Thus story of the Tarquins, and necessitates still more fal- jection almost as deep as that into which they had sifications than they themselves had any notion of, in assisted him to reduce the plebeians. Being now order to restore even a scantling of sense and unity." possessed of nearly despotic power, he turned his at(Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 320.-Compare, in tention to the enlargement of his kingdom. He gave opposition to this, however, the dissertation of Valla, his daughter in marriage to Octavius Mamilius of Præf., not. in Liv.)-According to the ordinary ac- Tusculum, the most powerful of the Latin chiefs; court, Servius Tullius had given his two daughters in and partly by intrigues, partly by force, he procured marriage to Tarquinius and his brother Aruns. Now Rome to be acknowledged the head of the Latin conit happened that these daughters were of very unlike federacy. Herdonius, the only man who dared to optempers, as were also their husbands. The elder pose his proud demeanour, he caused to be put to Tullia was of a gentle disposition; her younger sister death by false accusations, and completely incorporafierce, imperious, and ambitious. Aruns Tarquinius ted the Latin troops with those of Rome. The Herwas of a mild and quiet character; his brother Lucius nici were also included in this confederacy. One proud, restless, and domineering. To counteract these Latin city, Gabii, refused to join this league, and was tempers, Servius had given the gentle princess to the assailed by Tarquinius. The struggle was long and ambitious prince, and made the haughty damsel wife severe, but at length he obtained possession of it by to the mild husband. But this dissimilarity of temper means of a stratagem, conducted by his son Sextus, did not produce the effect which he had expected. similar to that by which Zopyrus gained the city of The fiery tempered of each couple became dissatisfied Babylon for Darius Hystaspis. (Vid. Tarquinius IV.) with the one of gentler nature; the milder wife and He next turned his arms against the Volsci, and took husband perished by the crimes of their aspiring mates, Suessa Pometia, where he obtained a very great booty, who were speedily united in a second shameless mar- the tithe of which he retained for his own share. riage. Then did the aspiring temper of the one urge powerful and enriched, he next proceeded to finish on the haughty and ambitious heart of the other, till the great works left incomplete by his predecessors. they resolved to make way to the throne by the mur- He finished the cloaca maxima, and prepared to build der of the good old man, their king and father. To the temple which Tarquinius Priscus, during the Sathis attempt Lucius was encouraged by the unconceal- bine war, had vowed to the three great deities, Jupiter, ed dissatisfaction of the patricians with the influence Juno, and Minerva. This edifice is the famous Capitoobtained by the plebeians in the new constitution. lium. (Vid. Capitolium.) About this same time, too, Their dissatisfaction was increased by a rumour that the strange story of the Sibyl is told, which we have noServius intended to abolish the monarchical form alto- ticed under another article. (Vid. Sibyllæ.)-The sway gether, and divide the sway between the two consuls, of Tarquinius, however, had now nearly reached its one to be chosen from the patrician, and one from the limits, and various portents foreshowed its approaching plebeian body. Having formed a strong faction among overthrow. According to the legend, the first indicathe patricians, Tarquinius went to the senate-house, tions of the coming doom were seen in an unnatural viseated himself in the royal chair, and summoned the olation of the sacred rites. A huge snake crawled out senators to meet King Tarquinius. Servius, having from an altar in the court of the palace at the time heard the rumour, hastened to the senate-house, ac- of sacrifice; the fire suddenly died out, and the snake cused Tarquinius of treason, and laid hold of him to devoured the victim. To ascertain what this prodigy remove him from the royal chair. The usurper in- portended, the king sent two of his sons to consult the stantly seized the old man, dragged him to the door, oracle at Delphi, and the princes took with them their and threw him with great force down the steps. There cousin Lucius Junius Brutus. (Vid. Brutus I.) The he lay for a few moments, stunned and bleeding with answer of the oracle was, that the king should fall the fall; then, rising slowly, staggered away towards when a dog should speak with human voice. his palace. Some ruffians employed by Tarquinius response was of course intended secretly to apply to pursued, overtook, and killed him, leaving the body Brutus, and his unexpected display of