island of the river Rhenus, where they came to an agreement to divide all the provinces of the empire, and the supreme authority, among themselves for five years, under the name of triumvirs, and as reformers of the republic with consular power. Thus was formed the second triumvirate. The most horrid part of the transaction was the cold-blooded proscription of many of their friends and relatives, and Cicero's head was given in exchange by Octavius for Antony's uncle and for the uncle of Lepidus. Octavius and Antony then passed into Macedonia, and defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. After this, the latter passed over to the eastern provinces, where he lived for a time in great dissipation and luxury with the famous Cleopatra, at Alexandrea. Upon the death of his

whom Fulvia had raised an army in Italy, for the purpose, it is supposed, of drawing her husband away from Cleopatra, and inducing him to come to the latter country. Octavius gave Antony his sister Octavia in marriage, and a new division was made of the empire. Octavius had Dalmatia, Italy, the two Gauls, Spain, and Sardinia; Antony all the provinces east of Codropolis in Illyricum, as far as the Euphrates; while Lepidus received Africa. On returning to the east, Antony once more became enslaved by the charms of Cleopatra. An unsuccessful expedition against the Parthians ensued, and at last the repudiation of Octavia involved him in a new war with Octavius. The battle of Actium put an end to this con

him, Cicero had induced him to prove faithful to the state; but he governed it with such extortion and violence, that he was tried, convicted, and sent into banishment.-V. Marcus, son of Antonius Creticus, grandson of the orator, and well known by the historical title of the Triumvir. Losing his father when young, he led a very dissipated and extravagant life, and wasted his whole patrimony before he had assumed the manly gown. He afterward went abroad to learn the art of war under Gabinius, who gave him the command of his cavalry in Syria, where he signalized his courage and ability in the restoration of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He also distinguished himself on other occasions, and obtained high reputation as a commander. From Egypt he proceeded to Gaul, where he remained some time with Cæsar, and the latter hav-wife Fulvia, he became reconciled to Octavius, against ing furnished him with money and credit, he returned upon this to Rome, and succeeded in obtaining first the quæstorship, and afterward the office of tribune. In this latter office he was very active for Cæsar, but finding the senate exasperated against this commander, he pretended to be alarmed for his own safety, and fled in disguise to Cæsar's camp. Cæsar, upon this, marched immediately into Italy, the flight of the tribunes giving him a plausible pretext for commencing operations. Cæsar, having made himself master of Rome, gave Antony the government of Italy. During the civil contest, the latter proved himself on several occasions a most valuable auxiliary, and, after the battle of Pharsalia, was appointed by Cæsar his master of the horse. After the death of Cæsar Antony deliv-test and to all the hopes of Antony. It was fought at ered a very powerful address over his corpse in the forum, and inflamed to such a degree the soldiers and populace, that Brutus and Cassius were compelled to depart from the city. Antony now soon became powerful, and began to tread in Caesar's footsteps, and govern with absolute sway. The arrival of Octavius at Rome thwarted, however, his ambitious views. The latter soon raised a formidable party in the senate, and was strengthened by the accession of Cicero to his cause. Violent quarrels then ensued between Octavius and Antony. Endeavours were made to reconcile them, but in vain. Antony, in order to have a pretence of sending for the legions from Macedonia, prevailed on the people to grant him the government of Cisalpine Gaul, which the senate had before conferred on Decimus Brutus, one of the conspirators against Cæsar. Matters soon came to an open rupture. Octavius offered his aid to the senate, who accepted it, and passed a decree, approving of his conduct and that of Brutus, who, at the head of three legions, was preparing to oppose Antony, then on his march to seize Cisalpine Gaul. Brutus, not being strong enough to keep the field against Antony, shut himself up in Mutina, where his opponent besieged him. The senate declared Antony an enemy to his country. The consuls Hirtius and Pansa took the field against him along with Octavius, and advanced to Mutina in order to raise the siege. In the first engagement, Antony had the advantage, and Pansa was mortally wounded, but he was defeated the same day by Hirtius as he was returning to his camp. In a subsequent engagement, Antony was again vanquished, his lines were forced, and Octavius had an opportunity of distinguishing himself, Hirtius being slain in the action, and the whole command devolving on the former. Antony, after this check, abandoned the siege of Mutina, and crossed the Alps, in hopes of receiving succours from his friends. This was all that Octavius wanted; his intent was to humble Antony, not to destroy him, foreseeing plainly that the republican party would be uppermost, and his own ruin must soon ensue. A reconciliation was soon effected between him and Antony, who had already gained an accession of strength by the junction of Lepidus. These three leaders had an interview near Bononia, in a small

