goddess in digging a small pit, into which he poured
mulse, wine, water, flour, and the blood of the victims.
The dead came trooping out of the abode of Hades,
and Ulysses there saw the heroines of former days, and
conversed with the shades of Agamemnon and Achil
les. Terror at length came over him; he hastened
back to his ship; the stream carried it along, and
they reached a while it was yet night. Leaving
ea on their homeward voyage, Ulysses and his
companions came to the islands of the Sirens (vid.
Sirenes), and, after having escaped from these, and
shunned the Wandering Rocks, they reached the
terrific Scylla and Charybdis. (Vid. Scylla and Cha-
rybdis.) As he sailed by Scylla, Ulysses saw six of
his followers seized and devoured by the monster,
after which he came to Thrinakia, the island of the
sun-god. (Vid. Thrinakia.) Here his companions
sacrilegiously fed upon the sacred herds, and were
punished immediately after their departure. No soon-
er had they lost sight of land than a violent storm
arose; their vessel was struck by a thunderbolt; it
went to pieces, and all were drowned except Ulysses.
When his ship had been thus destroyed, he fastened
the mast and keel together, and placed himself upon
them. The wind, changing to the south, carried him
back to Scylla and Charybdis. As he came by the
latter, she absorbed the mast and keel; but the hero
caught hold of a wild fig-tree that grew on the rock
above, and held by it till they were thrown out again.
He then floated along for nine days, and on the tenth
reached Ogygia, the isle of Calypso.
After eight
years' residence with this ocean-nymph (vid. Calypso),
Ulysses resumed his wanderings on a raft of his own
construction; and he had already come in sight of the
island of the Phæacians (vid. Phæacia), when Neptune,
still mindful that his son Polyphemus had been deprived
of sight by means of the King of Ithaca, raised a storm
and sunk his raft. He was carried along, after this, as
he swam, by a strong northerly wind for two days and
nights, and on the third day landed on the island of
Phæacia, where he was kindly received by King Alci-
nous and his daughter Nausicaa. Here he recited the
narrative of his adventures, and after this he was con-
veyed in a Phæacian vessel to the shore of Ithaca.
He had been absent twenty years, and he found, on
his return, his palace beset by numerous suiters for the
hand of Penelope, who were indulging day after day in
riotous carousals, and wasting the resources of the mon-
arch of Ithaca. Disguising himself as a beggar, Ulys-
ses made himself known merely to his son Telema-
chus and his faithful herdsman Eumæus. With them
he concerted measures to re-establish himself on his
throne. These measures were crowned with success.
The suiters were all slain, and Ulysses was restored
to the bosom of his family. (Vid. Laertes, Penelope,
Telemachus, Eumæus.) He lived about sixteen years
after his return, and was at last killed by his son Tel-
egonus, who had landed in Ithaca with the hope of
making himself known to his father. This unfortu-
nate event had been foretold to him by Tiresias, who
assured him that he should die by the violence of
something that was to issue from the bosom of the
sea. (Vid. Telegonus.) The adventures of Ulysses,
on his return from the Trojan war, form the subject
of Homer's Odyssey. (1
(Keightley's Mythology, p.
259, seqq.)

