was predominant, and his power consequently great | ostracism which he had himself before directed against wherever the ascendancy of Athens was acknowledg- Aristides. He took up his abode at Argos, which he ed: and he did not always scruple to convert the glory had served in his prosperity, and which welcomed, if with which he ought to have been satisfied into a not the saviour of Greece, at least the enemy of Sparsource of petty profit. Immediately after the retreat ta. Here he was still residing, though he occasionally of Xerxes, he exacted contributions from the islanders visited other cities of the Peloponnesus, when Pausawho had sided with the barbarians, as the price of di- nias was convicted of his treason. In searching for verting from them the resentment of the Greeks. An- farther traces of his plot, the ephori found some parts other opportunity for enriching himself he found in the of a correspondence between him and Themistocles, factions by which many of the maritime states were which appeared to afford sufficient ground for charging divided. Almost everywhere there was a party or in- the Athenian with having shared his friend's crime. dividuals who needed the aid of his authority, and were They immediately sent ambassadors to Athens to acwilling to purchase his mediation. Themistocles, in cuse him, and to insist that he should be punished in short, accumulated extraordinary wealth on a less than like manner with the partner of his guilt. We have moderate fortune. When his troubles had commen- no reason to believe that there was any more solid ced, a great part of his property was secretly conveyed foundation for the charge than what Plutarch relates; into Asia by his friends; but that part which was dis- that Pausanias, when he saw Themistocles banished, covered and confiscated is estimated by Theopompus believing that he would embrace any opportunity of at a hundred talents, by Theophrastus at eighty; avenging himself on his ungrateful country, opened his though, before he engaged in public affairs, all he pos- project to him in a letter. Themistocles thought it sessed did not amount to so much as three talents. the scheme of a madman, but one which he was not (Plut., Vit. Themist., c. 25.)-But if he made some bound, and had no inducement, to reveal. He may enemies by his selfishness, he provoked others, whose have written, though his prudence renders it improbaresentment proved more formidable, by his firm and ble, something that implied his knowledge of the seenlightened patriotism. Sparta never forgave him the cret. But his cause was never submitted to an imparshame he brought upon her by thwarting her insidious tial tribunal: his enemies were in possession of the attempt to suppress the independence of her rival, and public mind at Athens, and officers were sent with the he farther exasperated her animosity by detecting and Spartans, who tendered their assistance, to arrest him baffling another stroke of her artful policy. The Spar- and bring him to Athens, where, in the prevailing distans proposed to punish the states which had aided the position of the people, almost inevitable death awaited barbarians, or had abandoned the cause of Greece, by him. This he foresaw, and determined to avoid. In depriving them of the right of being represented in the the Peloponnesus he could no longer hope to find a safe Amphictyonic congress. By this measure, Argos, refuge. He sought it first in Corcyra, which was inThebes, and the northern states, which had hitherto debted to him for his friendly mediation in a dispute composed the majority in that assembly, would have with Corinth about the Leucadian peninsula, and had, been excluded from it, and the effect would probably by his means, obtained the object it contended for. have been that Spartan influence would have prepon- The Corcyreans, however willing, were unable to shelderated there. Themistocles frustrated this attempt ter him from the united power of Athens and Sparta, by throwing the weight of Athens into the opposite and he crossed over to the opposite coast of Epirus. scale, and by pointing out the danger of reducing the The Molossians, the most powerful people of this councouncil to an instrument in the hands of two or three try, were now ruled by a king named Admetus, whom of its most powerful members. The enmity which he Themistocles, in the day of his power, had thwarted in thus drew upon himself would have been less honour- a suit which he had occasion to make to the Atheniable to him, if there had been any ground for a story, ans, and had added insult to disappointment. Thewhich apparently was never heard of till it became mistocles adopted the desperate resolution of throwing current among some late collectors of anecdotes, himself upon the mercy of this his personal enemy. from whom Plutarch received it: it has been popular The king was fortunately absent from home when the because it seemed to illustrate the contrast between stranger arrived at his gate, and his queen Phthia, in the characters of Themistocles and Aristides, and to whom no vindictive feelings stifled her womanly comdisplay the magnanimity of the Athenians. Themis-passion, received in with kindness, and instructed tocles is made to tell the Athenians that he has something to propose which will be highly beneficial to the commonwealth, but which must not be divulged. The people depute Aristides to hear the secret, and to judge of the merit of the proposal. Themistocles discloses a plan for firing the allied fleet at Pagasæ, or, according to another form of the story adopted by Cicero (Of, 3, 11), the Lacedæmonian fleet at Gythium. Upon this, Aristides reports to the assembled people that nothing could be more advantageous to Athens than the counsel of Themistocles, but nothing more dishonourable and unjust. The generous people reject the proffered advantage, without even being tempted to inquire in what it consisted.-Themistocles was gradually supplanted in public favour by men worthy indeed to be his rivals, but who owed their victory less to their own merit than to the towering pre-eminence of his deserts. He himself, as we have observed, seconded them by his indiscretion in their endeavours to persuade the people that he had risen too high above the common level to remain a harmless citizen in a free state: that his was a case which called for the extraordinary remedy prescribed by the laws against the power and greatness of an individual which threatened to overlay the young democracy. He was condemned to temporary exile by the same process of

