It was found about 300 stadia from Pergamus, and the same distance from Sardis. It was named after the wife of Attalus. Cicero often alludes to it. (Cic, Orat. pro Flace, c. 21 et 32.-Ep. ad Quint., 1, 2, &c.) Some ruins are visible near a small hamlet called Bullene.-IX. A city of Mysia, at the northern extremity of the Lake Apolloniatis, and near the point where the Rhyndacus issues from it. Its site is now occupied by the Turkish town of Abulliona. (Strab., 575.)-X. A city of Cyrenaica, regarded as the harbour of Cyrene. It was the birthplace of the geographer Eratosthenes. Under the lower empire this place took the name of Sozusa, and it is now called Marza Susa, or Sosush. (Mela, 1, 8.—Ptol.) APOLLONIS, wife of Attalus of Pergamus. She was a native of Cyzicus, and of obscure family. Apollonis became the mother of Eumenes, Attalus, Philetæerus, and Athenæus, who were remarkable for fraternal attachment as well as for filial piety. After the death of their mother they erected a temple to her at Cyzicus, on the columns of which were placed nineteen tablets, sculptured in relief, and displaying the most touching incidents in history and mythology relative to filial attachment. At the bottom of these tablets were inscriptions in verse, which have been preserved for us in the Vatican manuscript of the Greek Anthology. These are given by Jacobs, at the end of his edition of the Anthology (Paralipomena ex codice Vaticano), and were previously published by He bius, lived at Alexandrea in the time of Augustus, ac- him in the 2d vol. of a work entitled Exercitationes | which the nature of his subject allowed him so many Critica in Scriptores Veteres, Lips., 1797, 8vo. opportunities. The Argonautics of Apollonius are reAPOLLONIUS, I. a native of Perga in Pamphylia, markable for the purity of the diction, and, with some who flourished principally under Ptolemy Philopator, exceptions, the beauty of the versification: they are, towards the close of the second century before the in this respect, a happy imitation of the Iliad and OdysChristian era. He is one of the four writers whom sey. Longinus (de Subl., 33) calls Apollonius we ought to regard as the fathers of mathematical sci- Tog, an expression that is well elucidated by the reence, since it was from their works that the moderns marks of Quintilian (10, 1, 54) on the same writer: first derived an accurate acquaintance with this de- "Non contemnendum edidit opus, quali quadam partment of knowledge. These authors are, to give mediocritate." He never rises to the sublime, but, at them in chronological order, Euclid, Archimedes, the same time, never descends to the vulgar and lowly. Apollonius, and Diophantus. We learn from Pappus, The Romans appear to have entertained a high opinthat Apollonius studied at Alexandrea under the suc-ion of the Argonautics of Apollonius. The poem was cessors of Euclid, and that it was here he acquired the freely translated by Varro Atacinus, and was imitated superior skill in geometrical science which rendered by Virgil in the fourth book of the Eneid. It has his name so famous. The same author gives no very been still more followed by Valerius Flaccus, who borfavourable account of his other qualities. He repre- rowed from it the fable of his own poem; but it must sents him (Coll. Math., l. 7, præf.) as a vain man, be confessed that the Roman poet has surpassed his jealous of the merit of others, and eagerly seizing every model. The best edition of Apollonius is that of occasion to depreciate them. Apollonius was one of Wellauer, Lips., 1828, 2 vols. 8vo. Previous to the the most prolific and profound writers in mathematical appearance of this, the best edition was that of Brunck, science. His works alone formed a considerable part of Lips., 1810, 2 vols. 8vo, with the additional Greek those which the ancients regarded as the source of the scholia, curá G. H. Schaeffer. Brunck's first edition true geometrical spirit. His treatise on Conics, how- appeared in 1780, 2 vols. 8vo, from the Strasburg ever, is the most remarkable, and the one that con-press.-III. A sophist, son of the grammarian Architributed most to his celebrity. It had many commentators among the ancients, such as Pappus of Alexandrea, Hypatia daughter of Theon, Eutocius of Ascalon, &c. The West was acquainted, for a long period, in modern times, with only the first four books of the Conics of Apollonius; and it was not till about the middle of the 17th century that the fifth, sixth, and seventh books were recovered from Arabic versions. A magnificent edition of the whole eight books was published by Dr. Halley, at Oxford, in 1710, the eighth book being in a measure restored by him from the indications given by Pappus. (Montucla, Hist. des Math., vol. 1, p. 245, seqq.-Lacroix, in Biogr. Univ, vol. 2, p. 316, seqq.)