sea, contrary to the advice of Antony's best officers, and chiefly through the persuasion of Cleopatra, who was proud of her naval force. She abandoned him in the midst of the fight with her fifty galleys, and took to flight. This drew Antony from the battle and ruined his cause. Besieged, after this, in Alexandrea, by the conqueror, abandoned by all his followers, and betrayed, as he thought, even by Cleopatra herself, he fell by his own hand, in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30. The peculiar events connected with the life of Marc Antony have given him a celebrity which one would never have expected from his character. Gifted with some brilliant qualities, he possessed neither sufficient genius nor sufficient strength of soul to entitle him to be ranked among great men. Neither can he be ranked among men of worth, since he was always without principle, immoderately attached to pleasure, and often cruel. And yet few men had more devoted friends and partisans, for many of his actions announced a generosity of disposition far preferable to the cautious prudence and cold policy of his rival Octavius. (Plut., Vit. Ant.)-VI. Iulus, a son of Marc Antony and Fulvia. He stood high in the favour of Augustus, and received from him his sister's daughter in marriage. After having filled, however, some of the most important offices in the state, he engaged in an intrigue with Julia, the daughter of the emperor, and was put to death by order of the latter. According to Velleius Paterculus (2, 100), he fell by his own hand. It would appear that he had formed a plot, along with the notorious female just mentioned, against the life of Augustus. (Compare Lips., ad Tacit., Ann., 1, 10.) Acron informs us, in his scholia to Horace (Od., 4, 2, 33), that Antonius had distinguished himself by an epic poem, in twelve books, entitled Diomedeis.-VII. Caius, a brother of Marc Antony. Having fallen into the hands of Brutus, his life was spared until that commander heard of Cicero's end, when he was put to death on the principle of retaliation. (Consult Ernesti, Clav. Cic., s. v.)-Lucius, another brother of Marc Antony, who was consul A.U.C. 713. Having quarrelled with Octavius during his continuance in this office, he was besieged in Perusia, and compelled to surrender. The conqueror spared his life, and he passed the rest of his days in obscurity. (Vell. Paterc., 2

AONIÆ, an epithet applied to the Muses, from Mount Helicon in Boeotia, the earlier name of this country having been Aonia.

'74.)—IX. Felix, a freedman of the Emperor Claudius, | otia. (Pausan., 9, 5.—Ovid, Met., 3. 7, 10, 13.appointed governor of Judæa. (Vid. Felix)-X. Virg., G., 3, 11.) Musa, a celebrated physician in the time of Augustus. (Vid. Musa.)-XI. Primus, a Roman commander whose efforts were very influential in gaining the crown for Vespasian. He was also an able public speaker, and had a turn likewise for poetic composition, having written numerous epigrams. He was a friend of the poet Martial. (Tac., Ann., 14, 40.-Id., Hist., 11, 86.)

ANTORIDES, a painter, who flourished, according to Pliny (35, 10), about Olympiad 110. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

AORNOS, or AORNIS, a lofty rock in India, taken by Alexander. It was situate on the Suastus, or Suvat. The Macedonians gave it the name of Aornos (dopvoc) on account of its great height; the appellation implying that it was so high that no bird could fly over it (a priv. et opviç.—Curt., 8, 11.—Arrian, 4, 28.-Plut., Vit. Alex.)-II. Another in Bactriana, east of Zariaspa Bactria. It is now Telekan, situate on a high mountain called Nork-Koh, or the mountain of silver.

