Syria, and at the foot of Mount Taurus. Strabo says it was built on what was called the causeway of Semiramis. (Strabo, 537.) Cellarius is of opinion that the town called Dana by Xenophon, in the Anabasis (1, 2, 20), should be identified with Tyana (Geogr. Antiq., vol. 2, p. 291), and this supposition has great probability to recommend it.—The Greeks, always led by a similarity of name to connect the origin of cities with their fables, pretended that it owed its foundation to Thoas, the king of the Tauric Chersonese, in his pursuit thither of Pylades and Orestes. (Arrian, Peripl Eux., p. 6) From him it was called Thoana, and afterward Tuana. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Túava.) Tyana was the native city of the impostor Apollonius. At a later period it became the see of a Christian hishop, and the metropolis of Cappadocia Secunda. (Greg. Naz, Epist., 33.-Id., Orat., 20, p. 355.) This took place in the reign of Valens. Its capture by the Saracens is recorded by Cedrenus (p. 477). The modern Ketch-hissar, near the foot of the central chain of Taurus and the Cilician Pass, is thought to correspond to the ancient city. Captain Kinneir, in one of his journeys, found considerable ruins here. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 128, seqq.)

TYANITIS, a district in the southern part of Cappadocia, near the range of Taurus. Its capital was Tyana, from which it derived its name. (Vid. Tyana.) TYBRIS. Vid. Tiberis.

TYCHE, I. one of the Oceanides. (Hesiod, Th., 360.)-II. part of the town of Syracuse. It contained a temple of Fortune (Tuxn), whence the name. (Cic, Verr., 4, 53.)

of Tyndarus. (Virg., Æn., 2, 569.)-II. A town of Sicily, on the northern coast, southwest of Messana. It was founded by the elder Dionysius, and became in time an important city. A part of the ancient site has been inundated by the sea. (Liv., 36, 2.)

TYNDARUS, a son of Ebalus and Gorgophone. He was king of Lacedæmon, and married the celebrated Leda, who bore him Timandra, Philonoë, &c., and who also became mother of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. (Vid. Leda, Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, &c.) TYPHŌEUS (three syllables), a monstrous giant, who warred against the gods. (Vid. Typhon.)

TYPHON OF TYPHAON, a monstrous giant, whom Earth, enraged at the destruction of her previous giantprogeny, brought forth to contend with the gods. The stature of this being reached the sky; fire flashed from his eyes; he hurled glowing rocks, with loud cries and hissing, against heaven, and flame and storm rushed from his mouth. The gods, in dismay, fled to Egypt, and concealed themselves under the form of different animals. Jupiter at last, after a severe conflict, overcame him, and placed him beneath Ætna, or, as others said, in the Palus Serbonis, or "Serbonian bog." (Pind, Pyth., 1, 29, seq.-Id., fragm. Epinik., 5.-Esch, Prom. V., 351, seqq.-Apoll. Rhod., 2, 1215.)-Typhon is the same apparently with Typhoeus, though Hesiod makes a difference between them. Their names come from rúow," to smoke," and they are evidently personifications of storms and volcanic eruptions. Typhon is made the sire of the Chimæra, Echidna, and other monsters. The Greeks gave his name to the Egyptian demon Baby, the opponent of Osiris.-The flight of the gods into Egypt is a bungling attempt at connecting the Greek mythology with the animal worship of that country. This change of form on their part was related by Pindar. (Porph., de Abst., 3, f± 251.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 263.)

TYRANNION, a graminarian of Pontus, intimate with Cicero. His original name was Theophrastus, and he received that of Tyrannion from his austerity to his pupils. He was taken by Lucullus, and restored to his liberty by Murena. Tyrannion opened a school at Rome, and taught with considerable success. He had access to the library of Apellicon of Teos when brought to Rome, and from him copies of Aristotle's works were obtained by Andronicus of Rhodes. (Vid. Apellicon.)

TYRAS. Vid. Danastus.

