said that his father refused to receive him into his kingdom, because he had left the death of his brother Ajax unavenged. This severity of the father did not dishearten the son; he left Salamis and retired to Cyprus, where, with the assistance of Belus, king of Sidon, he built a town which he called Salamis, after his native country.

TEUCRI, a name given to the Trojans, from Teucer, their king. According to a passage in Virgil (Æn., 3, 108), the Teucri were a colony from Crete, who settled in Troas previous to the founding of Troy, and were the founders of the Trojan race. Apollodorus, however, following, probably, the current Grecian fables on this subject, makes the Teucri to have been descended from Teucris, a son of the Scamander. Heyne, in an excursus to the passage of Virgil mentioned above, gives the preference to the latter account. It is probable that the Teucri were only a branch of the inhabitants of Troas, and originally of Thracian descent. Such, at least, is the opinion of Mannert, and with him agrees Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 77, seqq.).

TEUTA, a queen of Illyricum B.C. 231, who ordered some Roman ambassadors to be put to death. This act of violence gave rise to a war, which ended in her overthrow. (Vid. Illyricum.)

spirit of his clerical brethren. However this may have | nalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. It is been, a distinction is carefully observed between the works which Tertullian wrote previous to his separation from the Catholic Church and those which he composed afterward, when he had ranged himself among the followers of Montanus. The former are four in number, his Apologeticus, and those which treat of baptism, of penitence, and prayer. The last of these is regarded as his first production. Some authors add a work in two volumes, addressed to his wife, in which he gives her directions as to the course of conduct which she should pursue in the state of widowhood. Most critics consider this to have been composed by him at an advanced age. The works written by Tertullian after he had become a Montanist are, Apologies for Christianity. Treatises on Ecclesiastical Discipline, and two species of polemical works, the one directed against heretics, and the other against Catholics. The latter are four in number, De Pudicitia, De Fuga in Persecutione, De Jejunio, De Monogamia. His principal work is the Apologeticus Adversus Gentes mentioned above. It is addressed to the governors of the provinces; it refutes the calumnies which had been uttered against the religion of the gospel, and shows that its professors were faithful and obedient subjects. It is the best work written in favour of Christianity during the early ages of the Church. It contains a number of very curious histor- TEUTAS or TEUTATES, a name of Mercury among ical passages on the ceremonies of the Christian the Gauls, who offered human victims to this deity. Church; as, for example, a description of the agape-He was worshipped by the Britons also. Some deor love-feasts. Tertullian remoulded this work, and it appeared under the new title Ad Nationes. In its altered state it possesses more method, but less fire than the first. The writings of Tertullian show an ardent and impassioned spirit, a brilliant imagination, a high degree of natural talent and profound erudition. His style, however, is obscure, though animated, and betrays the foreign extraction of the writer. The perusal of Tertullian is very important for the student of ecclesiastical history. He informs us, more correctly than any other writer, respecting the Christian doctrines of his time, the constitution of the Church, its ceremonies, and the attacks of heretics against Christianity. Tertullian was held in very high esteem by the subsequent fathers of the Church. St. Cyprian read his works incessantly, and used to call him, by way of eminence, The Master. Vincent of Lerins used to say that every word of Tertullian was a sentence, and every sentence a triumph over error." The best edition of the entire works of Tertullian is that of Semler, 4 vols. 8vo, Hal., 1770; and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, L. Bat., 18. TETHYS, the wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Ura-gration was neither purely Scandinavian or German, nus and Terra. Their offspring were the rivers of the earth, and three thousand daughters, named Oceanides or Ocean-nymphs. (Hes., Theog, 337, seqq.) The name of Tethys (Tnuc) is thought to mean the Nurse, the Rearer. Hermann renders it Alumnia. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 51.)

TETRAPOLIS, I. a name given to the city of Antioch, the capital of Syria, because divided, as it were, into four cities, each having its separate wall, besides a common one enclosing all. (Vid. Antiochia I.)-II. A name applied to Doris, in Greece (Dorica Tetrapolis), from its four cities. (Vid. Doris.)

TEUCER, I. a king of part of Troas, son of the Scamander by Idæa. His subjects were called Teucri, from his name; and his daughter Batea married Dardanus, a Samothracian prince, who succeeded him in the government. Dardanus founded the city of the same name, and also gave to the whole adjacent country the name of Dardania. (Apollod., 3, 12, 1.-Virg., En., 3, 108.)-II. A son of Telamon, king of Salamis, by Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of Helen's suiters, and, accordingly, accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he sig

rive the name from two British words, deu-tatt, which signify God, the parent or creator; a name properly due only to the Supreme Being, who was originally intended by that name. (Luran, 1, 445.)