and Juvenal give us but a wretched idea of the place. Ea rather late in the day, as it would appear, and,
(Horat., Ep., 1, 11, 30. —Juv., 10, 101. Cramer's impelled by a favouring north wind, their ship reached
Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 85.)
by sunset the opposite coast of ocean, the land of per-
ULYSSES, a king of Ithaca, son of Anticlea and La-petual gloom. Ulysses obeyed the directions of the
ertes, or, according to some, of Sisyphus. (Vid. Sis-
yphus, and Anticlea.) He became, like the other
princes of Greece, one of the suiters of Helen; but,
as he despaired of success in his application on ac-
count of the great number of his competitors, he so-
licited the hand of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius.
Tyndarus, the father of Helen, favoured the addresses
of Ulysses, as by him he was directed to choose one
of his daughter's suiters without offending the others,
and to bind them all by a solemn oath that they would
unite together in protecting Helen if any violence were
ever offered to her person. Ulysses had no sooner
obtained the hand of Penelope than he returned to
Ithaca, where his father resigned him the crown, and
retired to peace and rural solitude. The abduction
of Helen, however, by Paris, did not long permit him
to remain in his kingdom; and as he was bound, in
common with the rest, to defend her against every in-
truder, he was summoned to the war with the other
princes of Greece. Pretending to be insane, not to
leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a horse and a
bull together, and ploughed the seashore, where he
sowed salt instead of grain. The artifice, however,
was soon detected; and Palamedes, by placing before
the plough of Ulysses his infant son Telemachus, con-
vinced the world that the father was not insane, who
had the foresight to turn away the plough from the
furrow, not to hurt his child. Ulysses was therefore
obliged to go to the war; but he did not forget him
who had exposed his pretended insanity. (Vid Pala-
medes) During the Trojan war, the King of Ithaca
distinguished himself by his prudence and sagacity
as well as by his valour. By his means Achilles was
discovered among the daughters of Lycomedes, king
of Scyros (vid. Achilles); and Philoctetes was in-
duced to abandon Lemnos, and to come to the Tro-
jan war with the arrows of Hercules. (Vid. Philoc-
tetes.) With the assistance of Diomedes he slew
Rhesus, and destroyed many of the sleeping Thra-
cians in the midst of their camp (vid. Rhesus, and
Dolon); and, in conjunction with the same warrior,
he carried off the Palladium of Troy. (Vid. Palla-
dium, where, however, other accounts are given.)
These, as well as other services, obtained for him the
armour of Achilles, which Ajax had disputed with
him. After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on
board his ships to return to Greece, but he was ex-
posed to a number of misfortunes before he reached
his native country: he was thrown by the winds upon
the coasts of Africa, and visited the country of the
Lotophagi (rid. Lotophagi), and afterward that of the
Cyclopes, where his adventure in the cave of Poly-
phemus occurred. (Vid. Cyclopes, and Polyphemus.)
He came nex, in the course of his wanderings, to the
island of Eolus, monarch of the winds, who gave
him, tied up in a bag of ox-hide, all the winds which
could obstruct his return to Ithaca; but the curi-
osity of his companions to know what the bag con-
tained proved nearly fatal. The winds rushed out,
and hurried them back to Eolia; the king of which,
judging, from what had befallen them, that they were
hated by the gods, drove them with reproaches from
his isle. Thence he was carried to the land of the
Læstrygonians (vid. Læstrygones), where he lost all
his vessels except the one in which he himself was;
and, on escaping from this gigantic and cannibal race,
he came to the island of Eæa, the abode of Circe.
After dwelling here for an entire year, the warrior
and his companions were anxious to depart; but the
goddess told the hero that he must previously cross
the ocean, and enter the abode of Hades, to consult
the blind prophet Tiresias. Accordingly, they left

UMBRIA, a country of Italy, to the east of Etruria and north of the Sabine territory. The Latin writers were evidently acquainted with no people of Italy more ancient than the Umbri (compare Florus, 1, 17. -Plin., 3, 14), and Dionysius of Halicarnassus assures us that they were one of the oldest and most nu

VOCONTII, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, in the immediate vicinity of the Alps, on the banks of the Druma or Drome. Their principal cities were Vasio, now Vaison; Lucus Augusti, now Luc; and Dea Vocontiorum, now Die. (Cæs., B. G., 1, 10. — Le

VOGESUS, now la Vosge, a mountain of Belgic Gaul, a branch of the chain of Jura, stretching in a northern direction; and in which are the sources of the Arar (now Saône), the Mosa (now Meuse), and the Mosella (now Moselle). Its greatest height, Donnon, is about 400 toises above the level of the sea, and its length 50 leagues. (Lucan, 1, 397.—Cæs, B. G., 4, 10.)

VOLATERRA, a city of Etruria, northwest of Sena, and northeast of Vetulonii. It stood nearly_fifteen miles inland, on the right bank of the river Cacina. The modern name is Volterra; its Etrurian appellation, as appears on numerous coins, was Velathri. Even if we had not the express authority of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (3, 51) for assigning to Volaterræ a place among the twelve principal cities of ancient Etruria, the extent of its remains, its massive walls, vast sepulchral chambers, and numerous objects of Etruscan art, would alone suffice to show its antique splendour and importance, and claim for it that rank. From the monuments alone which have been discov. ered within its walls and in the immediate vicinity, no small idea is raised of the power, civilization, and taste of the ancient Etruscans. Its walls were form