TYDEUS (two syllables), a son of Eneus, king of Calydon. He fled from his country after the accidental murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daughter, Deiphyle, he married. When Adrastus wished to place his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to announce the war to Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The reception he met with provoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and his principal chieftains, and worsted them in conflict. On leaving Thebes and entering upon his way home, he fell into an ambuscade of fifty of the foe, purposely planted to destroy him, and he slew all but one, who was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate of his companions. He was one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the Theban war he signalized his valour in a marked degree, and made great slaughter of the foe, till he was at last mortally wounded by Melanippus. As he lay expiring, Minerva hastened to him with a medicine which she had obtained from Jupiter, and which would make him immortal (Bacchyl., ap. Schol. ad Aris-(Vid. Italia.) toph, Av., 1536); but Amphiaraus, who hated him as a chief cause of the war, perceiving what the goddess was about, cut off the head of Melanippus, whom Tydeus, though wounded, had slain, and brought it to hin. The savage warrior opened it and devoured the brain, and Minerva, in disgust, withheld her aid. His remains were interred at Argos, where a monument, said to be his, was still seen in the age of Pausanias. (Hom., Il, 4, 365, seqq —Apollod., 1, 8, 3.—Æsch., Sept. C. Theb., 372, seqq., ed. Scholef.-Pausan., 9, 18.)

TYDIDES, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Tydeus. (Virg., En., 1, 101.-Horat., Od., 1, 15, 20.) TYLOS, an island in the Sinus Persicus, on the Arabian coast, the pearl fishery on whose coasts has rendered it famous in antiquity; and the same circumstance still contributes to its renown under the name of Bahraim, which in Arabic signifies two seas. (Ptol. -Theophrast., Hist. Plant., 4, 9.-Id ibid, 5, 6.) TYNDARIDE, a patronymic of the children of Tyndarus, as Castor, Pollux, Helen, &c. TYNDĂRIS, I. a patronymic of Helen, as daughter

TYROS, a city of Phoenicia. (Vid. Tyrus.)
TYRRHENI. Vid. Etruria.

TYRRHENUM MARE, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Etruria. It is also called Inferum, as washing the lower shore of the peninsula.

TYRTEUS, a celebrated poet of antiquity. His age is determined by the second Messenian war, in which he bore a part. If, with Pausanias, this war is placed between 685 and 668 B.C., Tyrtæus would fail at the same time as, or even earlier than, the circumstances of the Cimmerian invasion mentioned by Callinus; and we should then expect to find that Tyrtæus, and not Callinus, was considered by the ancients as the originator of the elegy. As, however, the reverse is the fact, this reason may be added to others for thinking that the second Messenian war did not take place till after 660 B.C., which must be considered as the period at which Callinus flourished. We certainly do not give implicit credit to the story of later writers, that Tyrtæus was a lame schoolinaster at Athens, sent out of insolence by the Athenians to the Spartans, who at the command of an oracle had applied to theni for a leader in the Messenian war. So much of this account, however, may be received as true, that Tyrtæus came from Attica to the Lacedæmonians; the place of his abode being, according to a precise statement, Aphidnæ, an Athenian town, which is placed by

VADIMONIS LACUS, a lake of Etruria, whose waters were sulphureous. It formerly existed close to Bassano, but is now filled up with peat and rushes. (Seneca, Nat. Hist. Quæst, 3, 25.— Plin., 2, 95.) This lake is celebrated in the history of Rome for having witnessed the total defeat of the Etruscans by the Romans, A.U.C. 444, a defeat so decisive that they never could recover from its effects. (Liry, 9, 39.) Another battle was again fought here by the Etruscans, in conjunction with the Gauls, against the Romans, with the same ill success. (Polyb., 2, 20.-Flor., 1, 12.)