Aõus, or AEAs, a river of Illyria, now Voioussa, which flowed close to Apollonia. It was said by the ancients to rise in that part of the chain of Pindus to which the name of Mount Lacmon was given. (Herod., 9, 94.-Strab., 316.) According to Polybius and Livy, it was navigable from its mouth to Apollonia. (Polyb., 5, 109.—Liv., 24, 40.)

ANUBIS, an Egyptian deity, the offspring of Osiris, and of Nephthys the sister and spouse of Typhon. He inherited all the wisdom and goodness of his father, but possessed the nature of the dog, and had also the head of that animal. He accompanied Isis in her search after the remains of Osiris. Jablonski (Panth. Egypt., p. 19) derives the name from the Coptic Noub, "gold." In this he is opposed by Champollion (Précis, p. 101, seqq.), who denies also the propriety of confounding Anubis with Hermes. Plutarch says APAMA, I. wife of Seleucus Nicator, and mother of (de Is. et Os., p. 368 et 380), that some of the Antiochus Soter. (Strab., 578.)-II. Sister of AnEgyptian writers understood by Anubis the horizontal tiochus Theos, married to Magas. After her huscircle which divides the invisible from the visible part band's death, she prevailed upon Antiochus to make of the world. Other writers tell us that Anubis pre-war against Ptolemy Philadelphus.-III. Wife of sided at the two solstitial points, and that two dogs Prusias, king of Bithynia, and mother of Nicomedes. (or, rather, two jackals), living images of this god, (Strab., 563.) were supposed to guard the tropics along which the sun rises towards the north or descends towards the south. If this be correct, we must suppose two deities, an Anubis, properly so called, the guardian of the lower hemisphere and of the darker portion of the year, and an Hermanubis, the guardian of the luminous portion and of the upper hemisphere. On the whole subject of Anubis, however, and particularly on his non-added, for a similar reason, to Apamea. It was situidentity with Thoth and Sirius, consult the learned annotations of Guigniaut to Creuzer's Symbolik (vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 851, seqq.).

ANXUR, the Volscian name of Terracina. (Vid. Terracina.) La Cerda and others contend for the Greek derivation of the name, which makes Jupiter aupoc, or "the beardless," to have been worshipped here; and they maintain that, in conformity with this, the name of the place should be written Axur, as it is found on some old coins. Heyne, however, supposes the letter n to have been sometimes omitted, in consequence of its slight sound. (Heyne, ad Virg., En., 9, 799, in Var. Lect.).

ANYTA, a poetess of Tegea, who flourished about 300 B.C. She exercised the calling of Xpnouonoios, "maker of oracles," that is to say, she versified the oracles of Esculapius at Epidaurus. We have only a few remains of her productions, namely, twenty epigrams, remarkable for their great simplicity. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 70.)

ANYTUS, an Athenian demagogue, who, in conjunction with Melitus and Lycon, preferred the charges against Socrates which occasioned that philosopher's condemnation and death. After the sentence had been inflicted on Socrates, the fickle populace repented of what had been done; Melitus was condemned to death, and Anytus, to escape a similar fate, went into exile. (Elian, V. H., 2, 13.)

AON, a son of Neptune, who first collected together into cities, as is said, the scattered inhabitants of Eubora and Boeotia. Hence the name Aonians given to the earlier inhabitants of Baotia. (Vid. Aones.)

AŎNES, the earlier inhabitants of Boeotia. They, jointly with the Hyantes, succeeded the Ectenes. On the arrival of Cadmus, the Hyantes took up arms to oppose him, but were routed, and left the country on the ensuing night. The Aones, however, submitted, and were incorporated with the Phoenicians. The Muses were called Aonia, from Mount Helicon in Bo