merous nations of the land (1, 19). From his account, | extinction of opulent families. On account of its seas well as from Herodotus (1, 94), it would appear verity, however, it fell into disuse. (Cic., de Fin., 2 that the Umbri were already settled in Italy long be- 17.-Aul. Gell., 20, 1.) fore the arrival of the Tyrrhenian colony. To the Greeks they were known under the name of 'Oubpikoi, a word which they supposed to be derived from ouEpos, under the idea that they were a people saved from an unusual deluge. (Plin., I. c.—Solin., 5.) Dionysius has farther acquainted us with some partic-maire, Index Geogr. ad Cæs., p 401.) ulars respecting the Umbri, which he derived from Zenodotus, a Greek of Trazene, who had written a history of this people. This author appears to have considered the Umbri an indigenous race, whose primary seat was the country around Reate, a district which, according to Dionysius, was formerly occupied by the Aborigines. Zenodotus was also of opinion that the Sabines were descended from the Umbri. Connected with the origin of the ancient Umbri, there is another question not unworthy our attention. It was confidently stated by Cornelius Bocchus, a Roman writer quoted by Solinus (c. 8-Serv. ad Æn., 12, 753) and Isidorus (Orig., 8, 2), that the Umbri were of the same race with the ancient Gauls. This opinion has been rejected, on the one hand, by Cluverius and Maffei, while it has served, on the other, as a foundation for the systems of Freret and Bardetti, who contend for the Celtic origin of the Umbri.-On the rise of the Etrurian nation, the Umbrian name began to decline. They were forced to withdraw from the right bank of the Tiber, while nearly the whole of northern Italy fell under the power of their more enterprising and warlike neighbours, though an ancient Greek historian makes honourable mention of the valed, as may yet be seen, of huge massive stones, piled our of the Umbri. (Nic. Damasc., ap. Stob., 7, 89.) It was then, probably, that the Tuscans, as we are told, possessed themselves of three hundred towns previously occupied by the Umbri. (Plin, 3, 5.) A spirit of rivalry was still kept up, however, between the two nations; as we are assured by Strabo that, when either made an expedition into a neighbouring district, the other immediately directed its efforts to the same quarter. (Strab., 226.) Both nations, however, had soon to contend with a formidable foe in the Gauls who invaded Italy; and, after vanquishing and expell-importance is stated to have taken place near this city, ing the Tuscans from the Padus, penetrated still farther, and drove the Umbri from the shores of the Adriatic into the mountains. These were the Senones, who afterward defeated the Romans on the banks of the Allia, and sacked their city. The Umbri, thus reduced, appear to have offered but little resistance to the Romans; nor is it improbable that this politic people took advantage of their differences with the Etruscans to induce them to remain neuter while they were contending with the latter power. The submission of Southern Umbria appears to have taken place A.U.C. 446 (Liv., 9, 41). The northern and maritime parts were reduced after the total extirpation of the Senones, about twenty-five years afterward. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 251, seqq.-Compare Niebuhr's Roman History, vol. 1, p. 119, seqq., Cambridge transl.)

UNELLI, a people of Gallia Lugdunensis Secunda, whose country formed part of the Tractus Armoricus, and answers to that part of modern Normandy in which are Valognes, Coutances, and Cherbourg, in the department de la Manche. Their capital, at first, was Crociatonum, answering to the modern Valognes. Afterward, however, their chief city was Constantini Castra, now Coutances. (Lemaire, Index Geogr. ad Cæs., p. 373.)

VOCONIA LEX, de Testamentis, by Q. Voconius Saxa, the tribune, A.U.C. 584, enacted that no one should make a woman his heiress (Cic. in Verr., 1, 42), nor leave to any one, by way of legacy, more than to his heir or heirs. This law is supposed to have referred chiefly to those who were rich, to prevent the

on each other without cement; and their circuit, which is still distinctly marked, embraced a circumference of between three and four miles. The citadel was built, as Strabo reports, on a hill, the ascent to which was fifteen stadia (Strab., 223); and it is supposed that the Tyrrhenian city of which Aristotle (De Mirab., p. 1158) speaks, under the name of Enarrea, as being built on a hill thirty stadia high, is Volaterræ. The first mention of Volaterra in the Roman history occurs in Livy (10, 12), where an engagement of no great

at the close of a war, in which the Etruscans were leagued with the Samnites against the Romans, A U C. 454. In the second Punic war we find Volaterra among the other cities of Etruria that were zealous in their offers of naval stores to the Romans. (Liv., 28. 45.) Many years afterward Volaterræ sustained a siege, which lasted two years. against Sylla; the besieged consisting principally of persons whom that dietator had proscribed. On its surrender Italy is said to have enjoyed peace for the first time after so much bloodshed. Finally, we hear of Volaterræ as a colony somewhat prior to the reign of Augustus. (Front, de Col. -Compare Plin., 3, 5.— Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 186)

VOLATERRANA VADA, a harbour on the coast of Etruria, deriving its name from the city of Volaterræ, which lay inland. It is still known by the name of Vada. (Cic., pro Quinct., 6.—Plin., 3, 5. — Rutil., Itin., 1, 453.)

