THULE, an island in the most northern parts of the German Ocean, called ultima, "farthest," on account of its remote situation, and its being regarded as the limit of geographical knowledge in this quarter. The Thule mentioned by Tacitus in his life of Agricola (c. 10), and which that commander discovered in circumnavigating Britain, coincides with Mainland, one of the Shetland Isles. The Thule spoken of by Pytheas, the ancient Greek navigator, was different from this. The relation of Pytheas is rather romantic in some of its features; as, for example, when he states that its climate was neither earth, air, nor sea, but a chaotic confusion of these three elements: from other parts of his narrative, however, many have been led to suppose that this Thule was modern Iceland or Norway. Mannert declares himself in favour of the former; D'Anville opposes it. Ptolemy places the middle of this Thule in 63° of latitude, and says that at the time of the equinoxes the days were twenty-four hours, which could not have been true at the equinoxes, but must have referred to the solstices, and therefore this island is supposed to have been in 66° 30′ latitude, that is, under the polar circle. The Thule of which Procopius speaks, D'Anville makes to correspond with the modern canton of Tylemark, in Norway. details of Procopius, however, seem to agree rather with the accounts that have been given of the state of ancient Lapland. Some modern geographers think that by Thule the ancients mean merely Scandinavia, of which their knowledge was very limited. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 78.) Krñμa iç deī, a possession for everlasting. He was icles, already referred to, and the description of the far from the necessity of servile writers, either to fear plague which ravaged Athens during the summer of or to flatter. In fine, if the truth of a history did ever Ol. 87.4, B.C. 429. The fearful picture which Thuappear by the manner of relating, it doth so in this his- cydides here traces has been imitated by Lucretius and tory."-Smith also has a discourse on the qualifications Virgil, particularly the former.-The best editions of of Thucydides as an historian which merits perusal. Thucydides are, that of Hudson, Oxon., 1696, fol.; He therein shows him to have had all the qualifica- that of Duker, Amst., 1731, 2 vols. fol.; that of Gottions that can be thought necessary; namely, "to be leber and Bauer, Lips., 1790-1804, 2 vols. 4to; that abstracted from every kind of connexion with persons of Haack, Stend., 1819, 2 vols. 8vo, reprinted by Valor things that are the subject matter, to be of no coun-py, Lond., 1823, 3 vols. 8vo; that of Bekker, Oxon., try, no party; clear of all passion, independent in ev-1821, 4 vols. 8vo; that of Arnold, Oxford, 1830-5, ery light; entirely unconcerned who is pleased or dis-3 vols. 8vo; and especially that of Poppo, Lips., pleased with what he writes; the servant only of rea- 1821-37, 12 vols. 8vo. -Dr. Bloomfield, vicar of son and truth. He was wholly unconcerned about the Bisbrooke, Rutland, England, has published a small opinion of the generation in which he lived. He wrote edition with English notes, in 3 vols. 12mo, and also for posterity. He appealed to the future world for a new English version of the historian, with copious the value of the present he had made them. The and valuable notes, in 3 vols. 8vo, Lond., 1819.—II. judgment of succeeding ages has approved the com- A poet, mentioned by Marcellinus, the biographer of pliment he thus made to their understandings. So Thucydides. (Compare Poppo, Proleg., 1, p. 27.— long as there are truly great princes, able statesmen, Goeller, Vit. Thucyd.) sound politicians-politicians that do not rend asunder politics from good order and the general happiness, he will meet with candid and grateful acknowledgments of his merits."-Thucydides has been sometimes censured for the introduction of harangues into his history, and this has been made an argument, by some, against his general veracity as an historian. The truth 1s, however, that the writer never meant them to be regarded by the reader as having been actually pronounced by the speakers in question: they serve merely as vehicles for conveying his own sentiments on passing events, for painting more distinctly the characters of those whom he brings forward in the course of his narrative, and for relating circumstances to which he could not well refer in the main body of his history. The harangues of Thucydides impart frequently to his work a kind of dramatic character, and agreeably interrupt the monotony occasioned by his peculiar arrangement of events. Demosthenes was so ardent an admirer of them, that he is said to have copied them over ten times, in order to appropriate to himself the style of this great writer. The finest is the funeral oration of Pericles, in honour of those who had fallen in the service of their country.