VAGA, Sometimes, but improperly, written Vacca, a town of Africa, west of Carthage, on the river Rubricatus, and celebrated among the African and Numidian cities for its extensive traffic. D'Anville and Barbie du Bocage recognise traces of the ancient name in the modern Vegja or Beja, in the district of Tunis. (Sall., Jug., 47.—Sil. Ital., 3, 259.)

the rubbish of Old Tyre, thirty furlongs off, that sup- VACUNA, a goddess worshipped principally by the plied materials for the gigantic mole constructed by Sabines, but also by the Latins. According to some Alexander, of 200 feet in breadth, extending all the authorities she was identical with Victoria, and the way from the continent to the island, a distance of three Lake Cutilia was sacred to her. (Arnob., 3, p. 112, quarters of a mile. The sea that formerly separated ed. Stewech. -Spangenberg, De Vet. Lat. Rel. Dothem was shallow near the shore, but towards the isl-mest., p. 47.) Others made her analogous to Diana, and it is said to have been three fathoms in depth. Ceres, or Minerva. This last was the opinion of The causeway has probably been enlarged by the sand Varro. (Schol. ad Horat., Epist., 1, 10, 49.) Her thrown up by the sea, which now covers the surface name apparently comes from taco, the reason of of the isthmus. Tyre was taken by the Macedonian which etymology is given as follows by Varro: quod conqueror after a siege of eight months, B.C. 332, ea maxime hi gaudent qui sapientiæ vacant." (Varro, two hundred and forty-one years after its destruction up. Schol., l. c.) by Nebuchadnezzar, and, consequently, about one hundred and seventy after it had been rebuilt. Though now subjugated, it was not, however, totally destroyed, since, only thirty years after, it was an object of contention to Alexander's successors. The fleet of Antigonus invested and blockaded it for thirteen months, at the expiration of which it was compelled to surrender, and received a garrison of his troops for its defence. About three years after it was invested by Pompey in person, and, owing to a mutiny in the garrison, fell into his hands. Its history is, after this period, identified with that of Syria. In the apostolic age it seems to have regained some measure of its ancient character as a trading town; and St. Paul, in touching here on one occasion, in his way back from Macedonia, found a number of Christian believers, with whom he spent a week; so that the gospel must early have been preached to the Tyrians. (Acts, 21, 3.) Josephus, in speaking of the city of Zabulon as of admirable beauty, says that its houses were built like those in Tyre, and Sidon, and Berytus. Strabo also speaks of the loftiness and beauty of the buildings. In ecclesiastical history it is distinguished as the first archbishopric under the patriarchate of Jerusalem. It shared the fate of the country in the Saracen invasion in the beginning of the seventh century. It was reconquered by the crusaders in the twelfth, and formed a royal domain of the kingdom of Jerusalem, as well as an archiepiscopal see. William of Tyre, the well-known historian, an Englishman, was the first archbishop. In 1289 it was retaken by the Saracens, the Christians being permitted to remove with their effects. When the sultan Selim divided Syria into pachalics, Tyre, which had probably gone to decay with the depression af commerce, was merged in the territory of Sidon. In 1766 it was taken possession of by the Motoualies, who repaired the port, and enclosed it, on the land side, with a wall twenty feet high. The wall was standing, but the repairs had gone to ruin, at the time of Volney's visit (1784). He noticed, however, the choir of the ancient church mentioned by Maundrell, together with some columns of red granite, of a species unknown in Syria, which Djezzar Pacha wanted to remove to Acre, but could find no engineers able to accomplish it. It was at that time a miserable village: its exports consisted of a few sacks of corn and of cotton; and the only merchant of which it could boast was a solitary Greek, in the service of the French factory at Sidon, who could hardly gain a livelihood. It is only within the past half century that it has once more begun to lift up its head from the dust.nium.) (Modern Traveller, pt. 3, p. 46, seqq.)

TYSDRUS, a city of Africa Propria, not far from the coast, below Turris Hannibalis. It is supposed to coincide as to position with the modern el-Jem. (Ptol. --Auct., Hist. Bell. Afr, c. 36, 76.—Plin., 5, 4.)

VACCA. Vid. Vaga.

V.

VACCÆ, a people at the north of Spain, occupying, according to Mannert, what is now the greater part of Valladolid, Leon, Palencia, and the province of Toro. (Liv., 21, 5-Id., 35, 7.)