TEUTHRAS, a king of Mysia, on the borders of the Caïcus. (Vid. Telephus.)

TEUTOBURGIENSIS SALTUS, a forest of Germany, lying in an eastern direction from Paderborn, and reaching as far as the territory of Osnabruck. It is famous for the slaughter of Varus and his three legions, by the Germans under Arminius. (Tac., Ann, 1, 60.) For a more particular idea of the locality, consult the remarks of Tappes (Die wahre Gegend und Linie der Hermannusschlacht, Essen., 1820, 8vo).

TEUTONI and TEUTONES, a name given to several united tribes of Germany, who, together with the Cimbri, made a memorable inroad into southern Europe. The most erudite inquiries as to the origin and causes of this migration from the north have led to no definite results, owing to the almost entire ignorance, on the part of the Greeks and Romans, of the nature of the northern population and languages. That the mi

nor purely Celtic or Gallic, clearly appears from the
accounts of the order of march of the Cimbri and Teu-
tones, as well as of their bodily stature and mode of
fighting. The barbarian torrent seems to have origi-
nally been loosed from the farther side of the Elbe;
whence a mongrel horde of Germans and Scandinavi
ans, of gigantic stature, savage valour, and singular ac-
contrements, descended towards the south. On their
route, a number of Celtic tribes, of which the Tigu-
rini and Tectosage are distinguished by name above
the others. joined them; and, in conjunction with
them, threatened to pour upon the Romans, who just
then were pressing farther and farther on the side of
what is now Carinthia towards modern Austria, and
on the west from Provence towards Toulouse.
the side of Carinthia, the Romans took the whole of
Noricum under their protection; and Carbo was de-
stroyed with his army in endeavouring to keep off the
Teutones from that territory. On the other, they had
extended their sway from the Alps to the Pyrenees,
and had forced the native tribes as far as Lugdunum
(Lyons) to accept their protection. The barbarians,
howeve., instead of pouring upon Italy after the de-

On

feat of Carbo, turned back and spread desolation in affairs. Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled in Gaul; and the Romans despatched an army against quest of knowledge, and for some time resided in them under Spurius Cassius. This army was annihi- Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Under the priests of lated by the Celtic hordes, who had associated them- Memphis he is said to have been taught geometry, asselves with the Cimbri and Teutones. The barbarians tronomy, and philosophy. It is probable, however, terrified the Romans by their enormous stature, by that he was more indebted to his own ingenuity than their firmness in order of battle, and by their mode of to their instructions; for, while he was among them, fighting, of which the peculiarity consisted in extend- he taught them, to their great astonishment, how to ing their lines so as to enclose large tracts of ground, measure the height of their pyramids. It cannot be and in forming barriers around them with their wagons supposed that Thales could acquire much mathematiand chariots. The danger to the Romans from the cal knowledge from a people incapable of solving so combined German and Celtic populations seemed the easy a problem. The method pursued by Thales was greater, as the Jugurthine wars, in the beginning of this: at the termination of the shadow of the pyramid, the contest, engaged their best generals. They there- he erected a staff perpendicular to the surface of the fore sent into Gaul L. Servilius Cæpio, a consul, with earth, and thus obtained two right-angled triangles, a consular army. Cæpio, quite in the spirit of the which enabled him to infer the ratio of the height of senatorial party of his times, plundered the Gauls, and the pyramid to the length of its shadow, from the ratio seized their sacred treasures instead of preserving dis-of the height of the staff to the length of its shadow. cipline. This was in A.U.C. 647. The next year, In mathematics, Thales is said to have invented sevCapio was declared proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis, eral fundamental propositions, which were afterward and Cneius Manlius, the consul, was appointed his incorporated into the elements of Euclid, particularly colleague. These two generals, neither of whom pos- the following theorems: that a circle is bisected by sessed any merit, happening not to agree, separated its diameter; that the angles at the base of an isoscetheir forces, but were both attacked at the same time, les triangle are equal; that the vertical angles of two one by the Gauls, the other by the Cimbri, and their intersecting lines are equal; that if two angles and armies were cut to pieces. The consternation which one side of one triangle be equal to two angles and this occasioned at Rome was increased by the spread- one side of another triangle, the remaining angles and ing of a report that the enemy were preparing to pass sides are respectively equal; and that the angle in a the Alps. But the barbarians, instead of concentra- semicircle is a right angle. Astronomical as well as ting their force for a descent upon Italy, wasted Spain mathematical science seems to have received considand scoured the Gallic territories. Marius was now erable improvements from Thales. He was so well acchosen consul; and, while the foe were plundering quainted with the celestial motions as to be able to Spain and Gaul, he was actively employed in exerci- predict an eclipse, though probably with ne great desing and disciplining his army. At length, in the third gree of accuracy as to time; for Herodotus, who reyear of his coinmand in Gaul, in his fourth consulship, lates this fact, only says that he foretold the year in the Teutones and Ambrones made their appearance which it would happen. He taught the Greeks the in the south of Gaul; while the Cimbri, and all the division of the heaven into five zones, and the solstitribes united with them, attempted to break into Italy tial and equinoctial points, and approached so near to from the northeast. Marius defeated the Teutones the knowledge of the true length of the solar revoluand Ambrones near Aquæ Sextiæ (now Aix), in Gaul;tion, that he corrected their calendar, and made their and, in the following year, uniting his forces with year contain 365 days.-Thales held that the first printhose of Catulus, he entirely defeated the Cimbri in ciple of natural bodies, or the first simple substance the plain of Vercellæ, to the north of the Po, near the from which all things in the world are formed, is waSessites. In these two battles the Teutones and Am-ter. It is probable that by the term water, Thales brones are said to have lost the incredible number of meant to express the same idea which the cosmogonists 290,000 men (200,000 slain, and 90,000 taken pris- expressed by the word chaos, the notion annexed to oners), and the Cimbri 200,000 men (140,000 slain, which was, a turbid and muddy mass, from which all and 60,000 taken prisoners.-Liv., Epit., 68.-Vid. things were produced. His most celebrated pupils Marius.) and successors in the Ionic school were Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus, the master of Socrates. Thales died at the age of 90, in the 58th Olympiad. (Sosicr., ap. Diog. Laert, 1, 38.- Clin ton, Fast. Hellen., vol. 1, p. 3. — Enfield, Hist. Phi