-Another charge made against Thucydides is the division of his work into years, and even into seasons, for he divides each year into two seasons, summer and winter. This arrangement, which Dionysius of Halicarnassus has severely blamed, imparts to the work a kind of monotonous character; and yet, on the other hand, it must be confessed, that if this plan be in some respects a defective one, it is less so for the history of a single war, which THURII, a city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, near the naturally divides itself into campaigns, than it would site of the more ancient Sybaris, and which was foundbe for a work intended to embrace the history of a ed by a colony from Athens about fifty-five years after people, or of some extended period of time.-Thucyd- the overthrow of the latter city. Two celebrated ides wrote in the Attic dialect: after him no histori- characters are named among those who joined this exan ventured to employ any other, and his work is re-pedition, which was collected from different parts of garded as the canon, or perfection of Atticism. His Greece; these were Herodotus, and Lysias the orastyle, however, is not without its faults: his concise- tor. (Aristot., de Rhet., 3, 9.-Dion. Hul., de Lys., ness sometimes degenerates into obscurity, particularly in his harangues; nor does he seem to be always very solicitous about the elegance of his diction, but more ambitious to communicate information than to please the ear. Against these and similar charges, of careless collocation, embarrassed periods, and solecistic phraseology, which Dionysius, in particular, is most active in adducing, the historian has been very successfully defended by one of his recent editors, Poppo. Two among the Roman writers have taken Thucydides for their model, namely, Sallust and Tacitus; but they have imitated him each in a different manner. Tacitus has appropriated to himself the general manner of the Greek historian, his conciseness, his depth of thought; Sallust has conformed to him in his sentences and phrases more than in his ideas.-The most celebrated parts of Thucydides are the oration of Per The p. 452.-Suid., s. v. 'Hpédoros et Avolas) Diodorus gives us a very full account of the foundation of this town, the form and manner in which it was built, and the constitution it adopted: its laws were framed chiefly after the code of the celebrated legislators Zaleucus and Charondas. (Diod. Sic., 12, 10.) The government of Thurii seems to have excited the attention of Aristotle on more than one occasion. (Polit., 5, 4, seqq.) This Athenian colony attained a considerable degree of prosperity and power: it entered into an alliance with Crotona, and engaged in hostilities with Tarentum, in order to obtain possession of the territory which formerly belonged to Siris. (Strabo, 264.) In the Peloponnesian war, the Thurians are mentioned as allied to the Athenians, and as furnishing them with some few ships and men for their Sicilian expedition. (Thucyd., 7, 35.) Subsequent ly, the attacks of the Lucani, from whom they sustained a severe defeat, and, at a still later period, the enmity of the Tarentines, so reduced the power and prosperity of the Thurians, that they were compelled to seek the aid of Rome, which was thus involved in a war with Tarentum. About eighty-eight years afterward, Thurii, being nearly deserted, received a Roman colony, and took the name of Copia. (Strab., 263.-Liv., 35, 9.) Cæsar, however, calls it Thurii, and designates it a municipal town. (Bell. Civ., 3, 22) The remains of ancient Thurii must be placed between the site of ancient Sybaris and Terra Nova. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 359.) THURINUS, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because some of his progenitors were natives of Thurii, or because his father Octavius had been successful in some military operations near Thurii a short time after the birth of Augustus. (Sucton., Vit. Aug., 7.-Consult Oudendorp, ad loc.) THYAMIS, I. a river of Epirus, anciently dividing Thresprotia from the district of Cestrine. (Thucyd., 1, 46.) The historian Phylarchus, as Athenæus reports (3, 3), affirmed that the Egyptian bean was never known to grow out of Egypt except in a marsh close to this river, and then only for a short period.-It appears from Cicero that Atticus had an estate on the banks of the Thyamis. (Ad. Att., 7, 7.-Compare Pausan., 1, 11.) The modern name of this stream is the Calama. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 108.) -II. A promotory of Epirus, near the river of the same name, now Cape Nissi. and was killed by Turnus. (Virg., En., 10, 123.