him in the ost effectual manner of disarming her husband's resentment and securing las protection. When Admetus returned, he found Themistocles seated at his hearth, holding the young prince whom Phthia had placed in his hands. This among the Molossians was the most solemn form of supplication, more powerful than the olive-branch among the Greeks. The king was touched; he raised the suppliant with an assurance of protection, which he fulfilled, when the Athenian and Lacedæmonian commissioners dogged their prey to his mansion, by refusing to surrender his guest. Themistocles, however, would seem not to have intended to fix his abode among the Molossians, and he had probably very early conceived the design of seeking his fortune at the court of Persia. He is said to have consulted the oracle at Dodona, perhaps less for a direction than for a pretext: the answer seemed to point to the great king; and Admetus, practising the hospitality of the heroic ages, supplied his guest with the means of crossing over to the coast of the Egean. At the Macedonian port of Pydna he found a merchant-ship bound for Ionia, and, after a narrow escape from the Athenian fleet, which was then besieging Naxos, and to the coast of which island he had been carried by a storm, Themistocles was safely landed in the harbour of Ephesus. It was by letter that he first

made himself known to Artaxerxes, who was then on | republished in 1722. Bremer's edition is little more the Persian throne. In his communication he ac- than a reprint of this, Lemgov., 1776, 8vo. (Hoffknowledged the evil he had inflicted on the royal house mann, Lex. Bibliograph., vol. 3, p. 661) in the defence of his country, but claimed the merit of THEOCRITUS, a celebrated Greek Bucolic poet, a having sent the timely warning by which Xerxes was native of Syracuse, who flourished under Ptolemy enabled to effect his retreat from Salamis in safety, Philadelphus, king of Egypt, and Hiero II. of Syraand of having diverted the Greeks from the design of cuse, B.C. 270. He was instructed, in his earlier intercepting him. He ventured to add, that his perse- years, by Asclepiades of Samos, and Philetas of Cos; cution and exile were owing to his zeal for the inter- subsequently he became the friend of Aratus, and passests of the King of Persia, and that he had the power ed a part of his days at Alexandrea, and the remainof proving his attachment by still greater services; but der in Sicily. It has been supposed that he was stranhe desired that a year might be allowed him to acquire gled by order of Hiero, king of Sicily, in revenge for the means of disclosing his plans in person. His re- some satirical invectives; but the passage of Ovid, on quest was granted, and he assiduously applied himself which the supposition rests, mentions only the Syrato study the language and manners of the country, with cusan poet," and it does not follow that this was our which he became sufficiently familiar to conciliate the bard. (Ovid, Ib., 561.) Theocritus distinguished favour of Artaxerxes by his conversation and address, himself by his poetical compositions, and has carried no less than by the promises which he held out, and Bucolic verse to its highest perfection. No one of the prudence of which he gave proofs. If we may be- those who have endeavoured to surpass him, whether lieve Plutarch, he even excited the jealousy of the among the ancients or moderns, has been able to equal Persian courtiers by the superior success with which his simplicity, his naïveté, and his grace. He is not, he cultivated their arts: he was continually by the however, free from the faults of his age, in which the king's side at the chase and in the palace, and was ad- decline of pure taste had already become apparent. mitted to the presence of the king's mother, who hon- His Bucolics are written in the Doric dialect. They oured him with especial marks of condescension. He consist of thirty poems, which bear the title of Idyls was at length sent down to the maritime provinces, (Eidúλia), and twenty one other smaller pieces unperhaps to wait for an opportunity of striking the blow, der the name of epigrams. The thirty Idyls, howby which he was to raise the power of Persia upon the ever, are not all by Theocritus. It appears that they ruin of his country. In the mean time, a pension was had been composed by different poets, and united into conferred upon him in the Oriental form; three flour one body by some graminarians. These thirty pieces ishing towns were assigned to him for his maintenance, are not all, strictly speaking, of the Bucolic order; of which Magnesia was to supply him with bread, Myus some appear to be fragments of epic poems; two of with viands, and Lampsacus with the growth of her them would seem to resemble mimes; several belong celebrated vineyards. He fixed his residence at Mag- to lyric poetry.