APAMEA, I. a city of Phrygia, built by Antiochus Soter on the site of the ancient Cibōtus, and called, after his mother, Apama. The name of the earlier place, Cibōtus, is thought to have been derived from kɩbwróg, an ark or coffer, because it was the mart or common treasury of those who traded from Italy and Greece to Asia Minor. This name was afterward

ate above the junction of the Orgas and Meander, and,
according to Mannert, is now called Aphiom Kara-
Hisar, or the black castle of opium, which drug is col-
|lected in its environs. (Mannert, vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 120,
seqq.) The more correct opinion, however, would
seem to be in favour of Dinglare or Deenare. (Po-
cocke, Trav., vol. 3, p. 2, c. 15.-Arundell, Visit, &c.,
p. 107, seqq.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 51,
seqq.)-II. Another in Bithynia, near the coast of the
Sinus Cianus. It was originally called Myrlea, and
flourished under this name, as an independent city, for
several years, until it was taken and destroyed by Phil-
ip, father of Perses, who ceded the territory to Prusias,
sovereign of Bithynia, his ally. This prince rebuilt the
town, and called it Apamea, after his queen. (Strab.,
563.) The ruins of Apamea are near the site now
called Modania, about six hours north of Broussa.
(Wheeler, vol. 1, p. 209.-Pococke, vol. 3, b. %,
c. 25.)--III. Another in Syria, at the confluence of
the Orontes and Marsyas, which form here a small
lake. It was founded by Seleucus Nicator, and called
after his wife. It is now Famich. Seleucus is said
to have kept in the adjacent pastures 500 war-ele-
phants. (Mannert, vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 463.)-IV. Another
in Mesopotamia, on the Tigris, in a district which lay
between the canal and the river, whence the epithet
Messene applied to this city, because it was in the
midst of that small territory which is now called Digel.
(Mannert, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 271.)-V. Another on the
confines of Media and Parthia, not far from Rage. It
was surnamed Raphane. (Mannert, vol. 5, pt. 2, p.
179.)-VI. Another at the confluence of the Tigris
and Euphrates, now Koma. (Mannert, vol. 5, pt. 2,
p. 361.)

APATURIA, a festival at Athens, which received its name, according to the common, but erroneous account, from árárn, deceit, because it was instituted (say the etymologists who favour this derivation) in memory of a stratagem by which Xanthus, king of Boeotia, was

pounds (i. e., half Greek and half Latin-a priv. et pellis) is at variance with every principle of analogy, and cannot for a moment be admitted.