THAÏS, a celebrated Greek hetærist, who accompanied Alexander on his expedition into Asia, and instigated him, while under the influence of wine, to set fire to the royal palace at Persepolis. (Vid. Persepolis.) After the death of Alexander she attached her-los., vol. 1, p. 149, seqq.) self to Ptolemy, son of Lagus, by whom she had two sons and a daughter. This daughter was named Irene, and became the wife of Ennostus, king of Soli, in the island of Cyprus. There is no good reason for the opinion that she lived with the poet Menander before accompanying the army of Alexander. This supposition arose from Menander's having composed a piece entitled Thaïs. (Athenæus, 13, p. 576, D.Bayle, Dict., s. v.-Michaud, Biogr. Univ., vol. 45, p. 230.)

THALA, a city of Africa, in the dominions of Jugurtha. It is supposed by some to be the same with Telepte, now Ferreanach, though this seems doubtful. Mannert, however, inclines to this opinion. (Consult Shaw's Travels in Barbary, vol. 1, pt. 2, c. 5.)

THALES, a celebrated philosopher, the founder of the Ionic sect, born at Miletus in the first year of the 35th Olympiad. He was descended from Phoenician parents, who had left their country and settled at Mietus. The wealth which he inherited, and his own superior abilities, raised him to distinction among his countrymen, so that he was early employed in public

THALESTRIS, otherwise called MINITHYA (Justin, 2, 4), a queen of the Amazons, who, accompanied by 300 women, came 25 days' journey, through the most hostile nations, to meet Alexander, in his Asiatic conquests, and raise offspring by him. (Justin, 12, 3.— Quint. Curt., 6, 5.)

THALIA (Oúλeta, "the Blooming one"), I. one of the Muses, generally regarded as the patroness of comedy. She was supposed by some, also, to preside over husbandry and planting.-II. Oue of the Graces. (Vid. Gratiæ.)

THAMYRIS, an early Thracian bard, son of Philammon and Argiope. He is said to have been remarkable for beauty of person and skill on the lyre, and to have challenged the Muses to a contest of skill. He was conquered, and the Muses deprived him of sight for his presumption. (Apollod., 1, 3, 3.)—Consult the remarks of Heyne (ad Apollod., l. c.) on the nature of the stipulation between the contending parties. (Hom., Il., 2, 595, seqq.-Heyne, ad loc.)

tes.