mental ability. lying bleeding in the street. Meantime, tidings of (Vid. Brutus I.) The young princes also asked what was going on had reached Tullia, who immedi- which of the king's sons should succeed him; and ately mounted her chariot, drove to the senate-house, were answered in general terms, that the regal power and saluted Tarquinius as king. He bade her with- should be enjoyed by the person who should first sadraw from such a tumult; and she, on her return, drove lute his mother. Brutus, as they were departing, purher chariot over the body of her newly-murdered fa- posely stumbled and fell, and, kissing the earth, thus ther. (Vid. Tullia.) Tarquinius, having thus obtain- fulfilled, unobserved by his companions, the meaning ed the forcible possession of the throne, declined to of the oracle. Soon after this event, Tarquinius wasubmit to the form of an election, or to make the cus-ged war against Ardea, the capital of the Rutuli, a tomary appeals to the comitia curiata for the ratifica- people on the coast of Latium; and while his army tion of his kingly power. He seized the crown as if lay encamped before the place, the affair of Lucretia it were hereditary, and seemed resolved to rule without occurred, which has been detailed under another artithe concurrence of any of the great assemblies. But cle (vid. Lucretia), and which hurled him from his as he had been raised to the throne by the aid of the throne. In vain did the cities of Tarquinii and Veii patricians, his first act was to gratify them by repeal- take up arms to effect his restoration; in vain, acing the privileges which Servius had granted to the cording to the common account, did Porsenna, the plebeians. He suppressed the institution of the comi- Lucumo of Clusium, endeavour to effect the same end tia centuriata, and even prohibited the meetings of the (vid. Porsenna); in vain, too, did the Latins exert country tribes at the paganalia. But this was only the themselves in his behalf. In a bloody battle fought beginning of his tyranny. He depressed the commons at the Lake Regillus, the two sons of Tarquinius were or plebeians; but he had no intention to permit the slain; and the father at length gave up the contest power of the patricians to become too strong, espe- with his former subjects, and retired to Cuma, where cially as he was himself but too well aware of their he ended his days in 259 A.U.C., or 495 B.C. (Liv., treachery to the former king. He therefore surround- 1, 46, seqq.-Dion. Hal., 4, 41, segg.-Hetherington, ed himself with a body-guard, the ready instruments Hist. Rom., p. 26, seqq. · Compare Niebuhr, Rom. of his oppression, and, under colour of justice, banish- Hist., vol. 1, p. 448, seqq.) For a very ingenious ed or put to death, on false accusations, all who were theory respecting the Tarquin dominion in Rome, difeither too powerful or too wealthy to be trusted, or fering essentially from that of Niebuhr, and tracing it whom he suspected of disaffection to himself. In this to Etruria, consult the remarks of Müller (Etrusker, manner he reduced the patricians into a state of sub-vol. 1, p. 118, seqq.).—III. Collatinus, the husband of This | the river Cydnus, not far from its mouth. Xenophon gives its name a plural form, Tapooi (žλaσe . . . . elç Tapooúç, Anab., 1, 2, 23); later writers, however, adopt the singular, Tapoóc. This city was, from the earliest authentic records that we have of it, the capital of Cilicia, and, during the Persian dominion, was the residence of a dependant king. The people of Tarsus ascribed the origin of their city to Sardanapalus, who is said to have built it, together with Anchiale, in one day. (Vid. Anchiale.) When, however, the Greeks established themselves here after the conquest of Al exander, they discarded the old account of the origin of Tarsus, and in its stead adopted one of a more po a heel, and also a hoof. This name they connected Lucretia. (Vid. Collatinus.)-IV. Sextus, eldest son of Tarquinius Superbus according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (4, 55), but, according to Livy (1, 53), the youngest. His name is celebrated in the old legend for the stratagem by which he placed the city of Gabii in the power of his father. Having played the part of an insurgent against his parent, the king, for whose anger his wanton insolence afforded a specious provocation, condemned him to a disgraceful punishment, as if he had been the meanest of his subjects. Sextus thereupon came to the Gabines, to all appearance a fugitive the bloody marks of his ill-treatment, and, above all, the infatuation which comes over such as are doomed to perish, gained him belief and good-etic cast. Tarsus (Tapoóc) in their language signified will: at first he led volunteers, then troops were intrusted to his charge; every