— Id. ib., 12, 364.) THYNI, a people of Bithynia. (Vid. Bithynia.) THYONE, a name given to Semele after she had been translated to the skies. The appellation comes either from duw, to sacrifice, or diw, "to rage, to be agitated." The latter is the more probable derivation. (Apollod., 3, 5, 3.—Diod. Sic., 4, 25.—Heyne ad Apollod., l. c.) THYONEUS (three syllables), a surname of Bacchus, from his mother Semele, who was called Thyone. (Vid. Thyone.) THYREA, the principal town of Cynuria, in Argolis, near which the celebrated battle was fought between the Spartans and an equal number of Argives. (Vid. Othryades.) It was probably situate not far from the modern town of Astro. (Herod., 1, 82.)-The Spartans established the Ægineta here upon the expulsion of that people from their island by the Athenians. (Thucyd., 2, 27.) During the Peloponnesian war, however, the latter, having landed on the Cynurian coast, captured the town, and, setting it on fire, carried off all the inhabitants. (Id., 4, 56.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 235.) THYRSAGETÆ, a people of Sarmatia, who lived by hunting. Herodotus makes the Tanais rise in their territory.-II. or Thyssagetæ, a nation of European Sarmatia, dwelling on the banks of the Tanaïs, where the same river approaches nearest to the Wolga, and in the neighbourhood of the lyrcæ. (Hardouin ad Plin., 6, 7.) THYATIRA (TÙ Ovarɛipa), a city of Lydia, near the TIBERIAS, a town of Galilee, built by Herod Agripnorthern confines, situate on the small river Lycus, pa, and named in honour of the Emperor Tiberius. not far from its source. According to Pliny (5, 29), It was situate on the western shore, and near the its original name was Pelopia; and Strabo (625) makes southern extremity of the Sea of Tiberias. This piece it to have been founded by a colony of Macedonians. of water or lake was previously called by the name of It was enlarged by Seleucus Nicator, and was select-Gennesareth, from a pleasant district called Gennesar, ed as a place of arms by Andronicus, who declared himself heir to the kingdom of Pergamus after the death of Attalus. Thyatira, according to Strabo, belonged originally to Mysia; from the time of Pliny, however, we find it ascribed to Lydia. Its ruins are now called Ak-Hisar, or the white castle. This was one of the churches mentioned in the Revelations.For an interesting account of the church in Thyatira, consult Milner's History of the Seven Churches of Asia, p. 277, seqq., Lond., 1832. THYESTES, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and grandson of Tantalus; for the legend relating to whom, consult the article Atreus. bra.) at the northern extremity of the lake. Tiberias was TIBERĪNUS, son of Capetus and king of Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, which on that account assumed his name, and was called Tiberis. (Liv., 1, 3.-Cic., N. D., 2, 20.-Varro, de L. L., 4, 5, &c. TIBERIS, TYBERIS, TYBER, or TIBRIS, a river of Italy, on whose banks the city of Rome was built. It is said to have been originally called Albula, from the whiteness of its waters, and afterward Tiberis when Tiberinus, king of Alba, had been drowned there; but it is probable that Albula was the Latin name of the river, and Tiberis or Tibris the Tuscan one. Varro THYMBRA, a plain in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, flows in its course to the Scamander. According to some, the river Thymbrius-Ovid, Fast., 2, 389; 4, 47.) is now the Kamar-sou. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 102.) Apollo had a temple here, whence he was surnamed Thymbræus. (Il., 10, 430.- Virg., En., 3, 85.-Eurip., Rhes., 224.) It was in this temple that Achilles is said to have been mortally wounded by Paris. (Eustath. ad Il., 10, 433.Serv. ad En., l. c.) THYMBRÆUS, a surname of Apollo. (Vid. Thym-informs us that a prince of the Veientes, named Dehebris, gave his name to the stream, and that out of this THYMETES, I. a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas, grew in time the appellations Tiberis and Tibris. It the last of the descendants of Theseus who reigned is often called by the Greeks Thymbris (ó Oúμbрiç). at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to With respect to its source, Pliny informs us (3, 5) meet Xanthus, the Boeotian monarch, in single com- that it rises in the Apennines above Arretium, and bat. Melanthus the Messenian accepted the challenge, that it is joined, during a course of nearly one hundred slew Xanthus, and was rewarded with the kingdom of and fifty miles, by upward of forty tributary streams. Attica. (Vid. Melanthus.) II. A Trojan prince, The Tiber was capable of receiving vessels of considwhose wife and son were put to death by order of erable burden at Rome, and small boats to within a Priam. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 224.