THAPSACUS, a city and famous ford on the Euphra-
The city was situate on the western bank of the

river, nearly opposite to the modern Racca. Geogra- | it as placed on the great road leading from Thermopy phers are wrong in removing it to Ul-Deer. (Wil- lee by Lamia to the north of Thessaly, speaks of it in liams, Geogr. of Asia, p. 129, seqq.) This ford was the following terms: "You arrive," says the historipassed by Cyrus the Younger in his expedition against an, "after a very difficult and rugged route over hill Artaxerxes; afterward by Darius after his defeat by and dale, when you suddenly open on an immense Alexander at Issus; and near three years after by Al- plain like a vast sea, which stretches below as far as the exander in pursuit of Darius, previous to the battle of eye can reach." The town was situate on a very lofty Arbela. (Xen., Anab., 1, 4.—Plin., 5, 24.—Steph. and perpendicular rock, which rendered it a place of Byz., 8. v.) great strength. The modern name is Thaumacos. Dodwell describes the view from this place as the most wonderful and extensive he ever beheld. Sir W. Gell gives Thaumakon as the modern name. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 414.)

THAUMANTIAS, an appellation given to Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, as the daughter of Thaumas (Wonder.-Hes, Theog., 265).

THAPSUS, I. now Demsas, a town of Africa Propria, on the coast, southeast of Hadrumetum, where Scipio and Juba were defeated by Cæsar. It was otherwise a place of little consequence. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 241.)-II. A town of Sicily, on the eastern coast, not far to the north of Syracuse. It was situate on a peninsula, which was sometimes called an island, and which now bears the name of Macronisi. THEANO, I. daughter of Cisseus, and sister of HecThe place probably obtained its name from the penin-uba. She married Antenor, and, being priestess also sula producing the duvos, a sort of plant or shrub of Minerva, was prevailed upon by her husband to deused for dyeing yellow. (Thucyd., 6, 4.—Bloomfield, liver up to him the Palladium, which he treacherously ad Thucyd., l. c.) gave into the hands of the Greeks. (Hom., 11., 6, 298.- Pausan., 10, 27.-Dict. Cret., 5, 8.)-II. The wife of Pythagoras. She was a native of Crotona, and the first female, it is said, that turned her attention to philosophy. She was also a poetess. (Suid., s. v. -—. Diog. Laert., 8, 42, seqq.-Menag., ad Diog., l. c.)-III. A daughter of Pythagoras. (Auct., Vit. Pythag., ap. Plut.-Menag., ad Diod., 8, 42.)-IV. The mother of Pausanias. She was the first, as it is reported, who brought a stone to the entrance of Minerva's temple to shut up her son, when she heard of his perfidy to his country. (Vid. Pausanias I.)

THEATRUM under this head it is proposed to give a brief sketch of the ancient drama, arranged under proper heads :

1. History of Tragedy from its rise to the time of Eschylus.

THASUS, an island in the Egean, off the coast of Thrace, and opposite the mouth of the Nestus. It received, at a very remote period, a colony of Phoenicians, under the conduct of Thasus (Herod., 6, 47. —Scymn., Ch., v. 660), that enterprising people having already formed settlements in several islands of the Egean. (Thucyd., 1, 8.) They were induced to possess themselves of Thasus, from the valuable silver-mines which it contained, and which, it appears, they afterward worked with unremitting assiduity. Herodotus, who visited this island, reports that a large mountain on the side of Samothrace had been turned upside down (ανεστραμμένον) in search of the precious metal. Thasus, at a later period, was recolonized by a party of Parians, pursuant to the command of an oracle to the father of the poet Archilochus. From this document, quoted by Stephanus, we learn that the ancient name of the island was Eria. (Pliny, 4, 12.) It is said by others to have been also named The drama owes its origin to that principle of imiChryse. (Eustath., ad Dion. Perieg., p. 97.) His- tation which is inherent in human nature. Hence its tiæus the Milesian, during the disturbances occasioned invention, like that of painting, sculpture, and the by the Ionian revolt, fruitlessly endeavoured to make other imitative arts, cannot properly be restricted to himself master of this island, which was subsequently any one specific age or people. In fact, scenical repconquered by Mardonius, when the Thasians were resentations are found among nations so totally sepcommanded to pull down their fortifications, and re-arated by situation and circumstances, as to make it move their ships to Abdera. (Herod., 6, 44.) On the expulsion of the Persians from Greece, Thasus, together with the other islands on this coast, became tributary to Athens; disputes, however, having arisen between the islanders and that power on the subject of the mines on the Thracian coast, a war ensued, and the Thasians were besieged for three years. On their surrender their fortifications were destroyed, and their ships of war removed to Athens. (Thucyd., 1, 101.) Thasus once more revolted, after the great failure of the Athenians in Sicily, at which time a change was effected in the government of the island from democracy to oligarchy. (Thucyd., 8, 64.) According to Herodotus, the revenues of Thasus amounted to two hundred, and sometimes three hundred, talents annually. These funds were principally derived from the mines of Scapte-hyle, in Thrace (6, 48).—The capital of the island was Thasus.-Thasus furnished, besides gold and silver, marbles and wine, which were much esteemed. (Plin., 35, 6.-Senec., Epist., 86. Athen., 1, 51.) The soil was excellent. (Dion. Perieg., v. 523.) The modern name of the island is Thaso or Tasso. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 333.)