VAGENI, or, more correctly, VAGIENNI, a people of Liguria, in the interior of the country, and near the angle formed by the separation of the Apennines and Alps. Their name, as D'Anville observes, is still apparent in that of Viozena. Their capital was Augusta Vagiennorum, now Vico, according to D'Anville, but more correctly Bene, according to Durandi. (Sil. Ital., 8, 607.—Plin., 3, 5. -- Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 27.)

VAHALIS, the western arm of the Rhine, now the Waal. (Cas., 4, 10.-Tac, Ann., 2, 6.)

VALENS, FLAVIUS, an emperor of the East. His biography will be given in conjunction with that of his brother Valentinian I. (Vid. Valentinianus I.)

VALENTIA, I. a secret and hallowed name of Rome. (Plin., 3, 5.-Id. ibid., 28, 2.- Serv. ad Æn., 1, 280.)-II. A city of the Segovellauni or Segalauni, in Gallia Narbonensis, now Valence. (Plin., 3, 4.) It lay on the eastern side of the Rhodanus, above Alba Augusta.-III. A city of Mauritania Tingitana, north. of Volubile Oppidum, and south of Lixum, situate on the river Subur. It was also called Banasa, and is now Mamora. (Plin, 5, 1.)-IV. A province of Britain, in what is now Scotland, conquered in the time of Valentinian from the Piets and Scots, and formed by Theodosius into a province. (Amm. Marc., 28, 3.)-V. A city of the Edetani or Contestani, in Hispania Tarraconensis, near the mouth of the Tusia. It was taken and sacked by Pompey, but was afterward colonized and became an important place. It is now Valentia.-VI. or Vibo Valentia. (Vid. Hippo

VALENTINIANUSs, I. the first of the name, a man of moderate rank, and born at Cibale in Hungary, was made emperor by the army, being, at the time of Jovian's death, the commander of the body-guard. He associated with himself Valens, his brother, and, after some time, Gratian, his son, who, at eight years old, was presented to the army wearing a purple robe. Valens fixing his court at Constantinople, Valentinian himself repaired to Milan. Soon after the accession of these emperors, both the West and East were disturbed nearly at the same time; the former by an irruption of the Alemanni into Gaul, the latter by the insurrection of Procopius, who, pretending a promise