-Burmann, ad short distance of its source. (Dion. Hal, 3, 44.-Virg, En., 2, 32.) He is said, on this account, to Strab., 218.) Virgil is the only author who applies have used his best endeavours to persuade his coun- the epithet of cærulean to the waters of the Tiber trymen to admit the wooden horse within their walls. (En., 8, 62.) That of flavus, "yellow," is wel. (Virg., Æn., 2, 32.-Servius ad Æn., l. c.)—III. A known to be much more general. (Ovid, Trist., 5, son of Hicetaon, who accompanied Æneas into Italy, | 1.—Horat., Od., 1, 2, 13.) This stream is also called Tyrrhenus annis, "the Tuscan river," from its wa- | share which the people had retained of the right of tering Etruria on one side in its course, and also Lydius," the Lydian" stream or Tiber, on account of the popular tradition which traced the arts and civilization of Etruria to Lydia in Asia Minor. (Vid. Hetruria.) TIBERIUS, CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO, a Roman emperor, born B.C. 42. He was the son of a father of the same name, of the ancient Claudian family, and of Livia Drusilla, afterward the celebrated wife of Augustus. Rapidly raised to authority by the influence of his mother, he displayed no inconsiderable ability in an expedition against certain revolted Alpine tribes, in consequence of which he was raised to the consulship in his twenty-eighth year. On the death of Agrippa, the gravity and austerity of Tiberius having gained the emperor's confidence, he chose him to supply the place of that minister, obliging him, at the same time, to divorce Vipsania, the daughter of Agrippa, and wed Julia, the daughter of Augustus, whose flagitious conduct at length so disgusted him that he retired in a private capacity to the isle of Rhodes. After experiencing much discountenance from Augustus, the deaths of the two Cæsars, Caius and Lucius, induced the emperor to take him again into favour and adopt him. During the remainder of the life of Augustus he behaved with great prudence and ability, concluding a war with the Germans in such a manner as to merit a triumph. On the death of Augustus he succeeded without opposition to the empire.-The first act of the new reign was the murder of young Postumus Agrip pa, the only surviving son of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, and whom Augustus had banished during his lifetime to the island of Planasia. From his bodily strength, although taken by surprise and defenceless, he was with difficulty overcome by the centurion employed. Like Elizabeth of England, Tiberius disavowed his own order. Surmise hesitated between himself and Livia; and an incredible pretext was set up of a command of the late emperor to the tribune who had the custody of the youth, that he was not to be suffered to survive him. While Tiberius proceeded immediately to the actual exercise of several of the imperial functions, such as delivering their standard to the prætorian guard, having them in attendance on his person, and despatching letters to the armies to announce his accession, he affected to depend on the pleasure of the senate, and to consider himself unequal to the weight of the whole empire. In the confused, dilatory, and ambiguous mode of his expressing, or rather hinting, his sentiments, which he often designed to be understood in a contrary sense to what they seemed to bear, he strongly resembled Cromwell.-The servility of the senate ran before his ambition. They had afterward leisure for repentance. Tiberius soon began to practise the dark, crooked, and sanguinary policy which marks the jealousy, distrust, and terror of a conscious and suspicious tyrant. Those who had formerly offended him, as Asinius Gallus, who had married his divorced wife Vipsania, and even those who had been pointed out by Augustus as men likely, by their talents or aspiring minds, to supply princes to the empire, should the road be open to them, were watched, circumvented, immured, and destroyed. The law of high treason was made an instrument of punishing, not actions merely, but looks, words, and gestures, which were construed as offences against the majesty of the prince. A spy-system was organized, which embraced informers and agitators of plots, who, while they enriched themselves, brought money to the treasury; and as a man's slaves, and the guests at his table, might themselves be secret pensioners of this new police of inspection, social confidence and domestic security were at once destroyed. Those who were suspected were presumed to be guilty; judges were easily found to condemn them; and confisca tions and executions succeeded each other.