THAUMACI, a city of Thessaly, in the district of Phthiotis, and in a northwest direction from the head waters of the Sinus Maliacus. It is said to have derived its name from the singularity of its situation, and the astonishment (avua) produced on the minds of travellers upon first reaching it. Livy, who describes

impossible for any one to have borrowed the idea from another. In Greece and Hindustan the drama was at the same period in high repute and perfection, while Arabia and Persia, the intervening countries, were utter strangers to this kind of entertainment. The Chinese, again, have from time immemorial possessed a regular theatre. The ancient Peruvians had their tragedies, comedies, and interludes; and even among the savage and solitary islanders of the South Sea, a rude kind of play was observed by the navigators who discovered them. Each of these people must have invented the drama for themselves. The only point of connexion was the sameness of the cause which led to these several independent inventions; the instinctive propensity to imitation, and the pleasure arising from it when successfully exerted. The elements of the Grecian Drama are to be sought in an age far antecedent to all regular historic record. In those remote times, the several seasons of the year had among the Greeks their respective festivals. That religion, which peopled with divinities wood, and hill, and stream, and gave to every art and event of ordinary life its peculiar deity, entered largely into the feelings and customs of these annual festivities. Among an agricultural population like that of early Greece, Dionysus, at what time soever his name and worship had been introduced, as the inventor of wine and god of the vineyard, possessed, of necessity, a distinguished sacrifice and feast.-Music and poetry, wherever they exist, are almost invariably employed in the services o

rus, in the sublimity of its odes and splendour of the ac companiments, became one of the most imposing shows among the public spectacles of Greece. In the mean time, the representation of the laughter-loving Satyrs had been moulded into a more regular body, and continued to delight the populace with their grotesque ap pearance and merry pranks. It is here that we first discover something of a dramatic nature. The singers of the Dithyramb were mere choristers; they as performers in the Satyric chorus had a part to sustain; they were actors in the strictest sense of the word. Moreover, in their extemporaneous bursts of description, remark, jest, and repartee, a kind of dialogue was introduced; irregular, no doubt, and wild, yet still a dialogue. Here, then, in this acting and this dialogue, we have, at once, the elements and the esDithyramb, had found an early entrance into the Dorian cities, and was particularly cultivated at Phlius, a town of Sicyon. In Attica, the future scene of the perfected drama, there remains no direct record of these Dionysian representations until the middle of the sixth century before our era. At that time Thespis, a native of Icaria, an Athenian village, was struck with the possibility of introducing various improvements into the Satyric chorus.—He saw that an incessant round of jest, and gambol, and grimace became, in the end, exhausting to the performers and Icarian contrived a break in the representation (Diog. Laert., Plat., 66), by coming forward in person (Plut., Vit. Sol., c. 29), and, from an elevated stand, describing in gesticulated narration some mythological story. When this was ended the chorus again commenced their peformances. The next step was to add life and spirit to these monologues, by making the chorus take part in the narrative through an occasional exclamation, question, or remark. This was readily suggested by the practice of interchanging observations already established among the members of the chorus. And thus was the germe of the dialogue still farther developed. In order to disguise his features, and so produce a certain degree of histrionic illusion, Thespis is said first to have smeared his face with vermilion, then with a pigment prepared from the herb purslain, and lastly to have contrived a kind of rude mask made of linen. (Suid, s. v. OέOTIC.)-Besides the addition of the actor, Thespis did much for the improvement of the chorus itself. He invented dances, which were handed down through four generations to the time of Aristophanes. (Vesp., 1470.) They were, as might be expected from the chorus for which they were devised, of a nature more energetic than graceful. Yet their protracted existence proves them to have possessed popularity and comparative excellence. In these dances he assiduously trained his choristers. Whatever advantages could be derived from the sister art of music were no doubt added, and care extended to the general organization and equipment of the chorus. The metre of his recitative was apparently trochaic; the measure in which, amid frolic and dance, the Satyric chorus gave vent to its ebullitions of joke and merriment. (Aristot., Poet., 4, 17.) Indeed, from its formation, the trochee is peculiarly adapted to lively and sportive movements. (Aristol., Rhet., 3, 7.) Thespis probably reduced the whole performance into some kind of unity, by causing this intermixture of song and recitative, as a whole, to tend, however loosely, to the setting forth of some one passage in Bacchic history. But the language of both actor and choristers was of a light and ludicrous cast; the subjects of the short episodes were handled in a jocose and humorous manner; and the whole performance, with its dance, song, story, and buffoonery, resembled a wild kind of ballet-farce.-The introduction of an