-II. A poet of Alexandrea, gen-one years of age when he appeared as the editor of erally called Apollonius of Rhodes, from his having lived for some time there. He was a pupil of Callimachus, but renouncing the erudite style of his master, he endeavoured to follow the track of Homer. It appears that Callimachus was offended with this act of rebellion against his authority, and that it was the cause of the enmity which subsisted between the two poets until the death of the former. Apollonius, having read at Alexandrea his Homeric poem on the expedition of the Argonauts, was hissed by a party which had been formed against him by the cabals of is master. Mortified at this treatment, he retired to Rhodes, where he taught rhetoric, and obtained the rights of citizenship. At a subsequent period, under Ptolemy V. (Epiphanes), he succeeded as librarian at Alexandrea in the place of Eratosthenes, who had become enfeebled by age. His principal production, the poem on the Argonautic expedition, is the only one of his works that has come down to us. It is divided into four books. The subject of the poem is the departure of Jason and his companions in quest of the golden fleece, and the return of these adventurers to their native shores after long and perilous wanderings. The plan is very simple: it is that of an historian, and is not adapted to poetic composition. There is no unity of interest in the poem; for Jason is not the only hero of the piece, and even if he were, his character is not sufficiently sustained for such an end. The poet places him in scenes where he acts without probity and without honour. The characters of Orpheus and Hercules are better drawn. That of Medea is a complete failure: the passion that sways her breast is at variance with both modesty and filial piety. In other respects, the poem contains many pleasing descriptions. Apollonius also deserves praise for not yielding to the spirit of the age, and indulging in those learned digressions that were then popular, and for Apollonius. Tollius produced a reprint of Villoison's edition, at Leyden, in 1788, 8vo. This re-impression is considered superior to the original, as far as the excellent notes added by Tollius are concerned. It is injured, however, by the retrenchment of Villoison's prolegomena.-IV. A grammarian of Alexandrea, surnamed Dyscolus (Avoru205), Ill-humoured," or Morose," on account of his unpleasant disposition; or else, as some suppose, from the difficult questions he was accustomed to propose to the sacans of Alexandrea. He flourished about the middle of the second century of the Christian era, and passed his days in the Bruchium, a quarter of the city where many learned men were supported at the royal expense. (Vid. Alexandrea.) He is the first that reduced the subject of grammar to a systematic form. Of his numerous writings in this department, we have only four treatises remaining. Hepi Evvrúšewç Tüv Tov hóуov μɛpav, "Of the Syntax of parts of speech;" in four books: Iepi 'Avrovypías, "Of the Pronoun:" Пepì Evrdeonov, "Of Conjunctions:" and IIɛpì 'Erippypárov, “Of Adverbs." To him is also ascribed a compilation, entitled 'loroptev Oavμasiov Bibhíov, "A collection of Wonderful Histories," which has only the accidental merit of containing some fragments of lost writers. This last-mentioned work is found in the editions of Phlegon given by Xylander and Meursius. Teucher produced a separate edition of it in 1792, 8vo, from the Leipsic press. The treatise on Syntax was first printed by the elder Aldus, in his Thesaurus Cornucopia, Venet., 1495. fol.; and was reprinted by Junta, in 1515, 8vo, Florent. Both these editions are inaccurate. Sylburg published a new edition in 1590, 4to, Francof, with the text corrected from MSS. The best, however, is that of Bekker, Berolin., 1817, 8vo. To Bekker we also owe editions of three other works of Apollo. nius, which had previously remained unedited. The of Achilles. At Athens he is said to have cast out a treatise on the Pronoun was first published by him in demon, which at its departure threw down a statue; Wolf and Buttmann's Museum Antiq. Stud., vol. 2, at the Isthmus of Corinth, to have predicted the atBerol., 1811, and the treatises on Conjunctions and tempt of Nero to cut through it; and in the island of Adverbs in the second volume of his Anecdota Græca. Crete, during an earthquake, to have exclaimed that (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 27.)-V. A native the sea was bringing forth land at the time that an islof Alabanda in Caria. He taught rhetoric at Rhodes, and was rising out of the sea between Crete and and his school enjoyed a high reputation. Cicero and Thera. From Crete he repaired to Rome. Just beJulius Cæsar were among the number of his pupils. fore this time, however, Nero had ordered all who pracHe was remarkable for sending away those who he tised magic to be driven from the city. The friends was convinced could not become orators, instead of of Apollonius apprized him of the hazard which was letting them waste their time in attending on his in- likely to attend his purposed visit to Rome; and the structions. His surname was Molo, or, according to alarm was so great, that out of thirty-four persons who others, Molonis (son of Molo). Cicero often alludes were his stated companions, only eight chose to acto him, sometimes under the name of Apollonius, on company him thither. He nevertheless persevered in other occasions under that of Molo. (Cic., de Orat., his resolution, and, under the protection of the sacred 1, 28.