-Theocritus has sometimes been cennesia, in the vale of the Mæander, where the royal sured for the rusticity, and even indelicacy, of some of grant invested him with a kind of princely rank. his expressions. The latter charge admits of no deThere death overtook him, hastened, as it was com- fence. With regard to the former, it must be observmonly supposed, by his consciousness of being unable ed, that they who conceive that the manners and sentito perform the promises which he had made to the ments of shepherds should always be represented, not king. Thucydides, however, evidently did not believe as they are or have been in any age or country, but the story that he put an end to his own life by poison. greatly embellished or refined, do not seem to have a That fear of disappointing the Persian king should just idea of the nature of pastoral poetry. The Idyls have urged him to such an act is indeed scarcely cred- of Theocritus are, in general, faithful copies of nature, ible. Yet we can easily conceive that the man who and his characters hold a proper medium between rudehad been kept awake by the trophies of Miltiades, ness and refinement.-The "Epithalamium of Helen,' must have felt some bitter pangs when he heard of the one of the thirty, has been supposed to bear a resemrising glory of Cimon. Though his character was not blance to the Song of Solomon. Some have concluso strong as his mind, it was great enough to be above ded from this that Theocritus was acquainted with the the wretched satisfaction implied in one of Plutarch's latter piece. The discussion is a very interesting one anecdotes that, amid the splendour of his luxurious for biblical critics; since, if it can be shown that Thetable, he one day exclaimed, How much we should ocritus knew of the Song of Solomon, the commonly have lost, my children, if we had not been ruined." received opinion, according to which this poem did not It must have been with a far different feeling that he exist in Greek at the time of Theocritus (Ptolemy desired his bones to be secretly conveyed to Attica, Philadelphus having only caused the Pentateuch to be though the uncertainty which hangs over so many ac- translated into Greek), is completely refuted. Our tions of his life extends to the fate of his remains. A limits forbid any investigation of this subject. It is splendid monument was raised to him in the public believed, however, that an examination of the point place at Magnesia; but a tomb was also pointed out will end in the conviction that Theocritus never saw by the seaside, within the port of Piræus, which was the composition in question.-"The poetry of Theocgenerally believed to contain his bones. His descend- ritus," observes Elton, "is marked by the strength ants continued to enjoy some peculiar privileges at and vivacity of original genius. Everything is distinct Magnesia in the time of Plutarch; but neither they and peculiar; everything is individualized; and is nor his posterity at Athens ever revived the lustre of brought strongly and closely to the eye and underhis name. Themistocles died in his 65th year, about standing of the reader, so as to stamp the impression 449 B.C. (Thirlwall's History of Greece. vol. 2, p. of reality. His scenes of nature, and his men and 265, seqq)-There are certain letters which go under women, are equally striking for circumstance and manthe name of Themistocles, and which have come down ners, and may equally be described by the epithet picto our times. These letters have been ascribed to the turesque. His humour is chiefly shown in the porAthenian commander of the same name, but without traiture of middle-rank city-life, where it abounds with sufficient evidence. They are the production of some strokes of character that are not confined to ancient one who has amused himself with this species of lit-times or national peculiarities, but suit all ages and all erary imposture, and has placed himself, in imagina- climates. He is not limited to rustic or comic diation, in the position occupied by the conqueror of Sal-logue or incident, but passes with equal facility to reamis, after he had experienced the ingratitude of his countrymen. The deception is well kept up. The best edition is that of Schoettgen, Lips., 1710, 8vo,