enterprise succeeded; for booty and soldiers were thrown into his way at certain appointed places: the deluded citizens raised the man, under whose command they promised themselves the pleasures of a successful war, to the dictatorship. The last step of his treachery was yet to come: where the troops were not hirelings, it was a hazardous venture to open a gate. Sextus sent a confidential slave to demand of his father in what way he should deliver up Gabii into his hands. Tarquinius was in his garden when he admitted the messenger into his presence: he walked along in silence, striking off the heads of the tallest poppies with his staff, and dismissed the man without an answer. On this hint Sextus put to death, or, by means of false charges, banished such of the Gabines as were able to oppose him: the distribution of their fortunes purchased him partisans among the low-ersed by the Cydnus, a stream 200 feet broad. (Xen., est class; and, possessing himself of the uncontested rule, he brought the city to acknowledge his father's supremacy. (Liv., 1, 53.-Dion. Hal., 4, 55.) This story, as Niebuhr well observes, is patched up from the well-known two in Herodotus (3, 154; 5, 92.Vid. Zopyrus, and Periander). Besides, it is quite impossible that Gabii should have fallen into the hands of the Roman king by treachery: had such been the case, no one would have granted the Roman franchise to the Gabines, and have spared them all chastisement by the scourge of war, as Tarquinius is said to have done by Dionysius himself (4, 58.-Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 450).—The violence which, some time after this, Sextus offered to Lucretia, was the cause of his father's banishment, and the downfall of the whole line. He himself retired to Gabii, of which his father had before this made him king (Dion. Hal., 4, 58), and was assassinated here by certain persons whom his acts of bloodshed and rapine had roused to vengeance. (Liv, 1, 60.)-V. Aruns, a brother of Tarquinius Superbus. (Vid. Aruns I.)—VI. Aruns, a son of Tarquinius Superbus. (Vid. Aruns II.) TARRACO, now Tarragona, a town of the Cosetani in Hispania Citerior, on the coast of the Mediterranean, and northeast of the mouth of the Iberus. This was the first place where the Scipios landed in the second Punic war, and which, after having fortified it, they made their place of arms, and a Roman colony. (Plin., 3, 4.- Solin., c. 23, 26.) Tarraco, in consequence of this, soon rose to importance, and in time became the rival of Carthago Nova. It was the usual place of residence for the Roman prætors. On the division of Spain, which took place in the reign of Augustus (vid. Hispania), this city gave the name of Tarraconensis to what had been previously called Hispania Citerior. (Plin., l. c.—Mela, 2, 6.-Compare Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 420.) Anab., 1, 2, 23.) It continued to flourish for a long period after, and became so celebrated for learning and refinement as to be the rival of Athens and Alexandrea. Alexander nearly lost his life by bathing, when overheated, in the cold stream of the Cydnus, and it was here that Cleopatra paid her celebrated visit to Antony in all the pomp and pageantry of Eastern luxury, herself attired like Venus, and her attendants like Cupids, in a galley covered with gold, whose sails were of purple, the oars of silver, and cordage of silk; a fine description of which may be seen in Shakspeare's play of Antony and Cleopatra (act 2, sc. 2). In the civil wars Tarsus sided with Cæsar, and the inhabitants called their city, out of compliment to him, Juliopolis. This, though it exposed them at first to many annoyances from the opposite party, secured for them, eventually, both freedom and exemption from tribute, after Cæsar had become master of the Roman world. (Appian, B. C., 4, 64. — Id., 5, 7.) .Tarsus was the birthplace of St. Paul. (Acts, 22, 3.) It still survives, but only as the shadow of its former self. It is now called Tarsous, and is in subjection to Adana, an adjacent city. (Pococke, vol. 2, p. 256 )—Julian the A postate was buried in the suburbs of this city. (Ammian. Marcell., 23, 3. — Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 96, seqq.) TARTARUS (in the plural -a, -orum), the fabled place of punishment in the lower world. According to the ideas of the Homeric and Hesiodic ages, it would seem that the World or Universe was a hollow globe, divided into two equal portions by the flat disk of the earth. (I., 8, 16.