-Id., Brut., 89.)-VI. A native of Tyana in habit, obtained admission into the city. The next day Cappadocia, of an ancient and wealthy family, born he was conducted to the consul Telesinus, who was about the commencement of the Christian era, and fa- inclined to favour philosophers of every class, and obmous in the annals of ancient imposture. Wonderful tained permission to visit the temples and converse stories were told of the annunciation made to his mother with the priests. From Rome Apollonius travelled during her pregnancy, as well as of the circumstances westward to Spain. Here he made an unsuccessful under which his birth took place. (Philostr., Vit. attempt to incite the procurator of the province of BæApoll., 1, 4.) His early education was received at tica to a conspiracy against Nero. After the death of Aga, a town of Cilicia, on the Sinus Issicus, where that tyrant he returned into Italy on his way to Greece; he attached himself to the tenets and discipline of the whence he proceeded to Egypt, where Vespasian was Pythagorean philosophy, refraining from animal food, making use of every expedient to establish his power. living entirely upon fruits and herbs, wearing no article That prince early perceived that nothing would give of clothing made from any animal substance, going barc- greater credit with the Egyptian populace than to have foot, and suffering his hair to grow to its full length. his cause espoused by one who was esteemed a faHe spent much of his time in the temple of Esculapius voured minister of the gods, and, therefore, did not at Ege, a temple rendered famous by the wonderful fail to show him every kind of attention and respect. cures which were effected there; and the priests, find-The philosopher, in return, adapted his measures to ing him possessed of talents and docility, initiated him the views of the new emperor, and used all his influinto the mysteries of the healing art. His medical ence among the people in support of Vespasian's auknowledge proved subsequently a valuable auxiliary to thority. Upon the accession of Domitian, Apollonius him in imparting force to his moral precepts. After was no sooner informed of the tyrannical proceedings having acquired great reputation at Ege, Apollonius of that emperor, and particularly of his proscriptions determined to qualify himself for the office of a pre- of philosophers, than he assisted in raising a sedition ceptor in philosophy by passing through the Pythago- against him, and in favour of Nerva, among the Egyprean discipline of silence. Accordingly, he is said to tians; so that Domitian thought it necessary to issue have remained five years without once exercising the an order that he should be seized and brought to Rome. faculty of speech. During this time he chiefly resided Apollonius, being informed of the order, set out imin Pamphylia and Cilicia. When his term of silence mediately, of his own accord, for that city. Upon his was expired, he visited Antioch, Ephesus, and other arrival he was brought to trial; but his judge, the cities, declining the society of the rude and illiterate, prætor Elian, who had formerly known him in Egypt, and conversing chiefly with the priests. At sunrising was desirous of favouring him, and so conducted the he performed certain religious rites, which he disclosed process that it terminated in his acquittal. Apollonius only to those who passed through the discipline of si- now passed over into Greece, and visited various parts lence. He spent the morning in instructing his disci- of the country, gaining new followers wherever he went. ples, whom he encouraged to ask whatever questions He finally settled at Ephesus in Asia Minor, where he they pleased. At noon he held a public assembly for established a school and had many disciples. Here popular discourse. His style was neither turgid nor a story is related of him, which, if true, implies that abstruse, but truly Attic, and marked by great force he was acquainted with the conspiracy against Domiand persuasion. Apollonius, that he might still more tian. At the moment when that tyrant was cut off at perfectly resemble Pythagoras, determined to travel Rome, Apollonius is said to have made a sudden through distant nations. He proposed his design to his pause in the midst of a public disputation at Ephesus, disciples, who were seven in number, but they refused and, changing his tone, to have exclaimed, "Well to accompany him. He