of Julian that he would leave him heir of the empire, | over which he desired to place a king of his own etecwas saluted Augustus by the multitude at Constanti- tion, pressed forward with his army, but was repulsed nople; and, having been joined by the legions sent by Trajan and Vadomair, the allied king of the Aleagainst him by Valens, reduced Thrace, Bithynia, and manni. In the mean time, a plot, having for its object the Hellespont. Deserted by his followers in Phrygia, to place Theodorus, a secretary and an accomplished he fled into the mountains, was taken alive, brought character, on the throne, was betrayed to Valens; and bound before Valens, and, being sentenced to be tied the conspirators, together with Theodorus, consigned by the legs to two trees that were forcibly bent to the to the executioner. The plot, it is said, originated in ground, was torn asunder by their recoil (A.D. 366). an oracle, divulged in Asia, which predicted that one The Alemanni defeated the Roman armies in Gaul, whose name began with Theo should be emperor, and killing the commanders, the counts Charietto and Se- this was afterward interpreted to mean Theodosius. verian; but were, in their turn, routed by Jovinus, the A new enemy had now rolled its congregated nummaster of the horse, with the loss of six thousand slain bers on the Roman world, with terror darkening in and four thousand wounded. Valens marched against their van. The Goths were displaced by the Huns, the Goths, who had assisted Procopius, and in three and urged forward by the impulsion. They obtained years reduced them to terms of peace. He also re- permission of Valens to make a settlement in Thrace, pressed the predatory incursions of the Isaurians, a and swore fealty to him, but afterward revolted under sort of mountain robbers, and exacted hostages. The their general Fridigern. Surprised, as they were laden Picts and Scots, who had ravaged Britain, were de- with spoil, by the Roman general Sebastian, they were feated by Count Theodosius, and their spoil retaken. routed, and the booty was retaken. Gratian, who had Valentinian crossed the Rhine, gained a bloody vic- defeated another body of Goths by his general Frigertory over the Alemanni, and fortified the Gallic fron- idus, near Strasburg, and permitted the remnant to tier with camps and castles. The Saxons, who had settle on the Po, advanced to the assistance of Vaburst into Gaul, were subdued by treachery. After lens; but the latter, eager to distinguish himself and their proposition of retiring from the country had been jealous of his nephew, risked a battle with all the conacceded to, they were set upon, while passing through federated Goths, in which the Roman army, after a a valley, by troops planted in ambuscade, and cut to brave struggle, the band of lancers, in particular, standpieces. A similar act of perfidy was committed against ing firm to the last around their emperor, was put to the Quadi, who had been irritated by the placing of an total rout, and the field heaped with its dead. Valens intrenched camp on their soil. Their king, Gabinius, taking refuge in a country-house with only a few folwho was invited by the Roman general Maximin to a lowers, who resisted from the roof the attempt of the banquet, was waylaid on his retiring, and murdered. Goths to break the door, the latter set fire to the buildThe result was a general insurrection of the Quadi, ing, and he perished with the rest in the flames (A.D. who overran both Pannonias, and cut to pieces two 378). Valens was of a middle height, with legs rather entire legions. Valentinian crossing the Danube, and bowed, somewhat corpulent, and of a high-coloured wasting the country of the Quadi with fire and sword, complexion. One of his eyes was obstructed by a the latter sent ambassadors to sue for peace. Valen- cataract, but it was not discernible at a little distance. tinian, preparing to answer their address, in a parox- Ignorant of art and literature, he was but imperfectly ysm of rage burst a vessel, and expired of the effusion versed in military tactics. With a sluggish and proof blood (A.D. 375). The choleric and implacable crastinating habit of mind he united a dogmatical imtemper of Valentinian, urging him frequently to acts patience of temper, and in the courts of law, without of the most atrocious injustice, is singularly irrecon- caring for the merits of the case, was offended by any cilable with his religious moderation. It is said that decision which counteracted his own wishes. Though he was about to issue an order for the magistrates of bitter against those who withstood his will or differed three towns to be put to death, because one of the from him in sentiment, he was not incapable of friendjudges had directed the execution of a sentence legally ship-II. Valentinian II. was proclaimed Augustus passed on a Hungarian, and only desisted from his at four years old, as the colleague of Gratian, and repurpose on the expostulation of his quæstor Euprax-sided with his mother, the Empress Justina, at the ius, who reminded the "most pious of princes" that court of Milan. Maximus, having established himself guiltless persons, if slain, would by Christians be wor- in Britain and Gaul, drove Valentinian out of Italy. shipped as martyrs. It is also related, that, on a cer- The youth stood as a suppliant before the throne of tain count complaining to him of a civil action, he sent Constantinople with the empress-mother and his sisto execution not only the plaintiff, but the very clerks ter Galla. The hand of the latter became a pledge of of the court who served the notice; and that the the hospitality and aid of the enamoured Theodosius. Christians of Milan gave the place of their interment Valentinian was thus restored, through the aid of Thethe name of the "Tomb of the Innocents." That he odosius, to the throne of the Western empire; a throne refused to admit the challenges of judges by defend- which his weak character did not enable him to fill and ants in a cause, when preferred on the ground of pri- defend. The new reign of this young prince was not vate enmity, and that he condemned insolvent debtors of long duration. He removed the seat of the court to death, are scarcely credible charges. Not destitute to Vienna (now Vienne), on the Rhone, where he was of ingenuity, he invented some new weapons, and had assassinated, A.D. 392, by order of Arbogastes, gena turn for painting and modelling. Report describes eral of the Franks, whose authority had long predoinhim as tall and muscular, with a florid complexion, inated over that of his master. This prince was a hair of a fiery colour, and gray eyes, which had a pe- youth of excellent qualities, temperate, studious, and culiarly fierce expression from his always looking affectionate.—III. Valentinian III. was the son of askance. The body of Valentinian was conveyed to Constantins and Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Constantinople. In the East, another violation of that Great. He was only six years of age when he was hospitality which among barbarians is held sacred, took proclaimed Emperor of the West, A.D. 423; but he place in the person of Para, king of Armenia. Invi- was not actually recognised as such until 425, after ted by Valens to Tarsus, and detained there specious- the defeat of John the Notary, who had seized upon ly as a guest, he escaped on horseback by night to his the empire. Placidia, who possessed at first all the own kingdom, but was then inveigled to an entertain- authority, governed with much wisdom. Aetius, worment by Duke Trajan, and, in the midst of wine and thy, by his valour and military talents, of the fairest music, stabbed by a hired barbarian as he reclined on period of the Roman republic, preserved for the emthe supper-couch. Sapor, who had in vain endeavour- pire the territory of Gaul, continually invaded by new ed to bring Valens into his terms respecting Armenia, enemies, and forced the Franks, the Goths, the Bur