-The election was entirely taken from them; the nomination of the consuls assumed by the emperor; and the choice of the other magistrates, though ostensibly referred to the senate, determined really by himself.While Tiberius, by abolishing the comitia or assemblies, swept away the last vestige of popular liberty, and while he weakened the internal strength of the empire by shedding the best blood of Rome, and creating around him the solitude of death, he sacrificed her external glory to the same sleepless and devouring jealousy. This sentiment was not excited by those only who were aliens from his name, for those connected with him by the nearest ties were the objects of his most feverish dread and his most implacable malice. His own mother, who had sullied herself with crime to secure his elevation, was the first to attract his gloomy envy; which was awakened by her having been named in the will of Augustus as co-heiress with himself, and adopted into the Julian family by the name of Julia Augusta; and by the flatteries of the senate, who bestowed on Livia the surname of Mother of the Country, and who received from Tiberius the reproof, that "moderate honours were suitable to women." His forbidding her the state of a lictor to walk before her, and his irritation on her addressing the soldiery to animate their exertions in extinguishing a fire, may be traced to the same feeling. That another should divide with him the attributes of sovereignty was intolerable to his mind; but he was equally unable to endure that another should be popular in the city or successful in the field; and in his son and his nephew he beheld only presumptuous rivals of his own past renown in arms, supplanters of his power, and pretenders to his throne. Weighed against this sentiment of egotism, the secu rity of the empire and the glory of the Roman eagles were as dust in the balance. Resting on his former laurels, he no longer led the armies in person, but substituted for open war the cunning of a mean, perfidious policy. It was thus that he detained in his dominions, after inviting them with the fair words of a specious hospitality, Marboduus, king of the Suevi, and Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, whose kingdom was reduced to a Roman province; and in the latter part of his life he fell into a total apathy and indifference respecting the state of the legions or of the foreign departments: left Spain and Syria for several years without governors, and allowed Armenia to be overrun by the Dacians, and Gaul by the neighbouring Germans. But the ancient fame of the Roman discipline and valour was supported in the beginning of his reign by the second Drusus and Germanicus, whom he therefore envied, detested, and destroyed.-By both the son and the nephew, the most essential and faithful services were rendered to Tiberius before his authority could well be said to be established. The Roman legions in Pannonia, either discontented with their stipend, or making that a pretence for expressing their dissatisfaction with the person of the new emperor, raised a mutiny, which Drusus suppressed. The same part was acted by the legions in Lower Germany, whom Germanicus harangued from the camp tribunal; and on their persisting to choose him emperor, pointed a sword at his breast, with the exclamation that "he had rather die than forfeit his fidelity." A soldier audaciously offered him another sword, telling him that "it was sharper:" his person was in danger, and he was carried to his tent by his friends; but, determining on the expedient of awakening the shame of the. troops by expressing his distrust of their attachment and honour, he sent his wife Agrippina, the granddaughter of Augustus, from the camp, which she passed through, accompanied by her infant son Caius, and a retinue of weeping ladies. The soldiers, struck with compunction, crowded around her, imploring her 18 Child! if thou canst not reign, deem'st it a wrong?" He contrived an excuse for not inviting her to his table by having it suggested that some apples were poisoned, and then resenting her suspicions when she declined to accept them from his hand; and at last, on the plea that she had threatened to appeal to the army, and to take sanctuary at the statue of Augustus, he banished her to the isle of Pandataria. On this, she addressed him with spirited reproaches, when the dastardly tyrant had one of her eyes thrust out with rods by the hand of a centurion. Agrippina resolved to put an end to her life by abstinence from food (A.C. 26). Viands were forced into her mouth by the emperor's order, but his fear or his malice was disappointed by her unconquerable resolution. In the senate he magnified his own clemency in not having sentenced the wife of Germanicus to be strangled in the dungeon, exposed like a felon on the prison steps, and dragged by a hook into the Tiber. Drusus, the surviving heir, and the son of Tiberius by Agrippina Vipsania, who had been decreed a triumph for his services in