therefore entered upon his ex- done, Stephen! take heart; kill the tyrant; kill him;" pedition, attended only by two servants. At Ninus and then, after a short pause, to have added, "the tyhe took, as his associate, Damis, an inhabitant of that rant is dead; he is killed this very hour." After this city, to whom he boasted that he was skilled in all we hear little of him, except that Nerva wrote to him languages, though he had never learned them, and that on his accession; but it is very probable that he died he even understood the language of beasts and birds. at Ephesus during the short reign of that emperor, at The ignorant Assyrian worshipped him as a god; and, the very advanced age of ninety-seven. The sources resigning himself implicitly to his direction, accompa- of information concerning this extraordinary man are nied him wherever he went. At Babylon he con- very uncertain. His life by Philostratus, from which versed with the magi, and, by his sage discourses, ob- the foregoing sketch is principally selected, was comtained the favour and admiration of the king, who fur-piled two hundred years after his death, by order of nished him with camels and provisions for his journey over Caucasus. He was equally patronised by Phraotes, an Indian king, and after four months' residence with the Indian sages, returned to Babylon, and thence into Ionia. Various miracles of his performance in the cities of Greece are gravely related. Among other feats, he pretended that he had raised the shade the Empress Julia, widow of Severus, which prince regarded Apollonius as a divinely-inspired personage, and is said to have associated his image in a temple with those of Orpheus, Abraham, and our Saviour. Philostratus, a mere sophist, received as materials the journal of Damis, his companion and disciple, who was ignorant and credulous, and a short and imperfect the enthusiastic painter caused himself to be conducted to this chef-d'œuvre of art, and, by passing his hands over it, sought in this way to enjoy those feelings of delight which his loss of vision seemed to deny him. (La Salle, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 325.)— IX. A sculptor, who made the head of a young satyr, now preserved at Egremont House, Petworth. (Consult O. Müller, Amalth., 3, 252.)-X. A sculptor, who, in connexion with his brother Tauriscus, constructed a celebrated image of a bull, formerly the property of Asinius Pollio. This image is generally supposed to be that now known as the Farnese Bull, though artists have observed several things in the latter performance which argue it to be of a later date. (Plin., 36, 5.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) APONIANA, an island near Lilybæum. (Hirt., B. Afric., 2.) Cluverius thinks that one of the gusæ or gades is here meant. Others suppose it to be the same with Paconia of Ptolemy. In one MS. the name is given as Apononia. (Cluv., Sicil., 2, 15.) APONUS FONS, a fountain, or, more correctly, warm mineral springs about six miles to the south of Patavium. They were celebrated for their healing properties, and hence their name, from a, not, and ovos, the anguish or pain of a malady, as indicating their property of lulling or removing the pains of sickness. There was also a species of divination connected with them, by throwing articles into the fountain. (Lucan, Phars., 7, 193.—Suet., Vit. Tib., c. 14, and Crus., ad loc.) The Aponus Fons was the principal source of what were denominated the Aqua Patavina. The name of Bagni d'Abano, by which these waters are at present known, has evidently been formed by corruption from Aponus. (Plin., 2, 103.-Id., 31, 6.) memoir by Maxentius of Ege, now lost. All sorts of fables and traditionary tales are mixed up with the account of Philostratus, who only merits attention for a mere outline of the facts upon which he must necessarily have formed his marvellous superstructure. The claim of the whole to notice rests chiefly on the disposition of the pagans, when Christianity began to gain ground, to assimilate the character and merits of Apollonius with those of the Divine Founder of the rising religion. Something is also due to a life so singular as that of Apollonius, who certainly contrived to pass for a divinely-favoured person, not only in his own days, but as long as paganism prevailed. The inhabitants of Tyana dedicated a temple to his name; the Ephesians erected a statue to him under the name of Hercules Alexicacus, for delivering them from the plague; Hadrian collected his letters; the Emperor Severus honoured him as already described; Caracalla erected a temple to him; Aurelian, out of regard to his memory, refrained from sacking Tyana; lastly, Ammianus Marcellinus ranks him among the eminent men, who, like Socrates and Numa, were visited by a demon. All these prove nothing of the supernatural attributes of Apollonius, but they are decisive of the opinion entertained of him. At the