divine worship. In Greece, pre-eminently the land of the song and the lyre, this practice prevailed from the most ancient times. At the periodic festivals of their several deities, bands of choristers, accompanied by the pipe, the lute, or the harp, sang the general praises of the god, or episodic narrations of his various achievements. The feasts of Bacchus had, of course, their sacred choruses; and these choruses, from the circumstances of the festival, naturally fell into two classes of very different character. The hymns ad-sumed no characters, and exhibited no imitation. The dressed immediately to the divinity, round the hallowed altar during the solemnity of the service, were grave, lofty, and restrained. The songs inspired by the carousals of the banquet, and uttered amid the revelries of the Phallic procession, were coarse, ludicrous, and satirical, interspersed with mutual jest and gibe. The hymn which accompanied the opening sacrifice was called dilupaμboç, a term of doubtful ety-sence of the drama.-The Satyric chorus, like the mology and import. Perhaps, like the repulsive symbol of the Phallic rites, its origin must be referred to an Eastern clime.-Besides the chanters of the Dithyramb and the singers of the Phallic, there was, probably from the first introduction of Bacchic worship, a third class of performers in these annual festivals. Fauns and Satyrs were, in popular belief, the regular attendants of the deity; and the received character of these singular beings was in admirable harmony with the merry Dionysia. The goat, as an animal especially injurious to the vines, and, therefore, peculiarly obnoxious to the god of the vineyard, was the appro-wearisome even to the spectators. Accordingly, the priate offering in the Bacchic sacrifices. In the horns and hide of the victim, all that was requisite to furnish satyric guise was at hand; and thus a band of mummers was easily formed, whose wit, waggery, and grimace would prove no insignificant addition to the amusements of the village carnival.-In these rude festivities the splendid drama of the Greeks found its origin. The lofty poetry of the Dithyramb, combined with the lively exhibition of the Satyric chorus, was at length wrought out into the majestic tragedy of Sophocles. The Phallic song was expanded and improved into the wonderful comedy of Aristophanes.-In the first rise of the Bacchic festivals, the rustic singers used to pour forth their own unpolished and extemporaneous strains. By degrees, these rude choruses assumed a more artificial form. Emulation was excited, and contests between neighbouring districts led to the successive introduction of such improvements as might tend to add interest and effect to the rival exhibitions. It was probably now that a distinction in prizes was made. Heretofore a goat appears to have been the ordinary reward of the victorious choristers; and the term payudia (7púyov úsdý), or goat-song, to have comprehended the several choral chantings in the Dionysia. To the Dithyramb a bull was now assigned, as a nobler meed for its sacred ode; the successful singers of the Phallic received a basket of figs and a vessel of wine; while the goat was left to the Satyric chorus. Subsequently, when the Dithyramb and the drama had become established in all their perfection throughout the cities of Greece, the general prize was a tripod, which was commonly dedicated by the victor to Bacchus, with a tablet, bearing the names of the successful composer, choragus, and tribe.-The Dithyramb was at a very early period admitted into the Doric cities, and there cherished with peculiar attention by a succession of poets; among whom Archilochus of Paros, Arion of Methymne, Simonides of Ceos, and Lasus of Hermione were especially distinguished. Under their hands the rude extemporaneous hymn of a peasant chorus was gradually refined into a laboured composition, lofty in sentiment, studied in diction, and adorned with all the graces which music, rhythm, and the dance could supply. Thus fostered by the patronage of city communities, and so improved by the skill and talent of rival poets, the Dithyrambic cho