VOLCE, a numerous and powerful nation of southern Gaul, divided into two great branches, the Arecomici and Tectosages. I. The Volca Arecomici occupied the southwestern angle of the Roman province in Gaul, and had for their chief city Nemausus, now Nismes — II. The Volca Tectosages lay without the Roman province, in a southwest direction from the Arecomici. Their capital was Tolosa, now Toulouse.-The nation of the Volca would appear from their name to have been of German origin. Compare the German rolk, people," &c., whence comes the English folk.” The Roman pronunciation of Volcæ, moreover, was Volka. (Cæs., B. G., 7, 74, seqq.)

VOLOGĚSES, a name common to many of the kings | brother of Cassander (Athen., 3, 54), and the site of of Parthia, who made war against the Roman emperors. (Vid. Parthia.)

VOLSCI, a people of Latium, along the coast below Antium. No notice appears to be taken by any Latin writer of the origin of this people. According to Cato, they occupied the country of the Aborigines (ap. Priscian., 5), and were at one time subject to the Etruscans. (Id., ap. Serv., Æn., 11, 567.) We learn from Titinnius, an old comic writer quoted by Festus (s. v. Oscum), that the Volsci had a peculiar idiom distinct from the Oscan and Latin dialects. They used the Latin characters, however, both in their inscriptions and on their coin. Notwithstanding the small extent of country which they occupied, reaching only from Antium to Terracina, a line of coast of about fifty miles, and little more than half that distance from the sea to the mountains, it swarmed with cities filled with a hardy race, destined, says the Roman historian, as it were by fortune, to train the Roman soldier to arms by their perpetual hostility. (Liv., 6, 21.) The Volsci were first attacked by the second Tarquin, and war was carried on afterward between the two nations, with short intervals, for upward of two hundred years (Liv., 1, 53); and though this accourt is no doubt greatly exaggerated by Livy, and the numbers much overrated, enough will remain to prove that this part of Italy was at that time far more populous and better cultivated than at present. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 82.)

VOLTUMNE FANUM, a spot in Etruria where the general assembly of the Etrurians was held on solemn occasions. (Liv., 4, 23.—Id., 5, 17.) Some trace of the ancient name is preserved in that of a church called Santa Maria in Volturno. (Lanzi, vol. 2, p. 107.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 223.)

VOLSINIUM. Vid. Vulsinii.

VOLUBILIS, a city in Mauritania Tingitana, between Tocolosida and Aqua Dacicæ, in a fruitful part of the country. It is now Walili. (Itin. Ant., 23. - Mela, 3, 10.)

which is called Callitzi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 260.) Gail, however, maintains that no such city ever existed, and that the name was a general appellation for the whole peninsula of Athos, with its five cities. (Gail, Atlas, p. 21.)

URANUS (Oupavós, "Heaven" or "sky"), a deity, the same as Calus, the most ancient of all the gods. He married Terra, or the Earth, by whom he had the Titans. (Vid. Titanes.)

URCINIUM, a town on the western coast of Corsica, east of the Rhium Promontorium. It was fabled to have been founded by Eurysaces, the son of Ajax, and is now Ajaccio.

URIA (Ureium or Hyreium), a town on the coast of Apulia, giving name to the Sinus Urias, or Gulf of Manfredonia. The position of this town has never been very clearly ascertained, partly from the circumstance of there being another town of the same name in Messapia, and partly from the situation assigned to it by Pliny, to the south of the promontory of Garganus, not agreeing with the topography of Strabo. (Plin., 3, 11.-Strabo, 284.) Hence Cluverius and Cellarius were led to imagine that there were two distinct towns named Uria and Hyrium; the former situated to the south, the latter to the north of Garganus. (Ital. Antiq., vol. 2, p. 1212.- Geogr. Ant., lib. 2, c. 9.) It must be observed, however, that Dionysius Periegetes and Ptolemy (p. 62) mention only Hyrium, and therefore it is probable that the error has originated with Pliny. At any rate, we may safely place the Hyreium of Strabo at Rodi. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 273, seqq.)