VALERIA LEX, I. de Provocatione, by P. Valerius Publicola. (Vid. Valerius I.) It granted to every one the liberty of appealing from the consuls to the people, and that no magistrate should be permitted to punish a Roman citizen who thus appealed. This law was afterward once and again renewed, and always by persons of the Valerian family. (Liv., 2, 8.-Dion. Hal., 5, 19.-Heinecc., Rom. Ant., p. 246, seqq., ed. Haubold.)-II. Another, de Debitoribus, by L. Valerius Flaccus, consul A.U.C. 667. It enacted that debtors should be discharged on paying one fourth of their debts. (Vell. Patere, 2, 23.)-III. Another, by M. Valerius Corvinus, A.U.C. 453, which confirmed the first Valerian law enacted by Publicola.IV. Another, called also Horatia, by L. Valerius and M. Horatius, the consuls, A.U.C. 304. It revived the first Valerian law, which under the triumvirate had lost its force.-V. Another, de Magistratibus, by P. Valerius Publicola, A.U.C. 243. It created two quæstors to take care of the public treasure, which was for the future to be kept in the temple of Saturn. (Plut., Vit. Publ.)

gundians, and the Alani to sue for peace. Count Bon- liberties, he was suspected of a design to make himself iface, however, was less fortunate in Africa, and could absolute. On being informed, however, of the dissatnot prevent Genseric, king of the Vandals, from found-isfaction felt on this subject by the people, be immeing an empire there in 442. Valentinian was by this diately caused the edifice to be razed to the ground, time of an age to govern for himself; but the only use took from the fasces the axe, the emblem of capital he made of his power was to commit crimes and to punishment, caused the same fasces to be lowered bedisgrace himself by acts of debauchery. Aëtius sub- fore the people at their next general assembly, and alsequently (A.D. 451) gained a complete victory over ways afterward on similar occasions, and finally had Attila, in the plains of Duro-Catalaunum (Chalons), the celebrated law of appeal (lex Provocationis) passed, when Valentinian, jealous of his glory, had him sent which protected the rights and persons of Roman citfor, and, on a sudden, stabbed him to the heart. He izens against the tyranny of magistrates. (Vid. Vadid not, however, long survive this cowardly act. leria Lex I.) This conduct rendered Valerius the idol The following year, having violated the wife of Petro- of the populace, and obtained for him the surname of nius Maximus, a man of consular rank, the outraged Publicola, in allusion to his great popularity. (Vid. husband slew him (A.D. 455), in the thirty-sixth year Publicola.) He was also continued in the consulship of his age and thirty-first of his reign, and then ascend- for the two succeeding years, B.C. 508 and 507. He ed his throne. (Hetherington's History of Rome, p. was chosen consul anew in 504. He appears to have 250, seqq.-Elton's Hist. Roman Emperors, p. 217, died not long after. The disinterestedness of this ilseqq.) lustrious citizen was so great, that, after having been four times consul, he died a poor man, and the expense of his funeral had to be borne by the state. The Roman matrons mourned for him a whole year. (Liv., 1, 58.—Id., 2, 8. — Id., 3, 55.—Id, 10, 9.— Dion. Hal., 5, 19.-Flor., 1, 9.-Plut., Vit. Public.-Horat., Sat., 1, 6, 12.)—II. Corvus Corvinus, a tribune of the soldiers under Camillus. When the Roman army was challenged by one of the Senones, remarkable for his strength and stature, Valerius undertook to engage him, and obtained an easy victory by means of a crow or raven (corvus) that assisted him, and attacked the face of the Gaul, whence his surname of Corvus or Corvinus. Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians and the neighbouring states that made war against Rome, and was six times honoured with the consulship. He died in the 100th year of his age, admired and regretted for many private and public virtues. (Val. Max., 8, 13.