Illyricum and in Germany, and had been admitted to a share of the tribunician power, was poisoned by Sejanus (A.C. 23), who had long cherished a sentiment of revenge for a blow received from Drusus, and had corrupted his wife Livia. The emperor entered the senate-house with an air of indifference before the body was interred, and shortened the time of public mourn turn, made their submission, and demanded to be led bore to show themselves in public. The people wrote against the enemy. Germanicus carried devastation on the walls of the palace, "Restore Germanicus." into the fields and cities of the Marsi, the Usipetes, Piso and his wife Plancina entered Rome amid the and the Catti, whom he everywhere overthrew; re- popular indignation, which was increased by the festivcovered the standard of Varus, and, coming to a spot ity apparent in their house, which was situated near in the woods where the mouldering trenches of his the forum. Piso, however, was accused of treason by camp were still visible, and the ground strewn with Fulcinius; was neglected by Tiberius, who, affecting the whitened bones of his followers, collected them the coolest impartiality, referred the cause to the senwith funeral honours. Arminius, however, at the head ate; and stabbed himself in prison. His wife, who had of the Cherusci, by retiring into the forests, posting also deserted him, enjoyed afterward the favour of Livambuscades, and inveigling the Romans into woody ia and the emperor, to whom she was useful in calumand marshy defiles, gained some advantages over the niating Agrippina; but was at last herself exposed to Cæsar himself, as well as his lieutenant Cæcina, though criminal accusations, and died also by her own hand. they were retrieved by extraordinary efforts of cour--The widow of Germanicus remained at Rome, and age. Agrippina displayed a high spirit, and the most persisted with a lofty determination to assert her active devotion to the service of the troops, not only rights. On her cousin Claudia Pulchra being accused tending the wounded, but preventing, by her intrepid- of nuptial infidelity and treason, she sought an audiity, the breaking of a bridge on the Rhine, on a ru-ence, and, finding the emperor sacrificing at the altar mour of the advance of the Germans. Her conduct of Augustus, reproached him with the inconsistency in these circumstances, as well as her previous share of persecuting the Augustan posterity, to which he rein the suppression of the mutiny, and even the fondling plied by catching her hand, and quoting a line from a name of Caligula, bestowed by the camp on her young Greek tragedy: son, from the circumstance of his wearing the nailed buskin of the legionary soldiers, were each a source of deep suspicion and long-concealed resentment in the breast of Tiberius, which were fostered by the arts of insinuation familiar to his worthless minister Sejanus. -The appearance of commotions in the East, where Vonones, the king set over Parthia by the Romans, had been expelled by Artabanus, and had taken refuge in Armenia, afforded a pretext to the emperor for the recall of the Cæsar from the command of the legions in Germany. Obeying the mandate with dilatory haste, Germanicus signalized his departure by a final campaign with the Cherusci, whom he attacked on the Weser, and, surrounding their rear and flanks with his cavalry, defeated with prodigious slaughter (A.C. 16); Arminius himself owing his escape to the fleetness of his horse and the concealment of his visage, which was bathed in blood. After pushing his success as far as the Elbe, and sending to Rome the spoils and captives of his victories, and the painted representations of the rivers, mountains, and battles, Germanicus, as a mark of dissembled favour, was chosen by Tiberius his colleague in the consulate; and the province of Syria was assigned to him by a decree of the senate. But, previously to this appointment, his kinsman Silanus had been removed from the Syrian prefecture, and Cneus Piso, a man of a violent disposition, substituted in his room.-After agreeing to a treaty with Artabanus, by virtue of which Vonones was made to retire into Cilicia, and after placing Zo-ing, directing the shops to be opened as usual. His nones on the throne of Armenia, Germanicus set out on a tour of curiosity and science to Egypt, where he sailed up the Nile and inspected the ruins of Thebes, the Pyramids, and the statue of Memnon, which emitted a sound when touched by the rays of the rising sun. Returning from Egypt, and finding that Piso had reversed many of his orders, he issued a mandate for him to quit the province, and enforced it, on being detained at Antioch by an illness, which he suspected had been produced by poison. After urging on Agrip-rable parents. But, as adopted princes, vows for