USIPETES OF USIPI, a German tribe. Driven by the Suevi from the interior of Germany, the Usipetes presented themselves on the banks of the Lower Rhine, crossed that stream, and passed through the territories of the Menapii into Gaul. Cæsar defeated them and drove them back over the Rhine, and we then find them settling to the north of the Luppia or Lippe, and reaching to the eastern mouth of the Rhine. a subsequent period they had their settlement between the Sieg and Lahn, but gradually merged into the name of Allemanni. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 153, 239.)

At

VOLUMNIA, the wife of Coriolanus. (Liv., 2, 40.) VOPISCUS, one of the writers of the Augustan History. He was a native of Syracuse, and contemporary with Trebellius Pollio, having flourished towards the close of the third and in the early part of the fourth USTICA, a mountain and valley in the Sabine terricentury. His father and grandfather lived on terms tory, near Horace's farm. (Horat., Od., 1, 17, 11.) of intimacy with the Emperor Dioclesian. In the year UTICA, a city of Africa, on the seacoast, northwest 291 or 292, the prefect of Rome, Junius Tiberianus, of Carthage, and separated from its immediate district prevailed upon Vopiscus to write a life of Aurelian, by the river Bagradas. The Greeks called the name which no Latin historian had as yet taken up. He Ityke ('Irún), probably by a corruption. Utica was supplied him with various materials from the private the earliest, or one of the earliest colonies planted by papers of that prince, and also from the Ulpian library. Tyre on the African coast, and Bochart deduces the Among the books consulted by him, Vopiscus names name from the Phoenician Atica, i. e., "ancient." some Greek works. This biography was followed by (Geogr. Sacr., 1, 24, col. 474, l. 1.) Velleius Pathe lives of Tacitus, Florian, Probus, Firmus, Satur- terculus makes it to have been founded about the time. ninus, Proculus, Bonosus, Carus, Numerian, and Ca- that Codrus was king at Athens, about 1150 B.C., rinus. Flavius Vopiscus is distinguished from his consequently in the period when the Greeks were bebrethren in the Augustan collection by possessing more ginning to make their settlements along the coast of of order and method: the letters and official papers, Asia Minor (1, 2). Justin asserts that Utica was moreover, which he has inserted in his history, impart more ancient than Carthage (18, 4, 5). It was origia considerable value to the work. As to style, how-nally a free and independent city, like all the other ever, he is on a level with the other writers in the Augustan History. He states, in his life of Aurelian, his intention of writing the life of Apollonius of Tyana, a project which he never executed. His works are given in the Historia Auguste Scriptores. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 156.)

URANIA, the muse of Astronomy, usually represented as holding in one hand a globe, in the other a rod, with which she is employed in tracing out some figure. (Vid. Muse) By some she was said to be the mother of Hymenæus. (Catullus, 61, 2.— Nonnus, 83, 67.)

URANOPOLIS, according to most geographers, a city on the peninsula of Athos, founded by Alexander,

As

large settlements of the Phoenicians, and had a senate and suffetes, or presiding magistrates, of its own. Carthage, however, rose gradually into power, it assumed a kind of protection over Utica, as would appear in particular from the language of the second treaty between Rome and Carthage, where the latter state speaks not only for itself, but also for the people of Utica. (Polyb., 3, 24.) At a subsequent period we find Utica, it is true, still with a separate constitution of its own, but, in reality, more or less dependant upon the power of Carthage. Hence the disaffection frequently shown by the inhabitants to the Carthaginian cause, the ease with which Agathocles made himself master of the place, and its siding with the re