-Liv, 7, 27.)-III. Antias, a Roman historian, who flourished about A.U.C. 670, B.C. 84. Pliny often refers to him. Aulus Gellius quotes the 12th, 24th, 45th, and 75th books of his annals. (Aul. Gell., 7, 9.-Id., 1, 7, &c.)-IV. Messala. (Vid. Messala.)-V. Maximus, a Roman writer, born at Rome during the reign of Augustus, of a patrician family. According to his own account, he served in Asia under Sextus Pompey, who was consul the year that Augustus died (2, 6, 8). On his return to Rome he abstained entirely from public affairs, and lived until the time of the conspiracy of Sejanus, A.D. 31. We have no other particulars of his life. The anonymous but ancient author of his life makes him to have been descended from the Valerian family on the father's side, and from the Fabian on the mother's side. His surname Maximus indicates the latter part of his genealogy. In a work composed originally of ten books, but of which only nine reinain, and entitled Dictorum factorumque memorabilium libri, he has collected together the sayings and actions of individuals of various eras and nations, which he found scattered over historical works, and deemed worthy of being transmitted to posterity. The collection is dedicated to Tiberius. He classifies the individuals of whom he treats, according to some peculiar virtue or vice, of which they are cited as examples. He first confines himself to Romans, and then passes to other nations, especially the Greeks. The titles of his chapters are the work of the grammarians or copyists, as appears very clearly from the use of words which were unknown during the best age of Roman literature. Valerius displays neither judgment in his choice of anecdotes, nor skill in their arrangement, nor good taste in the use of expressions, and in the transitions which he frequently makes from the natural order of things. No one ever carried flattery to a greater extent: his preface, addressed to Tiberius is perfectly disgusting. His manner of narrating is far from pleasing, and his style is cold, declamatory, and affected. Notwithstanding its

VALERIANUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS, a Roman, proclaimed emperor by the army in Rhætia, of which he was commander, A.D. 254. He had been distinguished by his virtues while in a private station, and great expectations were consequently formed of him when he ascended the throne. Having appointed his son Gallienus to be his associate in the empire, he left him to defend it against the incursions of the Goths and Germans, and marched to the east to oppose the Persian king Sapor. Valerian was defeated and taken prisoner by the Persians, who treated him with great and contemptuous cruelty. His degenerate son Gallienus made no effort to obtain his release, being apparently more satisfied to reign alone. For many years the Roman emperor bowed himself down, that his body might serve as a stepping-stone to the Persian king when he mounted on horseback: he was at last flayed alive, and his skin, stuffed in the form of a hu- | man figure and dyed with scarlet, was preserved in a temple in Persia. (Treb. Poll., Valerian. Vit.)

VALERIUS PUBLIUS, I. a celebrated Roman, surnamed Publicola (vid. Publicola), and who shared with Junius Brutus the glory of having driven out the Tarquins and of founding the Roman commonwealth, B.C. 569. Brutus having fallen on the field of bat tle, and Collatinus, the colleague of the former, having been compelled eventually to retire from Rome in consequence of his relationship to the Tarquin family, Valerius was chosen consul along with Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus. This last died during the earlier part of his year, and Valerius remained sole consul. As he appeared in no haste to have a new colleague, and was, at the same time, engaged in erecting a mansion on a lofty eminence, which, to the jealous vision of his countrymen, looked like a fortress against their