killed by Melanthus, king of Athens, upon the following occasion: when a war arose between the Boeotians and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories, Xanthus made a proposal to the APELLES, a painter in the age of Alexander the Athenian king to decide the point by single combat. Great, exalted by the united testimony of all antiquity Thymates, who was then on the throne of Athens, re- to the very highest rank in his profession, so that the fused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the chal-art of painting was sometimes termed “ars Apellēa,” lenge. When they began the engagement, Melanthus as by Martial (11, 9) and Statius (Sylv., 1, 1, 100). exclaimed that his antagonist had some person behind Ancient writers differ as to the country of Apelles. him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked be- Pliny (35, 10) and Ovid (A. A., 3, 401) mention the hind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this suc- island of Cos; Suidas contends for Colophon; while cess, Jupiter was called narývwp, deceiver; and Strabo (642) and Lucian (Calum. non iem cred., 2) Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus, notice him as an Ephesian. The origin of this last was called Mɛhavaryis, clothed in the skin of a black opinion, however, is sufficiently accounted for in the goat. Thus much for the commonly received deri- remark of Suidas, who makes him to have been an vation of the term 'Ararоúpia. It is evident, how- Ephesian by adoption merely. Another reason for his ever, that the word is compounded of either warp or being called by some an Ephesian, may be found in Túrрa, which expression varies, in its signification, be- the circumstance of his having been instructed at tween yévos and oparpía, and with the Ionians coinci- Ephesus. (Tolken, ap. Böttig. Amalth, 3, 123.) ded rather with the latter word. Whether it was And so, in modern times, Titian is sometimes styled a formed immediately from warp or márрa, is difficult Venetian, though born at Cadore in Friuli; and Rato determine on etymological grounds, on account of phael a Roman, though his native place was Urbino. the antiquity of the word: reasoning, however, from There can be no question, however, as to the period the analogy of φρατήρ οι φράτωρ, φρατορία and φράτ- in which Apelles flourished, because it is universally pa, the most natural transition appears to be warp admitted that Alexander the Great would not suffer (in composition аτúρ), πaτóρios (whence raтoupios, his portrait to be taken by any other artist. Apelles prатоúρiα), máτрa; and, accordingly, the 'Amarovpia must have been engaged in his profession, according means a festival of the paternal unions, of the raropiai, to the most exact calculation, from about Olymp. 107 of the rúrpat. (Müller, Dorians, vol. 1, p. 95.) to Olymp. 118. His instructers were Ephorus the The Apaturia was peculiar to the great Ionic race Ephesian, Pamphilus of Amphipolis, and Melanthius; The festival lasted three days; the first day was called and when he became the pupil of these artists, he had dopreía, because suppers (Сóржоι) were prepared for himself acquired some distinction by his paintings. all those who belonged to the same Phratria. The (Plut., Vit. Arat., 13.) Athenæus assigns him a second day was called áváþóvoiç (úñò rov úvʊ ¿púεiv), fourth instructer, named Arcesilaus (10, p. 420). The because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva, most important passage respecting Apelles occurs in and the head of the victim was generally turned up Pliny (35, 10), and this passage contains an enumeratowards the heavens. The third was called Kov- tion of nearly all his productions. One of the most άεwτis, from κоupos, a youth, because on that day it celebrated of these was the Venus Anadyoměně, or was usual to enrol the names of young persons of both Venus rising from the waves, i. e., the sea-born. sexes on the registers of their respective phratriæ; the This famous painting was subsequently placed by Auenrolment of nuоñоinτоι proceeded no farther than gustus in the temple of Julius Cæsar. The lower part that of assignment to a tribe and a borough, and, con- of the picture becoming injured by time, no artist was sequently, precluded them from holding certain offices found who would venture to retouch it. When it both in the state and priesthood. (Consult Wach- was at last quite destroyed by age, the Emperor Nero smuth, Gr. Ant., vol. 1, § 44.)—The Ionians in Asia substituted for it another Venus from the pencil of had also their Apaturia, from which, however, Colo- Dorotheus. The Venus Anadyomene was univerphon and Ephesus were excluded; but exclusions of sally regarded as the masterpiece of Apelles. (Prothis nature rested no more on strictly political grounds, pert., El., 3, 7, 11) A description of it is given in than did the right to partake in them, and the celebra- several Greek epigrams (Antip. Sidon., in Anthol. tion of festivals in general. A religious stigma was, Planud., 4, 12, 178, &c.-Compare Ilgen, Opusc., 1, for the most part, the ground of exclusion. (Wach- 15, 34.) Apelles commenced another Venus, represmuth, vol. 1, § 22-Compare Herodotus, 1, 147.-sented in a sleeping state, for the Coans, which he The authorities in favour of the erroneous etymology meant should surpass his previous effort; but he died from árúrn may be found by consulting Fischer, Ind. before completing it, having painted merely the head ad Threophrast. Charact., s. v. 'Anатоúрiа. - Lar- and neck of the figure, which, according to Cicero, cher, ad Herod., Vit. Hom., c. 29.-Schol., Plat., ad were executed with the utmost skill. (Cic., Ep. ad Tim., p. 201, ed. Ruhnken.-Schol., Aristid., p. 118, Fam., 1, 9.—Plin., 35, 11.) Another famous paintseqq., ed. Jebb.-Ephori fragm., p. 120, ed. Marx.) ing of this artist's represented Alexander holding a thunderbolt; and Pliny says that the fingers which grasped the bolt, as well as the bolt itself, appeared to project from the canvass. This picture was purchased for twenty talents of gold, about $211,000, and hung up in the temple of Diana at Ephesus. He painted also a horse; and, finding that his rivals in the art, who contested the palm with him on this occasion, were about to prevail through unfair means, he caused his own piece and those of the rest to be shown to some horses, and these animals, fairer critics in this case than men had proved to be, neighed at his painting alone. The name of Apelles, indeed, in Pliny, is the synonyme of unrivalled and unattainable excellence; but the enumeration of his works points out the modification which we ought to apply to that superiority. It neither comprises exclusive sublimity of invention, the most acute discrimination of character, the widest sphere of comprehension, the most judicious