same time, Dr. Lardner clearly shows that the life of Philostratus was composed with a reference to the history of Pythagoras rather than to that of our Saviour. (Compare the remarks of Mitchell, in the Introduction | to his edition of the Clouds of Aristophanes, p. viii., seqq., Lond, 1838.) On the whole, as his correct doctrines appear to have been extremely moral and pure, it may be the fairest way to rank him among that less obnoxious class of impostors, who pretend to be divinely gifted, with a view to secure attention and obe- APOTHEOSIS, a ceremony observed by some ancient dience to precepts, which, delivered in the usual way, nations, by which they raised their kings, heroes, and would be generally neglected. Of the writings of great men to the rank of deities. Neither the EgypApollonius, there remain only his Apology to Domitian, tians nor Persians seem to have adopted this custom. and eighty-four epistles, the brevity of which is in The Greeks were the first who admitted it. The favour of their authenticity. They were edited by Romans borrowed it from them. Herodian (4, 2) has Comelin in 1601, 8vo, and by Stephens, in his Epistolæ, left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman em1577. His life by Philostratus is found in the wri- peror. After the body of the deceased was burned, a tings of that sophist, the best edition of which is that waxen image of it was placed upon a tall ivory couch of Olearius, Lips., 1709, fol. (Enfield's History of in the vestibule of the palace, the couch being decked Philosophy, vol. 2, p. 39, seqq.-Michaud, Biogr. with the most sumptuous coverings. The image repUniv., vol. 2, p. 320, seqq. )—VÍÏ. A stoic philosopher, resented the emperor as pale and suffering under sickborn at Chalcis in Euboea, or, according to some, at ness. This continued for seven days. The city meanChalcedon in Bithynia. His high reputation induced while was in sorrow. For the greater part of each the Emperor Antoninus Pius to send for him to come day the senate sat ranged on the left side of the bed, to Rome in order to take charge of the education of dressed in robes of mourning, the ladies of the first rank Marcus Aurelius. On his arrival at the capital, the sitting on the right side in white robes, without any oremperor sent him an eager invitation to repair to the naments. During the seven days the physicians paid regpalace; but the philosopher declined to come, observ-ular visits to the sick person, and always reported that he ing that the pupil ought to come to the master, not the grew worse, until at length they gave out that he was master to the pupil. The emperor, on receiving this dead. When the death was announced, a band consistanswer, observed, with a smile, "It was then easier, ing of the noblest members of the equestrian order, and it seems, for Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, the most distinguished youths of senatorian rank, carried than from his residence in Rome to the palace in the the couch and image, first to the Forum, where hymns same city!" Antoninus, however, hastened to send and dirges were sung, and then to the Campus Marhis royal pupil to him, and Aurelius profited in no tius. In this latter place a large pyramidal edifice of small degree by the lessons of his instructer. The wood had been previously constructed, the interior Meditations of Aurelius contain a eulogium on his being filled with combustibles of all kinds. The stoic preceptor. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 323.)- couch was placed on this, with abundance of aromatics VIII. A sculptor, distinguished by a statue of Hercu- and spices. The equestrian order then moved in solles, the extant part of which is preserved in the Vati-emn array around the pile, imitating by their evolucan Museum at Rome, and is known by the name of the Belvidere torso. He was a native of Athens, and, according to Winckelmanu, flourished a short time subsequent to Alexander the Great. This opinion is founded principally upon the form of the letters composing the Greek inscription sculptured on the marble. A conjecture of this kind, however, can at best be only approximative. The famous torso of the Belvidere Hercules has been the admiration of all artists. Michael Angelo sketched it from every possible point of view; and when, in his old age, he was deprived of sight, tions the pyrrhic dance; and chariots were also driven around, having the persons standing in them arrayed in their prætextas, and wearing masks which recalled the features of the most celebrated Romans of former days. The new emperor then applied a torch to the pile, and fire was also communicated to it by the rest. Meanwhile, an eagle was let fly from the summit of the structure, which was to ascend with the flames to the heavens, and was supposed to bear with it from earth the soul of the deceased emperor. If the deified person was a female, a peacock, not an eagle, was |