their pina resignation and an absence from Rome, an advice health and safety were offered up by the pontiffs; and which her proud courage forbade her to follow, he ex- this proved the signal of informations of treason, the pired at a little more than thirty years of age (A.C. usual prelude of the emperor's judicial murders. They 19). After his body had been burned in the forum of were accused of having aspersed his character, and the Antioch, Agrippina went on board a vessel and sailed accusation was followed by the sentence and its exefor Italy. She landed at Brundisium amid the min- cution. Nero was starved to death in the isle of Pongled sobs and tears of women and men, and advanced tia, and Drusus in a secret chamber of the palace.slowly, with downcast eyes, attended by two of her The daughters of Germanicus were spared by the tychildren, and bearing in her arms the urn which con-rant, and disposed of in marriage: Agrippina to Cneus tained the ashes of her husband. The prætorian bands sent to escort the remains were followed by the whole senate and innumerable people, who beset the roads, and with audible condolence and sympathy attended her to the city. The emperor and Livia for own mother, Livia Augusta, afforded him, by her death (A.C. 29), a similar occasion of evincing his superiority to the feelings of human nature; as he not only absented himself from her sick-bed, but, on a pretence of modesty, curtailed the funeral honours decreed to her by the senate.-The deadly favour of Tiberius was next extended to the eldest sons of Germanicus and Agrippina, who were adopted as heirs, as if in atonement for the savage injuries committed on their admi Domitius, the grandson of Octavia, sister of Augustus; Drusilla to Lucius Cassius; and Julia to Marcus Vinicius.-The presumptive heirs of the imperial family being removed, Sejanus thought the empire within his grasp. On pretence of discipline, he had removed the sica; hence it became a usual landing-place. It 16 now Longo Sardo. (Ptol.-Itin. Ant., 72.) TIBULLUS, AULUS ALBIUS, a Roman knight, celebrated for his poetical compositions. There exists some doubt respecting the period of his birth. Petrus Crinitus and Lylius Gyraldus, the ancient but inaccurate biographers of the Roman poets, relying on two lines erroneously ascribed to Tibullus, and inserted in the fifth elegy of the third book, Natalem nostri primum videre parentes prætorian bands, of which he was prefect, to a fortified camp without the city, between the Viminal and Esquiline gates; in the senate he secured to himself partisans by the distribution of provinces and honours, and gained entire ascendancy over the emperor by relieving him of the labours of state as well as administering to his luxury; by studying his humours, and breathing into his ear the whispers of a state informer. A dissembler to all others, Tiberius was open to Sejanus; and easily yielding to him entire and unsuspicious confidence, was persuaded to withdraw from the cares of state. The plot was detected, and Antonia, the mother of Germanicus, was the accuser of Seja- had maintained that he was born A.U.C. 711, in which nus. Impeached by letters from the emperor, con-year the two consuls Hirtius and Pansa were mortaldemned by the senate, and deserted by the prætorian ly wounded at the battle of Mutina. Julius Scaliger guards, he was strangled by the public executioner, was the first commentator who suspected that these and his body was torn piecemeal by the populace verses were interpolated, and his opinion has been (A.D. 31). The vengeance of Tiberius pursued his confirmed by Janus Dousa, who has shown, at great friends and adherents, and even wreaked its rage on length, that the chronology they would establish could the innocent childhood of his son and his daughter. by no means be reconciled with dates which must be -Tiberius continued to hide himself from the gaze assigned to various events in the life of the poet. He of Rome and from the light of day, among the groves conjectures that the lines which had occasioned the and grottoes of the island of Capreæ, which he peo- common error with regard to the birth of Tibullus pled with the partners of his impure orgies, dress- were interpolated in his elegies from the works of ed in fantastic disguises of wood-nymphs and satyrs. Ovid, in whose Tristia they occur (4, 10). Dousa But the time approached when the world was to be was followed by Broukhusius and Vulpius, who all rid of this monster of his species. His sick-bed was seem right in placing the birth of Tibullus earlier than attended by that Caligula, the only surviving son of A.U.C. 711; but it would not appear that they had Germanicus, whose cunning had baffled the insidi- adduced sufficient authority for carrying it quite so far ousness of his agitators