fined and elevated subjects; and they who have heard only of the rusticity of Theocritus, will be unexpectedly struck by the delicacy of his thoughts, and the

richness and elegance of his fancy. While some have | in chronological exactness, yet it contains many vainmade coarseness an objection to Theocritus, others able documents, and some remarkable circumstances have affected to talk of his assigning to his goatherds which other ecclesiastical historians have omitted. He sentiments above their station; as if Theocritus were wrote, besides his history, commentaries on the Scripnot the best judge of the manners of his own country-tures, epistles, lives of famous anchorites, dialogues, men. If the allusion to tales of mythology be meant, books on heresy, and discourses on Providence and these were doubtless familiar in the mouths, and cur- against the pagans.-His works have been edited by rent in the improvisi songs, of the peasants of Sicily. Sirmond and Garnier, Paris, 1642-84, 5 vols. fol., They who, in conformity with the mawkish modern and also published at Halle, 1769-74, 5 vols. fol. theory of pastorals, sit in judgment to decide what idyls THEODORUS, I. a philosopher, disciple of Anicerris, are, and what are not, legitimate pastorals, may be told, and a native of Cyrene. For the freedom with which in the words of Pope on his own pastorals, while iron- he spoke concerning the gods, he was stigmatized with ically depreciating them in comparison of those of the name of atheist, and banished from Cyrene. He Philips, to which they are, in fact, inferior, that if cer- took refuge in Athens; but his impiety would have tain idyls be not pastorals, they are something better. proved fatal to him, had not Demetrius Phalereus inBut the term idyl, among the Greeks, was miscella- terposed in his favour. Under his protection he gamed neous and general. It designated what we call Fugi- access to the court of Ptolemy Lagi. Venturing, tive Poetry and such also among the Latins are the after a long interval, to return to Athens, it is related Eidyllia of Claudian and Ausonius. Thus, in Theocri- that he suffered death by hemlock; but whether his oftus, besides the country eclogue, we find under the title fence was, in reality, atheism, or whether it was mereof idyl the dramatic town-eclogue, the epithalami- ly contempt for the Grecian superstitions, has been um, the panegyric, and the tale of heroic mythology. much disputed. (Enfield, Hist. Philos., vol. 1, p. The coarse indecency of allusion in some passages 196.)-II. A rhetorician of Gadara, or, as he is more may be objected to with better reason; not as unsuit- commonly called, of Rhodes. He was the preceptor able to that innocence of an ideal golden age which of Tiberius, who was afterward emperor, and hit off has been foolishly thought essential to pastoral; for his character so well when he described him as a mixthe only pastoral that has either value or intelligible ture of mud and blood (πηλὸν αἵματι πεφυραμένου). meaning is, properly, a representation of common life, Suidas, however, ascribes these words to Alexander rural manners, and rural scenes as they are; but these of Æge when speaking of Nero. (Sueton., Vit. Tib., passages are objectionable in every sense. They show c. 57.) According to Quintilian, Theodorus wrote character, indeed; but it is character that were better several works (3, 1, 18). His writings, which have hidden the depraved grossness of manners corrupted, perished, were recommended by Dio Chrysostomus and of human nature degenerated." (Specimens of as models of style. (Dio Chrys., пepì λóy. άok. ——— the Classic Poets, vol. 1, p. 241.)-The best editions Schöll, Gesch. Gr. Lit., vol. 2, p. 529.)-III. A wriof Theocritus are, that of Wharton, Oxon., 1770, 2 ter on architecture. (Consult the remarks of Pinder in vols. 4to; that of Valckenaer, L. Bat., 1773, &c., 8vo; Schöll, Gesch. Gr. Lit, vol. 3, p. 601.)—IV. A Greek that of Gaisford, in the Poetæ Minores (Oxon., 1816- monk, surnamed Prodromus, who lived in the early 20, 4 vols. 8vo), and that of Kiessling, Lips., 1819, part of the 12th century. He has left various poems, 8vo, republished, along with Heindorf's Bion and Mos- only a part of which have been edited. He is the auchus, by Valpy, Lond., 1829, 2 vols. 8vo. -II. An thor, also, of a very poor romance, entitled “The Loves epigrammatic poet, a native of Chios, who flourished of Rhodanthe and Dosicles." There is only one ediin the time of Alexander. (Consult Athenæus, 6, p. tion of this work, that of Gaulman, Paris, 1625, 8vo. 231, ed. Schweigh., vol. 2, p. 386, and Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 125.)