volted mercenaries after the first Punic war. (Diod. | (Il., 8, 195.) The fatal collar of Harmonia was the Sic., 20, 54.-Polyb., 1, 82, 88.) The punishment work of his hands. (Apollod., 3, 4, 3.) The brassinflicted by the Carthaginians on the people of Utica, footed, brass-throated, fire-breathing bulls of Æētes, on the quelling of this rebellion, probably drew more king of Colchis, were the gift of Hephæstus to Æëtes' closely the connexion between the two cities; at least father Helius. (Apollon. Rhod., 3, 230.) He also Scipio besieged Utica in vain during the second Punic made for Alcinous, king of the Phæacians, the gold war. At the beginning of the third Punic contest, and silver dogs which guarded his house. (Od., 7, however, the inhabitants of Utica regarded it as the 91.) For himself he formed the golden maidens, who safer course to separate their interests from those of waited on him, and whom he endowed with reason Carthage. They gave themselves up, therefore, vol- and speech. (I., 18, 419.) He gave to Minos, king untarily to the power of Rome, and this latter state of Crete, the brazen man Talus, who each day com had now a firm foothold for the prosecution of all her passed his island three times to guard it from the inambitious plans in relation to Africa. (Polyb., 36, 1.) vasion of strangers. (Apollod, 1, 9, 26.) The braAs some recompense to the Uticenses for the valuable zen cup, in which the Sun god and his horses and charaid they had afforded during the war, the Romans, at iot are carried round the earth every night, was also its close, bestowed upon them a large portion of the the work of this god. The only instances we meet territory immediately adjacent to Carthage (Appian, of Hephaestus' working in any other substance than Bell. Pun., c. 135); and Utica was now, and remain-metal are in Hesiod, where, at the command of Jupied as long as Carthage continued in ruins, the first city ter, he forms Pandora of earth and water (Op. et D., of Africa in point of importance, and the seat of the 60), and where he uses gypsum and ivory in the forproconsul. And yet it never became a very flourish-mation of the shield which he makes for Hercules. ing city, since in all the civil wars of the Romans de (Scut, Herc., 141.) That framed by him for Achilles tachments of one party or the other invariably landed in the Iliad is all of metal. In the Iliad (18, 382), near this place, and fought many of their battles here. the wife of Hephaestus is named Charis; in Hesiod Thus, it was near Utica that Pompey defeated the op-| (Theog., 945), Aglaia, the youngest of the Graces; in ponents of Sylla (Orosius, 5, 21); here, too, Curio the interpolated tale in ti.e Odyssey (8, 266, seqq.). contended for Cæsar, and, not long after, Cæsar's op- Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty. The favourite haunt ponents selected Utica as the chief seat of the war. of Hephaestus on earth was the isle of Lemnos. It The issue was an unfortunate one for the republican was here that he fell when flung from Heaven by Jupiparty, and Cato (hence called Uticensis) found here a ter for attempting to aid his mother Juno, whom Judeath by his own hand. Hitherto Utica had remained piter had suspended in the air with anvils fastened to a free city, with its old constitution; and hence Hir- her feet. As knowledge of the earth increased, Ætna tius speaks of its senate. (Auct., Bell. Afr., c. 87, and all other places where there was subterranean fire 90.) Augustus declared the place a Roman colony. were regarded as the forges of Hephaestus; and the (Dio Cass., 49, 16.-Plin., 5, 4.) It still, however, Cyclopes were associated with him as his assistants. retained, in some measure, its early constitution, and In Homer, when Thetis wants Hephæstian armour for hence is styled by Aulus Gellius a municipium (16, 13). her son, she seeks Olympus, and the armour is fashAt a later period, Utica was regarded, after Carthage, ioned by the artist-god with his own hand. In the the latter having been rebuilt, as the second in Africa. Augustan age Venus prevails on her husband, the Utica had no harbour, but safe roads in front of the master-smith, to furnish her son Eneas with arms; town. Its ruins are to be seen at the present day near and he goes down from Heaven to Hiera (one of the Porto Farina. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. Liparean isles), and directs his men, the Cyclopes, to 288, seqq.) execute the order. (En., 8, 407, seqq.) It is thus that mythology changes with modes of life. Hephaestus and Minerva are frequently joined together as the communicators unto men of the arts which embellish life and promote civilization. The philosophy of this view of the two deities is correct and elegant. 6, 233.—Ib., 23, 160.-Hom., Hymn., 20.- Plato, Polit., p. 177.. -Völcker, Myth. der Iap., p. 21, seq.) -The artist-god is usually represented as of ripe age, with a serious countenance and muscular form: his hair hangs in curls on his shoulders. He generally appears with hammer and tongs at his anvil, in a short tunic, and his right arm bare; sometimes with a point

VULCANALIA, festivals in honour of Vulcan, brought to Rome from Præneste, and observed in the month of August. The streets were illuminated, fires kindled everywhere, and animals thrown into the flames, as a sacrifice to the deity. (Varro, L. L., 5, 3.-Plin., 18, 13.)

para.