of treason, and whose obse- back as 690, which they have fixed on for the epoch quiousness imposed upon himself; but who had not of his birth. It appears from an epigram of Domitius been always able to elude his penetration, and of Marsus, a contemporary of Tibullus, that he ceased whom, when his life was begged, which had been to live about the same time with Virgil. But Virgil three times threatened, he had predicted, with the tact died in 734, and, had Tibullus been born so early as of a connatural mind, that "Caius would prove a ser- 690, he must have reached the age of forty-four at the pent to swallow Rome, and a Phaethon to set the world time of his decease, which is scarcely consistent with on fire." For the purpose of ascertaining whether the the premature death deplored by his contemporaries, lethargy in which the emperor lay was actually death, or the epithet Juvenis applied to him in this very epCaius approached and attempted to draw the ring from igram of Domitius Marsus. On the whole, his birth his finger; it resisted; and on the bold suggestion of may be safely conjectured to have occurred between Macro, the new prætorian prefect, pillows were press- A.U.C. 695 and 700. It has been remarked, that few ed upon him, and the hand of her son avenged, though of the great Latin poets, orators, or historians were late, the manes of Agrippina (A.D 31, aged 78).- born at Rome, and that, if the capital had always conTiberius was a crafty speaker, was literary, addicted fined the distinction of Romans to the ancient families to astrology, and, like Augustus, apprehensive of thun- within the walls, her name would have been deprived der, as a preservative against which he wore a laurel of some of its noblest ornaments. Tibullus, however, crown. In his person he was tall and robust, broad in is one of the exceptions, as his birth, in whatever year the shoulders, and so strong in the muscles that he it may have happened, unquestionably took place in could bore a hard apple with his finger, and wound the the capital. He was descended of an equestrian famscalp of a boy with a fillip. His face was fair com-ily of considerable wealth and possessions, though little plexioned, and would have been handsome if it had not been disfigured by carbuncles, for which he used cosmetics. His eyes were prodigiously large, and could discern objects in the dark. He wore his hair long in the neck, contrary to the Roman usage; walked erect, with a stiff neck; seldom accosted any one; and, when he spoke, used a wave of the hand as in condescension. The news of the tyrant's death was received at Rome with popular cries of "Tiberius to the Tiber!" His body was, however, borne to the city by the soldiers, and burned with funeral rites. In his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to the surviver. (Sueton., Vit. Tib.-Tacit., Ann., lib. 1, 2, 3, &c.-Elton's Roman Emperors, p. 47, seqq.) TIBISCUS, now the Teisse, a river of Dacia, called also Pathyssus, falling into the Danube, and forming the western limit of Dacia. (Plin., 4, 12.-Ammian. Marcell., 17. 3)—II. (or Tibiscum), a city of Dacia, on the river Temes, one of the tributaries of the Danube, and near the junction of the Bistra with the former stream. It is now the Cavaran. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 970.) TIBRIS. Vid. Tiberis. TIBULA, a town of Sardinia, on the northern coast, and on the strait which separates that island from Cor known or mentioned in the history of their country. His father had been engaged on the side of Pompey in the civil wars, and died soon after Cæsar had finally triumphed over the liberties of Rome. It is said, but without any sufficient authority, that Tibullus himself was present at Philippi, along with his friend Messala, in the ranks of the republican army. He retired in early life to his paternal villa near Pedum. In his youth he had tasted the sweets of affluence and fortune, but the ample patrimony he had inherited from his ancestors was greatly diminished by the partitions of land made to the soldiery of the triumvirs. Dacier and other French critics have alleged that he was ruined by his own dissipation and extravagance, which has been denied by Vulpius and Broukhusius, the learned editors and commentators of Tibullus, with the same eagerness as if their own fame and fortune depended upon the question. The partition of the lands in Italy was probably the chief cause of his indigence; but it is not unlikely that his own extravagance may have contributed to his early difficulties. He utters his complaints of the venality of his mistresses and favourites in terms which show that he had already suffered from their rapacity. Nevertheless, he expresses himself as if prepared to part with everything to gratify their cupidity. It seems probable |