THEODECTES, I. a Greek orator and poet of Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of Aristander, and disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies, besides other works, of which some fragments exist. He was one of those selected by Queen Artemisia to deliver funeral eulogies on her deceased husband Mausolus; and, according to one account, he gained the prize in a dramatic contest connected with the funeral obsequies of the prince. He died at Athens, at the age of 41. (Suid., 8. v. OεODÉKTNS.)-II. A son of the preceding, and a rhetorician. He wrote a eulogy on Alexander of Epirus, and also historical commentaries, as well as other works. (Suid., s. v.)

THEODORA, wife of the Emperor Justinian. (Vid. Justinianus.)

THEODOSIA, a town on the southeast side of the Tauric Chersonese, called also Capha, now Caffa or Feodosia. (Mela, 2, 1.)

THEODOSIOPOLIS, I. a town of Armenia, built by Theodosius. It was situate east of Arze, on the riv er Araxes, and was a frontier town of the lower empire. It is now called Hassan Cala, and otherwise Cali-cala, or the Beautiful Custle. (Procop, Pers, 1, 10.-Id., de Edif., 3, 5.)-II. Another in Mesopotamia, on the river Chaboras. Its previous name was Resaina, and it was founded by a colony in the reign of Septimius Severus. Hence it was sometimes called Colonia Septimia Resainesiorum. The modern name Ras-ain is one of Arabic origin, and signifies the fountain of a river, in allusion to the numerous springs which are here. The ancient name Resaina was in all probability of similar origin, and was merely retained when the Roman settlement was made here. (Amm. Marcell., 23, 14.-Bischoff und Möller, Worterb. der Geogr., p. 344.)

THEODORETUS, one of the Greek fathers, a native of Antioch, and a disciple of Chrysostom. He was made bishop of Cyrrhus, in Syria, A.D. 420, and, after having favoured the opinions of Nestorius, he wrote THEODOSIUS, I. a distinguished officer in the reign against that heresiarch. His zeal for the Catholic faith of Valentinian I., whose brave and skilful conduct rendered him obnoxious to the Eutychians, by whom preserved Britain and recovered Africa. He was unhe was deposed in the synod which they held at Ephe-justly put to death by Gratian, shortly after the latsus; but he was restored to his diocese by the council of Chalcedon, A.D. 421. Nothing is known of his farther history, except that he was alive till after A.D. 460. He is the author of a history commencing A.D. 324, where that of Eusebius ends, and continued down to A.D. 429. The best edition is that of Reading, Cant., 1720, fol. Theodoret bears a high rank among the commentators on the Scriptures for the purity of his style. Occasionally, however, he abounds too much with metaphors. His work is rather deficient

ter's accession to the throne-II. Flavius, surnamed "the Great," a celebrated Roman emperor, son of the preceding. He was invested with the imperial purple by Gratian, who made him his colleague, and gave him the eastern empire, with the addition of Illyricum. Theodosius, thus raised to a share of the sovereign authority, speedily showed himself worthy of the high trust committed to him, that of restoring the fortunes of a falling empire. The courage of the Romans had been so much shaken by a recent defeat near Adrian