Vid. Eolia (Insula), and Li

(Od.,

VULCANI INSULÆ. VULCANUS, the god of fire, the same with the Hephæstus ("Hoacoros) of the Greeks. Hephaestus, the Olympian artist, is in Homer the son of Jupiter and Juno. (Il., 1, 572, 578.) According to Hesiod, however, he was the son of Juno alone, who was unwill-ed cap on his head. The Cyclopes are occasionally ing to be outdone by Jupiter when he had given birth placed with him.-Hephaestus must have been regard. to Minerva. (Theog, 927) He was born lame, and ed originally as simply the fire-god, a view of his charhis mother was so shocked at the sight of him that acter which we find even in the Iliad (20, 73; 21, 330, she flung him from Olympus. The Ocean-nymph Eu- seqq.). Fire being the great agent in reducing and rynome and the Nereid Thetis saved and concealed working the metals, the fire-god naturally became an him in a cavern beneath the Ocean, where, during artist. The former was probably Hephæstus' Pelasginine years, he employed himself in manufacturing for an, the latter his Achæan character. The Vulcan of them various ornaments and trinkets. (I., 18, 394, the Latins was also, like Hephaestus, the god of fire, seqq.) We are not informed how his return to Olym- but he is not represented as an artist. He was said, in pus was effected; but we find him, in the Iliad, firmly one legend, to be the father of Servius Tullius, whose fixed there; and all the mansions, furniture, ornaments, wooden statue was, in consequence, spared by the and arms of the Olympians were the work of his hands. flames when they consumed the temple of Fortune in It would be an almost endless task to enumerate all which it stood. (Onid, Fast., 6, 627.-Dion. Hal, 4, the articles formed by Hephaestus. Only the chief of 40.) He was also the reputed father of Cæculus, the them will here be noticed. One thing is remarkable founder of Præneste, the legend of whose birth is nearly concerning them, that they were all made of the vari- similar to that of Servius. (Virg., En., 7, 678, seqq. ous metals; no wood, or stone, or any other substance-Servius, ad loc.) Vulcan was united with a female entering into their composition: they were, moreover, power named Maia. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 107, frequently endowed with automatism. Hephaestus 518.)

made armour for Achilles and other mortal heroes. VULCATIUS, Gallicanus, one of the writers of the

Augustan History. He has the title of Vir Clarissi-band during his imprisonment. She must have been mus, which indicates that he was a senator. Vulca- as deficient in understanding as she was froward in tius lived under Dioclesian, and proposed to himself disposition if she had not profited by the daily lessons to write a history of all the Roman emperors; we which, for twenty years, she received from such a have from him, however, only the life of Avidius Cas- master. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. sius. Some manuscripts even assign this biography 171.-Compare the remarks of Mendelsohn, in his to Spartianus. life of Socrates, prefixed to his German version of Plato's Phædon, p. 17, segg.)

VULSINII OF VOLSINII, and also VULSINIUM OF VOLSINIUM, a city of Etruria, situate on the northern shore XANTHIPPUS, I. a Spartan leader, who fought on the of the Lacus Vulsiniensis. It is generally allowed to side of the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and rank among the first cities of the country An account defeated Regulus. He is said to have left Carthage of its early contest with Rome is to be found in Livy soon after this success, apprehending evil consequences (5, 31). About the time of the war against Pyrrhus, to himself from the jealousy of the inhabitants. (Vid. Vulsinii, which the Roman writers represent as a most Regulus.)-II. An Athenian commander, who ied the opulent and flourishing place, becomes so enervated by forces of Athens at the battle of Mycale. He was faits wealth and luxury as to allow its slaves to over-ther of the celebrated Pericles. (Vid Mycale.) throw the constitution, and give way to the most unbridled licentiousness and excess, till at last the citizens were forced to seek for that protection from Rome which they could not derive from their own resources. The rebels were speedily reduced, and brought to condign punishment. (Val. Max., 8, 1.-Flor., 1, 21.– Oros., 4, 5.) As a proof of the ancient prosperity of Vulsinii, it is stated by Pliny, on the authority of Metrodorus Scepsius, that it possessed, when taken by the Romans, no less than 2000 statues. (Plin., 34, 7.) From Livy we learn that the Etruscan goddess Nortia was worshipped there, and that it was customary to mark the years by fixing nails in her temples (7,3). Vulsinii, at a later period, is noted as the birthplace of Sejanus. (Tac., Ann., 4, 1.) It is now Bolsena. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 221, seqq.) VULTURNUM, a town of Campania, at the mouth of the river Vulturnus, and on the left bank. It is now Castel di Volturno. The origin of this city was probably Etruscan, but we do not find it mentioned in history until it became a Roman colony, A.U.C. 558. (Liv., 34, 45.) According to Frontinus, a second colony was sent thither by Cæsar. Festus includes it among the præfecturæ. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p 145.)