-Hes., Theog., 720.) The external shell of this globe is called by the poets brazen and iron, probably only to express its solidity. The superior hemisphere was named Heaven, the inferior one Tartarus. The length of the diameter of the hollow sphere is given thus by Hesiod. It would take, TARSIUS, a river of Troas, near Zeleia, which, ac- he says, nine days for an anvil to fall from Heaven to cording to Strabo, had to be crossed, on account of its Earth; and an equal space of time would be occupied meandering route, twenty times by those who followed by its fall from Earth to the bottom of Tartarus. (The the road along its banks. Homer styles it Heptaporus, og., 722.) The luminaries which gave light to gods and referring to its being crossed seven times. (Strabo, men shed their radiance through all the interior of the 587.) upper hemisphere; while that of the inferior one was TARSUS, a celebrated city of Cicilia Campestris, on | filled with eternal gloom and darkness, and its still air substance immersed in it was very soon entirely cov ered with the crystal; and birds were unable to fly if they once dipped their wings in it. (Strab., 568.) The lake still furnishes all the surrounding country with salt, and its produce is a valuable royal-farm in the hands of the Pacha of Kir-Shchr. In 1638, Sultan Murad IV. made a causeway across the lake, upon the occasion of his army marching to take Bagdad from the Persians. (Leake's Tour, p. 70.) was unmoved by any wind. Tartarus was regarded, | Strabo, it produced salt in such abundance, that any at this period, as the prison of the gods, and not as the place of torment for wicked men, being to the gods what Erebus was to men, the abode of those who were driven from the supernal world. The Titans, when conquered, were shut up in it, and in the Iliad (8, 13) Jupiter menaces the gods with banishment to its murky regions. The Oceanus of Honer encompassed the whole earth, and beyond it was a region unvisited by the sun, and therefore shrouded in perpetual darkness, the abode of a people whom he names Cimmerians. Here the poet of the Odyssey also places Erebus, the realm of Pluto and Proserpina, the final dwelling of all the race of men, a place which the poet of the Iliad describes as lying within the bosom of the earth. At a later period, the change of religious ideas gradually affected Erebus, the abode of the dead. Elysium was moved down to it, as the place of reward for the good; and Tartarus was raised up to it, to form the prison in which the wicked suffered the punishment due to their crimes. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 32, 39, 43.) TAUNUS, a mountain range of Germany, lying in a northwest direction from Frankfort on the Mayne, between Wiesbaden and Hornberg. It is now called the Höhe or Heyrich. (Bischoff und Möller, Worterb. der Geogr., p. 950.) TAURI, a people of European Sarmatia, who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sacrificed all strangers to Diana. The statue of this goddess, which they believed to have fallen down from heaven, was fabled to have been carried away to Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. (Herod., 4, 99.—Mela, 2, 1.-Pausan., 3, 16.— Eurip., Iphig.) TAURICA CHERSONESUS. Vid. Chersonesus III. TAURICA, a surname of Diana, because worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica Chersonesus. (Vid. Tauri.) TARTESSUS, a town of Spain, situate, according to the most general, though not the most correct opinion, in an island of the same name at the mouth of the Bætis, formed by the two branches of the river. No traces of this island now remain, as one of the arms of the river has disappeared. With regard to the actual position TAURINI, a people of Liguria, occupying both banks of the town itself, much difference of opinion exists of the Padus, in the earlier part of its course, but esboth in ancient and modern writers. Mannert is in fa-pecially the country situated between that river and vour of making Hispalis the Tartessus of Herodotus, the Alps. The river Orcus (now Orca) marked the and opposes the idea of its being the same either with extent of their territory towards the east. The TauCarteia or Gades, as many ancient writers maintain. rini are first mentioned in history as having opposed It could not, according to him, correspond with Car- Hannibal soon after his descent from the Alps (Polyb., teia, since Tartessus lay without the Straits of Hercu- 3, 60); and their capital, which Appian calls Taurales; nor could it be the same as Gades, since Herodo- sia (Bell. Hann., c. 5), was taken and plundered by tus speaks of both Gades and Tartessus by their re- that general, after an ineffectual resistance of three spective names, and the latter was not subject to the days. As a Roman colony, it subsequently received Phoenicians, but had a king of its own. (Mannert, the name of Augusta Taurinorum, now Turino (Turin) Geogr., vol. 1, p. 294.) According to Strabo, the in Piedmont. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 32.) Bætis itself was anciently called Tartessus, and the adjacent country Tartessis. (Strabo, 148). Bochart, however, makes Tartessus to have been the Tarshish of Scripture, and the same with Gades. (Geogr. Sacr., 3, 7, coll. 170.) TARVISĬUM, an ancient city of Venetia, on the river Silis. At a later period it became the seat of a bishopric, and only a town of note about the middle ages. It is now Treviso. (Procop., B. G., 3, 1.-Paul. Diac., 2, 12.) TAUROMENIUM, now Taormino, a town of Sicily, between Messana and Catana, but nearer the latter than the former. An ancient city named Naxos previously occupied the site of Tauromenium. There were, in fact, two cities of the name of Naxos, both erected TARUANNA, a city of Gallia Belgica Secunda, in the in succession on the same spot. The first was deterritory of the Morini, now Terouenne. (Ptolemy.-stroyed by Dionysius the tyrant, and the inhabitants Itin. Ant., 376.) scattered over Sicily. (Diod. Sic., 14, 15.) The Siculi, instigated by the Carthaginians, subsequently rebuilt the city, but Dionysius again reduced it. Irstead of destroying, however, he colonized it with a number of his mercenary soldiers. (Diod. Sic., 14, 59 et 96.) In process of time Syracuse regained her freedom, and Andromachus, a rich inhabitant of Naxos, having invited the old inhabitants of the latter city to return to their home, they accepted the offer. The city now changed its name to Tauromenium, from Taurus, the name of an adjacent mountain. and μový, a place of abode, the appellation being selected as designating more particularly their new place of residence. (Diod. Sic., 16, 7.)—The hills in the neighbourhood were famous for the fine grapes which they produced, and they surpassed almost the whole world for the extent and beauty of their prospects. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 282.) TATIANUS, a Syrian rhetorician, converted to Christianity by Justin Martyr, whom he followed to Rome in the latter part of the second century. After the death of Justin, the opinions of his proselyte took a turn towards those of Marcion, with whom he was contemporary; but, differing from that heresiarch in some material points, he became the head of a sect of followers of his own, who acquired the appellation of Eucratita and Hydroparastata, from the abstinence which they enjoined from wine and animal food, and their substitution of water for the former in the administration of the Eucharist. The editio princeps by Gesner, Tigur., 1546, fol., contains merely the Greek text. The best edition is that of Worth (Gr. et Lat.), Oxon., 1700, 8vo. Tatian's work is sometimes appended to editions of Justin Martyr. (Clarke, Bibliograph. Dict., vol. 6, p. 150.) TATIENSES OF TITIENSES, the name of one of the three original Roman tribes. (Vid. Roma, p. 1173, col. 1.) TATIUS, TITUS, king of the Sabines, reigned conjointly with Romulus. (Vid. Romulus.) TATTA, å salt lake in the northeastern part of Phrygia, now Tuslag (i. e., "the Salt"). According to TAURUS, I. the mountains of Taurus, according to all the descriptions of the ancients, extended from the frontiers of India to the Ægean Sea. Their principal chain, as it shot out from Mount Imaus towards the sources of the Indus, wound, like an immense serpent, between the Caspian Sea and the Euxine on the one side, and the sources of the Euphrates on the other. Caucasus seems to have formed part of this line, according to Pliny; but according to Strabo, who was better informed, the principal chain of Taurus runs between the basis of the Euphrates and the Araxes; and the geographer observes that a detached chain of Cau that sea. TAYGETUS, or, in the plural form, TAYGĒTA (-orum), part of a lofty ridge of mountains, which, traversing the whole of Laconia from the Arcadian frontier, terminates in the sea at the Promontory of Tænarus, Its elevation was said to be so great as to command a view of the whole Peloponnesus, as may be seen from a fragment of the Cyprian verses preserved by the scholiast on Pindar. (Nem., 10, 113.) This great mountain abounded with various kinds of beasts for the chase, and supplied also the celebrated race of hounds, so much valued by the ancients on account of their sagacity and keenness of scent. It also furnished a beautiful green marble much esteemed by the Romans. (Strabo, 367.-Plin., 37, 18.) In the terrible earthquake which desolated Laconia before the Peloponnesian war, it is related that immense masses of rock, detaching themselves from the mountain, caused dreadful devastation in their fall, which is said to have been foretold by Anaximander of Miletus. (Plin., 2, 79.-Strabo, 367.) The principal summit of Taygetus, named Taletum, rose above Bryseæ. It was dedicated to the sun, and sacrifices of horses were there offered to that planet. This point is probably the same now called St. Elias. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 216.) "From the western side of the plain," observes Mr. Dodwell, "rise the grand and abrupt precipices of Taygetus, which is broken into many summits. The bases also of the mountain are formed by several projections distinct from each other, which branch into the plain, and hence produce that rich assemblage and luxuriant multiplicity of lines, and tints, and shades, which render it the finest locality in Greece. All the plains and mountains that I have seen are surpassed in the variety of their com binations and in the beauty of their appearance by the plain of Lacedæmon and Mount Taygetus. The landscape may be exceeded in the dimensions of its objects, but what can exceed it in beauty of form and richness of colouring?-The mountain chain runs in a direction nearly north and south, uniting towards the north with the chain of Lycaon. Its western side rises from the Messenian Gulf, and its eastern foot casus, that of the Moschian mountains, runs in a south- tilius Taurus, a friend of Agrippa's, conquered Lepi. ern direction and joins the Taurus. Modern accounts dus in Sicily, and gained also many victories in Afrirepresent this junction as not very marked. Strabo, ca, for which he obtained triumphal honours (B.C. 26). who was born on the spot, and who had travelled as He was twice consul; and is said also to have built far as Armenia, considers the entire centre of Asia the first durable amphitheatre of stone, at the desire of Minor, together with all Armenia, Media, and Gordy- Augustus. IV. Statilius Taurus, was proconsul of ene, or Koordistan, as a very elevated country, crowned Africa A.D. 53, in the reign of Claudius. On his rewith several chains of mountains, all of which are so turn, Agrippina, who was anxious to get possession of closely joined together that they may be regarded as one. his fine gardens, induced Tarquitius, who had been his "Armenia and Media," says he, "are situated upon lieutenant in Africa, to accuse him of extortion, and Taurus." This plateau seems also to comprehend also of having practised magic rites. Taurus, indigKoordistan, and the branches which it sends out ex-nant at the charge, would not wait for the decision of tend into Persia as far as the great desert of Kerman the senate, but destroyed himself. on one side, and towards the sources of the Gihon and the Indus on the other. By thus considering the vast Taurus of the ancients as an upland plain, and not as a chain, the testimonies of Strabo and Pliny may be reconciled with the accounts of modern travellers. Two chains of mountains are detached from the plateau of Armenia to enter the peninsula of Asia; the one first confines and then crosses the channel of the Euphrates near Samosata; the other borders the Pontus Euxinus, leaving only narrow plains between it and These two chains, one of which is in part the Anti-Taurus, and the other the Paryadres of the ancients, or the mountain Tcheldir or Keldir of the moderns, are united to the west of the Euphrates, between the towns of Siwas, Tocas, and Kaisarich, by means of the chain of Argæus, now named ArgehDag, whose summit is covered with perpetual snows, a circumstance which, under so low a latitude, shows an elevation of from 9 to 10,000 feet. The centre of Asia resembles a terrace supported on all sides by chains of mountains. The chain which, breaking off at once from Mount Argæus and from Anti-Taurus, bounds the ancient Cilicia to the north, is more particularly known by the name of Taurus, a name which in several languages appears to have one common root, and simply signifies mountain. The elevation of this chain must be considerable, since Cicero affirms that it was impassable to armies before the month of June, on account of the snow. Diodorus details the frightful ravines and precipices which it was necessary to cross in going from Cilicia into Cappadocia. Modern travellers, who have crossed more to the west of this chain, now called Alah-Dag, represent it as similar to that of the Apeninnes and Mount Hamus. It sends off to the west several branches, some of which terminate on the shores of the Mediterranean, as the Cragus, and the Masicystes of the ancients, in Lycia; the others, greatly inferior in elevation, extend to the coasts of the Archipelago opposite the islands of Cos and Rhodes. To the east, Mount Amanus, now the Alma-Dag, a detached branch of the Taurus, separates Cilicia from Syria, having only two narrow passes, the one towards the Euphrates, the oth-bounds the level plain of Amycle, from which it rises er close by the sea; the first answers to the Pyla Amanicæ of the ancients, the other to the Pyle Syriæ. Two other chains of mountains are sent off from the western part of the central plateau. The one is the Baba-Dag of the moderns, which formed the Tmolus, the Messogis, and the Sipylus of the ancients, and which terininates towards the islands of Samos and Chios; the other, extending in a northwest direction, presents more elevated summits, among which are the celebrated Ida and the Mysian Olympus. Lastly, the northern side of the plateau is propelled towards the Euxine, and gives rise to the chain of the Olgassus, now Elkas-Dag, a chain which fills with its branches all the chain between the Sangarius and the Halys. Throughout the range of mountains just described, limestone rocks appear to predominate. (Malte-Brun, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 64, seqq.)