dominion. But, being perfectly persuaded of the ne cessity of an emperor in each of the imperial cities, he assigned to his younger son Honorius the sceptre of the Western empire, and associated Arcadius the elder with himself in the East. Scarcely had he com pleted this arrangement, when his constitution, which had always been feeble, overtasked with the exertions of this campaign and the cares of state, yielded to the shock, and he expired, to the universal regret of the empire, which beheld the splendour of the Roman name passing away with him, its last great emperor. This event took place A.D. 395. Theodosius, at the time of his death, was 60 years of age, and had reigned 16 years. Few of the Roman emperors, indeed, died more lamented than Theodosius the Great. His sincere attachment to Christianity, and the efforts which he made to farther its progress, contributed, it is true, very materially to the advancement of his fame among a large and influential class of his subjects; but his character, on other accounts, exhibited so many points deserving of applause, that even the most deterinined of his enemies among pagan writers are compelled to acknowledge his merits, and to praise the mild and impartial spirit in which he conducted his government. The welfare of his people seems to have supplied the ruling motive of his policy in peace and in war; and, although bred a soldier and desirous of military glory, he on all occasions appeared more willing to sacrifice his reputation for courage than to earn the renown of a hero at the expense of life and property. The greatest stain, perhaps, which attaches to his character, is the severity which he employed in punishing a popular insurrection which had taken place at Thessalonica. This event occurred A.D. 390. The origin of the catastrophe was in itself very trivial, being simply the imprisonment of a favourite charioteer of the circus. This provocation, added to some former disputes, sɔ

opolis, in which the Emperor Valens and almost two thirds of his army were slain by the Goths, that Theodosius did not deem it prudent to hazard a general engagement with the same foe; but, like another Fabius, he saved his own forces, harassed the enemy, taught his men that the Goths were not invincible, and gradually restored to them their courage, perfected by improved discipline and temperate caution. At length Fritigern, the hostile leader, died, and the Goths, having no longer a chief capable of controlling the haughty subordinate leaders of their ill-compacted confederacy, became disunited, and one by one submitted to the superior skill, policy, and authority of Theodosius. Great numbers of them received the pay and were incorporated into the armies of that empire which they had recently been on the brink of destroying, and the remainder voluntarily engaged to defend the Danube against the Huns. Thus, in about four years, the Eastern Empire was rescued from the most formidable danger by which it had ever been assailed, and seemed once more in a state of security. While Theodosius was thus employed, another calamity befell the Western Empire. Maximus revolted against Gratian, and the latter, who was then in Gaul, having fled towards Italy, was overtaken and put death at Lugdunum. The death of this prince left his young brother, Valentinian II., nominal emperor of the West, though the usurper Maximus assumed that title. Theodosius was obliged to conceal his resentment against the murderer of his benefactor, not being yet in a condition to quit his own dominions; and he even entered into a treaty with him, leaving him in undisputed possession of Gaul and Britain. But Maximus, encouraged by the success with which his rebellion had been attended, resolved to deprive Valentinian of even the nominal power which he enjoyed in Italy. Unable to defend his territories, the latter fled to Theodosius and besought his aid. Theodosius, thereupon, having com-inflamed the populace, that they murdered their governpleted the pacification of his own dominions, immedi- or and several of his officers, and dragged their manately marched against the usurper, defeated him in two gled bodies through the mire. The resentment of successive engagements, and, his own troops having Theodosius was natural and merited, but the manner yielded him up, put him to death. Valentinian II. in which he displayed it was in the highest degree inwas thus restored to the throne of the Western empire; human. An invitation was given, in the emperor's a throne which his weak character did not enable him name, to the people of Thessalonica, to an exhibition to fill and to defend. Theodosius, after his triumph at the circus; and, when a great concourse had assemover Maximus, resolved to visit Rome, and aid his im- bled, they were massacred by a body of barbarian solperial pupil in reforming the abuses prevalent in that diery, to the number, according to the lowest compucity. This visit is mentioned on account of the de- tation, of 7000, and to the highest, of 15,000. For crees published by Theodosius for the complete sup- this atrocious proceeding, Ambrose, with great courpression of idolatrous worship at Rome. All sacrifices age and propriety, refused him communion for eight were prohibited under heavy penalties, the idols were months, a sentence to which the repentant emperor defaced, and the temples of the gods were abandoned was compelled to submit. It ought, however, in justo ruin and contempt. These decrees met but a fee- tice to be remembered, that the resentment of Theoble resistance, and from that time may be dated the dosius was inflamed by the misrepresentations of his complete and final overthrow of pagan idolatry in minister Rufinus; and also that, after the first burst of Rome. Having thus completed the triumph of Chris- passion which accompanied the fatal order had been altianity over paganism, Theodosius returned to the lowed to subside, he sent a messenger to countermand East, and employed himself in the kindred task of put-it, who unfortunately did not arrive until the repentance ting an end to the heresies of the Church, and establishing the predominance of the orthodox over the Arian party. Valentinian II. had but a short time recovered possession of the empire of the West, when he was murdered by Arbogastes, a Frank of a bold and warlike character, who had obtained a great ascendancy over him. Arbogastes did not himself assume the purple, but gave it to Eugenius, deeming it more safe to possess the power than the name of emperor. The odosius once more prepared to avenge the murder of a colleague. He raised a powerful army, forced the passes of the Alps, encountered the army of the usurper, and inflicted on him a decisive overthrow. Eugenius was killed by his own defeated troops; and Arbogastes, fearing the just resentment of the victor, died by his own hand. The whole Roman empire might have been once more reunited under one imperial sovereign, had Theodosius been ambitious of that sole