VULTURNUS, I. a river of Campania, now Volturno, rising among the Apennines, in the territory of Samnium, and discharging its waters into the lower sea. At its mouth stood the town of Vulturnum. The modern name is the Volturno. A magnificent bridge, with a triumphal arch, was thrown over this river by Domitian when he caused a road to be constructed from Sinuessa to Puteoli; a work which Statius has undertaken to eulogize in some hundred lines of indifferent poetry. (Sylv., 4, 3.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 144.)-II. A name applied by the Latin writers to the southeast wind, and answering to the Greek Evpóvoroç. (Aul. Gell., 2, 22.-Vitruv, 1, 6.) UXANTIS, an island off the coast of Gaul, now Ushant. (Ilin. Hieros., 509)

UXELLODUNUM, a city in Aquitanic Gaul, in the territory of the Cadurci; now Pueche d'Issolon. (Cas., B. G., 8, 32.)

Uxii, a mountaineer race occupying the ranges that run on each side of the river Orontes, and separate Persis from Susiana. They were predatory in their habits. (Diod., 27, 67.—Arrian, Ind., 3, 18.-Plin., 6, 27.)

X.

XANTHIPPE (Eavíллη), less correctly XANTIPPE, the wife of Socrates, represented by many of the ancient writers as a perfect termagant. It is more than probable, however, that the infirmities of this good woman have been exaggerated, and that calumny has had some hand in finishing her picture; for Socrates himself, in a dialogue with his son Lamprocles (Mem., 2, 2), allows her many domestic virtues; and we find her afterward expressing great affection for her hus

XANTHUS OF XANTHOS, J. a river of Troas in Asia Minor, the same as the Scamander, and, according to Homer, called Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. (Vid. remarks under the article Troja, " Topography of Troy.")-II. A river of Lycia, falling into the sea above Patara. It was the most considerable of the Lycian streams, and at an early period bore the name of Sirbes, as Strabo writes it, but Sibrus according to Panyasis (ap. Steph Byz., s. v. Tpeμíλn). This stream was navigable for small vessels; and at the distance of seventy stadia from its mouth was Xanthus, the principal city of the Lycians. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 247.) Bochart, with great probability on his side, regards the name Xanthus as a mere translation into Greek of the Oriental and earlier name, since the term Zirba, both in Arabic and Phonician, is equivalent to the Greek Favoóç, "yellow." (Geogr. Sacr., 1, 6, col. 363.)--III. The chief city of Lycia, situate on the river of the same name, at the distance of seventy stadia from its mouth. Pliny says it was fifteen miles from the sea; but that distance is too considerable, there being no doubt that the Lycian capital occupied the site of Aksenide, which occurs in the situation described by Strabo (666.-Compare Hecatæus, ap. Steph. Byz., s. v. Eáv0os). The Xanthians have twice been recorded in history for the dauntless courage and perseverance with which they defended their city against a hostile army. The first occasion occurred in the invasion of Lycia by the army of Cyrus under Harpagus, after the conquest of Lydia, when they buried themselves under the ruins of their walls and houses. (Herod., 1, 176.) The second event here alluded to took place many centuries later, during the civil wars consequent on the death of Cæsar. The Xanthians having refused to open their gates to the republican army commanded by Brutus, that general invested the town, and, after repelling every attempt made by the citizens to break through his lines, finally entered it by force. The Xanthians are said to have resisted still, and even to have perished in the flames, with their wives and children, rather than fall into the hands of the Roman general, who made many attempts to turn them away from their desperate purpose. (Plut, Vit. Brut.Appian, Bell. Civ., 4, 18.-Dio Cass., 47, 34.)—Mr. Fellows describes the remains at Xanthus as all of the same date, and that a very early one. The walls are many of them Cyclopean. The language of the innumerable and very perfect inscriptions is like the Phonician or Etruscan; and the beautiful tombs in the rocks are also of very early date. The city has not the appearance of having been very large, but its remains show that it was highly ornamented, particularly the tombs." A detailed account of several of these tombs, and of the sculptures upon them, is also given by the same traveller. (Fellows' Asia Minor, p. 225, seqq.)-IV. An ancient historian of Lydia. We learn from Suidas (s. v. Eáv0oc) that his father's name was Candaules; that he flourished at the time of the capture of Sardis by the Ionians (Ol. 69); and that he