-II. A mountain and promontory on the eastern coast of Sicily, near which Tauromenium was built. It is now Capo di S. Croce. (Vid. Tauromenium.)-III. Sta abruptly. It is visible from Zante, which, in a straight line, is distant from it at least eighty-four miles. The northern crevices are covered with snow during the whole of the year. Its outline, particularly as seen from the north, is of a more serrated form than the other Grecian mountams. It has five principal_summits, whence it derived the modern name of Pentedactylus, as it was designated by Constantine Porphyrogenitus. In winter it is covered with snow, which renders the vicinity extremely cold. In summer it reflects a powerful heat upon the Spartan plain, from which it keeps the salubrious visits of the western winds, and thus makes it one of the hottest places in Greece, and subjects the inhabitants to fevers." (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 2, p. 410.)-Compare the account of Colonel Leake (Travels in the Morea, vol. 1, p. 84, 191, &c.). TEANUM, I. Apulicum, a city of Apulia, on the right bank of the river Frento (Fortore). The appellation of Apulicum was added to distinguish it from the town of the Sidicini. Strabo, speaking of the Apu- | king, Echemus, had engaged and slain in single combat lian Teanum, says it was situate at some distance from the coast, and at the head of a lake formed by the sea, which here encroaches so considerably upon the land, that the breadth of Italy between this point and Puteoli did not exceed 1000 stadia. (Strabo, 285.) The ruins of this place are said to exist on the site of Civitate, about a mile from the right bank of the Fortore, and ten miles from the sea. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 272.)-II. Sidicinum, the only city ascribed to the Sidicini, a Campanian tribe. It is now Teano, and was distant about fifteen miles from Capua, in a northwest direction. Strabo informs us that it stood on the Latin Way, being the most considerable of all the towns so situated, and inferior to Capua only in extent and importance among the Campanian cities. (Strab., 237, 248.) This fact seems to derive additional confirmation from the numerous remains of walls and public buildings said to be still visible on its ancient site. Teanum became a Roman colony under Augustus. (Front., de Col.-Plin., 3, 5.)-Some cold acidulous springs are noticed in its vicinity by Vitruvius: they are now called Acqua delle Caldarelle. (Pratilli, Via Appia, 2, 9.- Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 194.) TEARUS, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock from 38 different sources, some of which are hot, and others cold. Its sources, according to Herodotus, were equidistant from Heræum, a city near Perinthus, and from Apollonia on the Euxine, being two days' journey from each. It emptied into the Contadesdus, this last into the Agrianes, and the Agrianes into the Hebrus. Its waters were esteemed of service in curing cutaneous disorders. Darius raised a column there when he marched against the Scythians, to denote the sweetness and salubrity of the waters of that river. (Herod., 4, 90, &c.—Plin., 4, 11.) Hyllus, chief of the Heraclidae (Herod., 9, 26), and also of many victories obtained over the warlike Spartans. (Herod., 1, 65.-Pausan., 3, 3.) It was not till the latter had, in compliance with the injunctions of an oracle, gained possession of the bones of Orestes, and conveyed them from the Arcadian territory, that they were enabled to vanquish their antagonists, and compel them to acknowledge their supremacy (1, 65). In the battle of Platea, the Tegeatæ furnished 3000 soldiers, and disputed the post of honour with the Athenians, to whom it was, however, adjudged by the Lacedæmonians. In the Peloponnesian war they remained firm in their adherence to Sparta. After the battle of Leuctra, however, the Tegeatæ united with the rest of the Arcadians in forming a league independent of Sparta, which involved them in hostilities with that power. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 5, 16.) Tegea, having subsequently entered into the Achæan confederacy, was taken by Cleomenes, from whom it was recaptured by Antigonus Doson. (Polyb., 2, 46.) It successfully resisted, some time after, the attack of Lycurgus, tyrant of Sparta (5, 17, 1), but yielded to Machanidas; after his defeat and death it was, however, reconquered by Philopomen (11, 18, 7; 16, 36). Tegea was the only town in Arcadia which in Strabo's time preserved some degree of consequence and prosperity (Strubo, 388); and, if we may judge from the description of Pausanias, it still continued to flourisb more than a century later. The vestiges of this ancient city are to be seen on the site now called Prali, about an hour east of Tripolizza; but they consist only of scattered fragments, and broken tiles and stones, which cover the fields. Other ruins are to be seen on the site of Palaio Episkopi, some hundred yards from the village of Piali. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 350, seqq.) TEIOS. Vid. Teos. After TECMESSA, the daughter of a Phrygian prince, called by some Teuthras, and by Sophocles Teleutas. TELAMON, a king of the island of Salamis, son of When her father was killed by Ajax, son of Telamon, Æacus and Endeis. He was brother to Peleus, and at the time the Greeks sacked the towns in the neigh-father to Teucer and Ajax, the latter of whom is, on bourhood of Troy, the young princess became the that account, often called Telamonius heros." Telproperty of the conqueror, and by him she had a son amon was banished, with Peleus, from his father's called Eurysaces. Sophocles introduces her as one court, for the accidental murder of their step-brother of the characters in his play of the Ajax. (Schol. ad Phocus; and, embarking on board a vessel, he was Soph., Aj., 200.) thrown upon the island of Salamis. Here he was not TECTOSAGES, a Gallic tribe, belonging to the stem only hospitably entertained by its king Cychreus, but of the Volcæ, and whose territory lay between the received from him his daughter Glauce in marriage, Sinus Gallicus and the Ausci, and in the immediate with the promise of succession to the throne. vicinity of the Pyrenees. They appear to have been the death of Glauce he married Periba, the daughter a numerous and powerful race. A part of them were of Alcathoüs; and, on the conquest of Troy by Herled off by Sigovesus in quest of other settlements, and, cules, whom he accompanied and aided, he received passing through the Hercynian forest, spread them- from that hero the hand of Hesione, daughter of Laselves over Pannonia and Illyricum, and subsequently omedon, and sister of Priam, from which last-menmade an inroad into Macedonia. From Europe a por- tioned union sprang Teucer, who was, therefore, the tion of them then passed into Asia Minor, and at last half-brother of Ajax. Telamon distinguished himself occupied the central portion of what was called, from at the Calydonian boar-hunt, and also in the Argoits Gallic settlements, Gallatia. Their towns in this nautic expedition; and, when the Trojan war broke country were less numerous than those of their fel-out, he despatched his sons Ajax and Teucer to suslow-tribes; but, on the other hand, they could boast of having for their capital the largest and most celebrated city of the whole province, namely, Ancyra. (Vid. Ancyra.-Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, vol. 1, p. 131, seqq.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 91.) TEGEA OF TEGEA, a city of Arcadia, next to Mantinea, the most ancient and important in the country, It lay in an eastern direction from the southern part of the Mænalian ridge. This place was said to have-Hygin., fab., 97.) been founded at a remote period by Tegeus, son of Lycaon. At this early period the republic consisted of several small townships, enumerated by Pausanias, which were probably all united by Aleus, an Arcadian chief, who was thus regarded as the real founder of the city. (Pausan., 8, 45.-Strabo, 337.) The Tegeata were early distinguished for their bravery among the Peloponnesian states: they could boast that their tain that glory, to which the feebleness of age precluded him from any longer aspiring. Ajax slew himself in the course of the war, on account of the arms of Achilles, which had been awarded to Ulysses; and the indignation of Telamon at the supineness of Teucer in not having avenged his brother's death, caused him to banish the young prince from his native island. (Vid. Teucer.-Soph, Aj.-Apollod., 3, 12, 6, &c. TELAMONIADES, a patronymic given to the descendants of Telamon. TELCHINES, an ancient race in the island of Rhodes, said to have been originally from Crete. They were the inventors of many useful arts, and, according to Diodorus, passed for the sons of the Sea. (Diod. Sic., 5, 55.) Hence Simmias the Rhodian made Záy (a word meaning "sea") their mother. (Compare Bo |