of his master could be of no possible avail. (Hethcrington's History of Rome, p. 254, seqq.—Encyclop. Metropol., div. 3, vol. 3, p. 238.)—III. The second emperor of the name, was the son of Arcadius, emperor of the West, and grandson of the preceding. His father died when he was only eight years of age; but the minority of the prince was faithfully directed by the wisdom of Anthemius, the præfect, whose excellent abilities were not unequal to the arduous task committed to his care. But he found it expedient, either with the view of removing jealousy, or of gratifying the ambition of Pulcheria, the sister of the young emperor, to associate her in the management of affairs; for, though she was only two years older than Theodosius, her mind was much more mature and vigorous, and in all respects better fitted to take a share in the duties of government. At the age of sixteen, accordingly, she was saluted with the title of Augusta. Pul

cheria, in fact, though arrayed in female attire, was the | there has been an utter confusion, and we must now only individual among the descendants of Theodosius take it as it is, without vainly endeavouring to pick out who exhibited any tokens of his manly spirit. She su- and sort the different ingredients which enter into its perintended at the same time the education of her composition. (Quarterly Review, No. 95, p. 89, segg.) brother, whose mind she soon discovered to be inca- -Some ancient authors accuse Theognis of dissemipable of rising above the mere forms of polished life; nating immoral voluptuousness in the guise of moral and for this reason alone, it has been candidly supposed, precept. Nothing of this kind appears in those relics she limited her instructions to those external observ- of his poetry which have reached us, though little can ances which might qualify him to represent the ma- be said for many of his notions of morality. His verjesty of the East, while the real authority and patron-ses, indeed, like those of Hesiod, were learned by rote age of office might still be retained in her own hands. in the schools; but with this application of them a She even chose a wife for him in the person of Eudo- modern moralist would readily dispense. The versicia, an Athenian maid, who first presented herself at fication of Theognis is marked in general by rhythcourt as a suppliant, and who, as the consort of The-mical fluency and metrical neatness. -The best ediodosius, was destined to experience a great variety of tions of Theognis are, that of Brunck, in the Poeta fortune. (Vid. Eudocia I) The reign of Theodo- | Gnomici; that of Bekker, Lips., 1815, 8vo; and essius, therefore, was virtually that of Anthemius and pecially that of Welcker, Francof., 1826, 8vo. (Hoff Pulcheria. The principal event during its continu- mann, Lex. Bibliogr., vol. 3, p. 705.) ance was the invasion of the Huns under the celebrated Attila, who carried fire and sword to the very gates of Constantinople, and only granted peace on conditions most favourable to himself and humiliating to the empire.-Theodosius met his death by a fall from his horse in hunting, A.D. 450. In the reign of this emperor was compiled the Theodosian Code, consisting of all the constitutions of the Christian emperors, from Constantine the Great to his own time. (Heinecc., Antiq. Rom., proœm. 22.)-IV. A mathematician of Tripolis, in Lydia, who flourished probably under the Emperor Trajan, about A.D. 100. He wrote three books on the doctrine of the sphere, of which Ptolemy and succeeding writers availed themselves. They were translated by the Arabians into their language from the Greek, and afterward translated from the Arabic into Latin. The best edition is that of Hunt, 8vo, Oxon., 1707.