APELLA, a word occurring in one of the satires of Horace (1, 5, 100), and about the meaning of which a great difference of opinion has existed. Scaliger is undoubtedly right in considering a mere proper name of some well-known and superstitious Jew of the day. Wieland adopts the same idea in his German version of Horace's satires: "Das glaub' Apella der Jud, ich nicht!" Bentley's explanation appears rather forced. It is as follows: "Judæi habitabant trans Tiberim, et multo maximam partem erant libertini, ut fatetur Philo in legatione ad Caium. Apella autem libertinorum est nomen satis frequens in inscriptionibus vetustis. Itaque credat Judæus Apella, quasi tu dicas, credat superstitiosus aliquis Judæus Transtiberinus." (Ep. ad Mill., p. 520, ed. Lips.) As regards the opinion of those who make Apella a contemptuous allusion to the rite of circumcision, it is sufficient to observe, that such a mode of forming com

homage to the talents of the artist. Having desired the latter to paint a likeness of Campaspe, one of his concubines, and distinguished for her beauty, the artist became enamoured of her, and, on the monarch's discovering this, received her as a present from his hands. This same Campaspe, according to Pliny, served as the prototype for the Venus Anadyomene.-II. An engraver on precious stones. (Bracci, tab. 27.—Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

APELLICON, a peripatetic philosopher, born at Teos, in Asia Minor, and one of those to whom we owe the preservation of many of the works of Aristotle. The Stagirite, on his deathbed, confided his works to Theophrastus, his favourite pupil; and Theophrastus, by his will, left them to Neleus, who had them conveyed to Scepsis, in Troas, his native city. After the death of Neleus, his heirs, illiterate persons, fearing lest they might fall into the hands of the King of Pergamus, who was enriching, in every way, his newly-established library, concealed the writings of Aristotle in a cave, where they remained for more than 130 years, and suffered greatly from worms and dampness. At the end of this period Apellicon purchased them for a high price. His wish was to arrange them in proper order, and to fill up the lacunæ that were now of frequent occurrence in the manuscripts, in consequence of their neglected state. Being, however, but little versed in philosophy, and possessing still less judgment, he acquitted himself ill in this difficult task, and published the works of the Stagirite full of faults. Subsequently, the library of Apellicon fell, among the spoils of Athens, into the hands of Sylla, and was carried to Rome, where the grammarian Tyrannion had access to them. From him copies were obtained by Andronicus of Rhodes, which served for the basis of his arrangement of the works of Aristotle.-Ritter thinks that too much has been built upon this story. On its authority it has even been pretended that the works of Aristotle have reached us in a more broken and ill-arranged shape than any other productions of antiquity. He thinks the story arose out of some laudatory commendations of the edition of Aristotle by Andronicus, and that it is probable, not to say certain, that there were other editions, of the respective merits of which it was possible to make a comparison. At any rate, according to him, the acroamatic works of Aristotle have not reached us solely from the library of Neleus, and, consequently, it was not necessary to have recourse merely to the restoration by Apellicon, either to complete or retain the chasins resulting from the deterioration of the manuscripts.-To return to Apellicon, it is said that his large fortune, indeed, supplied him abundantly with the means of gratifying his passion for books; but that, when they could not be obtained in this way, he made no scruple of getting possession of them by what deserves in plainness the name of theft. Thus, he carried off from the archives of the Athenians the original decrees of the people, and was compelled to flee for the act. Apellicon is said to have written a work in defence of Aristotle. Probably some needy author wrote it, and Apellicon purchased the paternity of the work. (Ritter, Hist. Anc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 24, seqq.)