THEOGNIS, a native of Megara, in Greece, born B.C. 583, and who attained to the age of eighty-eight years. He is one of the Greek Gnomic poets. Theognis was exiled from Megara for his political sentiments, and retired in consequence to Thebes, where he took up his abode. He was a considerable traveller for those days, a warm politician, a man of the world, and, as it should seem, of pleasure too; and his pithy maxims upon public factions and private quarrels, debtors and creditors, drinking, dressing, and spending, seem the fruits of personal experience, the details of which other parts of his poetry very sufficiently celebrate. If we understand Suidas correctly, there existed in his time three collections of Theognidean verse: 1. Miscellaneous Gnomic elegies, to the number of 2800 lines. 2. A Gnomology of the same sort, addressed to Cyrnus. 3. Other didactic and admonitory poems. The total number of lines constituting the mixed mass which we now have under the name of Theognis, inclusive of the 159 new verses discovered by Bekker, in 1815, in a Modena manuscript, amounts to 1392 or thereabout. They are all exclusively in elegiac metre, but are evidently a farrago huddled together from the voluminous originals anciently existing, and also, in numerous in stances, ignorantly interpolated with passages from the elegies of Solon and Mimnermus. It must, indeed, be immediately obvious to the reader, that poems, or, rather, verses consisting of so many hundreds of gnomic couplets like these, could no more be expected to go down the stream of time entire than a ship without bolts; quotation alone would infallibly break the continuity, or, rather, collocation of the lines; and intentional compilations of passages, having a generally similar tendency, would almost ensure the loss of such parts as were not included in any of the larger selections. In the now existing Theognis, Cyrnus is certainly the person principally addressed; but Polypades is also not unfrequently named, and Simonides, Onomacritus, Clearistus, Democles, Academus, and Timagoras are mentioned; it is clear, therefore, that

era.

THEON, I. a native of Smyrna, who probably lived about the commencement of the second century of our He was a Platonist in his tenets, and wrote a treatise on the works of Plato, so far as they related to four branches of mathematical science; namely, geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy. We have only remaining the part that relates to arithmetic and music. It was first published in 1644, with notes by Bouillaud, Paris, 4to. Another edition appeared in 1827, with annotations by De Gelder, Lugd. Bat., 8vo. II. A native of Alexandrea, contemporary with Pappus, taught mathematics in the capital of Egypt, and flourished towards the end of the fourth century of our era. Theon observed a solar and lunar eclipse A.D. 365. We have from his pen a "Commentary on the Elements of Euclid," under the title of Luvovoía (Conferences), unless, indeed, this work is by Euclid himself, in which case Theon will only have given a revised edition of it. He afterward composed Commentaries ('Ešnynosis) on the manual tables of Ptolemy, on the Almagest of the same writer, and on the poems of Aratus. As to the Commentary on the Almagest, it must be remarked that the labours of Theon do not extend farther than the first two books, on the fourth, on a part of the fifth, on books 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, and on the 13th. The commentary on the third book is by Nilus Cabasilas; the commencement of that on the fifth by Pappus. The commentary of Theon on Euclid is found in the editions of the latter. That on the Almagest has only been printed twice; namely, in the edition of the latter work by Grynæus and Camerarius, Basil, 1538, fol., and separately, with a French translation, by the Abbé Halma, Paris, 1821, 4to. The scholia on Aratus, which have come down to us in a very interpolated state, are found in the editions of that poet. The commentary on the tables of Ptolemy was first given entire by Halma, Paris, 1821. Before this only two fragments had been published. (Schöll, Hist. Lat. Gr., vol. 7, p. 49.) THEOPHANES, I. a Greek historian, born at MytiHe was very intimate with Pompey, and from his friendship with the Roman general his countrymen derived many advantages. Theophanes wrote a History of the wars of the Romans in various countries, under the command of Pompey." Of this work there remain only a few fragments, quoted by Strabo, Plutarch, and Stobæus. Plutarch gives him a very unfavourable character for historic veracity. (Plut., Vit. Pomp.)-II. A Byzantine historian. He was of a rich and noble family, and turned monk. When Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople, was exiled by the Emperor Leo the Arminian, Theophanes paid him extraordinary honours, and was himself banished to the isle of Samothrace, where he died in 818. His Chronicle, beginning where that of Syncellus terminated, was extended to the reign of Michael Curopalata. It is valuable for its facts, but displays the credulity and weak judgment of a superstitious mind. It was printed at

lene.