and best-balanced composition, nor the deepest pathos of expression; his great prerogative consisted more in the unison than in the extent of his powers; he knew better what he could do, what ought to be done, at what point he could arrive, and what lay beyond his reach, than any other artist. Grace of conception and refinement of taste were his elements, and went hand in hand with grace of execution and taste in finish; powerful and seldom possessed singly, irresistible when united that he built both on the firm basis of the former system, not on its subversion, his well-known contest of lines with Protogenes irrefragably proves. (Vid. Protogenes.) What those lines were, drawn with nearly miraculous subtlety in different colours, one upon the other, or, rather, within each other, it would be equally unavailing and useless to inquire; but the corollaries we may deduce from the contest are obviously these, that the schools of Greece recognised all one elemental principle; that acuteness and fidelity of eye, and obedience of hand, form precision; precision, proportion; proportion, beauty that it is the 46 little more or less," imperceptible to vulgar eyes, which constitutes grace, and establishes the superiority of one artist over another; that the knowledge of the degrees of things or taste presupposes a perfect knowledge of the things themselves; that colour, grace, and taste are ornaments, not substitutes, of form, expression, and character, and, when they usurp that title, degenerate into splendid faults. Such were the principles on which Apelles formed his Venus, or, rather, the personification of Female Grace, the wonder of art, the despair of artists; whose outline baffled every attempt at emendation, while imitation shrunk from the purity, the force, the brilliancy, the evanescent gradations of her tints. (Fuseli's Lectures, i., p. 62, seqq.) Apelles, indeed, used to say of his contemporaries, that they possessed, as artists, all the requisite qualities except one, namely, grace, and that this was his alone. On one occasion, when contemplating a picture by Protogenes, a work of immense labour, and in which exactness of detail had been carried to excess, he remarked, "Protogenes equals or surpasses me in all things but one, the knowing when to remove his hand from a painting." Apelles was also, as is supposed, the inventor of what artists call glazing. Such, at least, is the opinion of Sir Joshua Reynolds and others. (Reynolds on Du Fresnoy, note 37, vol. 3.) The ingredients probably employed by him for this purpose are given by Jahn, in his Malerei der Alten, p. 150-The modesty of Apelles, says Pliny, equalled his talents. He acknowledged the superiority of Melanthius in the art of grouping, and that of Asclepiodorus in adjusting on canvass the relative distances of objects. Apelles never allowed a day to pass, however much he might be occupied by other matters, without drawing one line at least in the exercise of his art; and from this circumstance arose the proverb, "nulla dies sine linea," or, as it is sometimes given, “nullam hodie lineam duri,” in Greek, Thuɛpov ovde μíav ypapun nyayov. He was accustomed also, when he had completed any one of his pieces, to expose it to the view of passengers, and to hide himself behind it in order to hear the remarks of the spectators. On one of these occasions, a shoemaker censured the APENNINUS, a great chain of mountains, branching painter for having given one of the slippers of a fig-off from the Maritime Alps, in the neighbourhood of ure a less number of ties, by one, than it ought to have had. The next day the shoemaker, emboldened by the success of his previous criticism, began to find fault with a leg, when Apelles indignantly put forth his head, and desired him to confine his decisions to the slipper, “ne supra crepidam judicaret." Hence arose another common saying, "ne sutor ultra crepidam." (Erasmus, Chil., p. 196.) Apelles is said to have possessed great suavity of manners, and to have been, in consequence, a favourite of Alexander the Great; and the monarch, on one occasion, paid a remarkable

Genoa, running diagonally from the Ligurian Gulf to the Adriatic, in the vicinity of Ancona; from thence continuing nearly parallel with the latter gulf, as far as the promontory of Garganus, and again inclining to the Mare Inferum, till it finally terminates in the promontory of Leucopetra near Rhegium. (Polyb., 2, 16.Strabo, 211.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 5. Compare also the following poetic authorities: Lucan, 2, 396.-Rutil., Itin., 2, 27.—Claudian., Paneg., 6.— Id. Cons. Hon., 285.—Sil. Ital., 4, 742.—Virg., Æn.. 12, 703.) The Apennines may be equal in length to