pitia. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., p. 181.) The Sul- VII. Servius Sulpitius Rufus, a contemporary and pitia here alluded to must not be confounded with friend of Cicero's, and one of the most eminent lawanother in the time of Tibullus. To the latter are as-yers of his time. He had been a pupil, in judicial cribed by some critics a portion of the elegies in the fourth book of Tibullus, namely, from the 2d to the 12th inclusive. (Barthe, Advers., 59, 16.-Brouckkus, ad Tibull., p. 384.) SULPITIA LEX, I. Militaris, by P. Sulpitius, the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It ordained that the prosecution of the Mithradatic war should be taken from Sylla and vested in Marius.-II. Another, de Senatu, by Servius Sulpitius, the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It required that no senator should contract a debt over 2000 denarii ($300)-III. Another, de Civitate, by P. Sulpitius, the tribune, A.U.C. 665. That the Italian allies, who had obtained the rights of citizenship, and had heen formed into eight new tribes, should be distributed throughout the thirty-five old tribes; and also that the manumitted slaves, who used formerly to vote only in the four city tribes, might vote in all the tribes. SULPITIA GENS, a distinguished patrician family at Rome, the two principal branches of which were the Camerini and Galbæ. SUMMĀNUS, an Etrurian deity, whose worship was adopted, probably very early, at Rome. A temple was erected to him at the Circus Maximus in the time of the war with Pyrrhus (Ovid, Fast, 6, 731), and his earthen statue stood on the top of the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol. (Cic., Div, 1, 10.)' Nocturnal lightnings were ascribed to Summanus, as diurnal ones were to Jupiter (Plin., 2, 53.—August., Civ. D., 4, 23); and when trees had been struck with lightning, the Fratres Arvales sacrificed to him black wethers. (Gruter, Inscrip., p. 121.) He may, therefore, have been only a god of the night; but we are assured that he was Pluto and Dispiter. (Mart., Capell., 2, 40.— Arnoh., adv. Gent., 37.) Varro joins him with Vulcanus, as one of the gods worshipped by the Sabine Tatius. (L. L., 4, p. 22) As his Roman name was probably a translation, the usual derivation of it, Summus Manium, is perhaps founded on truth. His festival, the Summanalia, was on the 20th of June, when cakes shaped like a wheel were offered to him. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 530, seg.) studies, of F. Balbus and C. Aquilius Gallus. According to the testimony of Cicero, Sulpitius was the first that gave a scientific form to Roman jurisprudence; in other words, he carried it back to first principles. He was consul 50 B.C., with M. Marcellus. Of his legal writings (Reprehensa M. Scavolæ capita; De testandis sacris; De dote, &c.), and also of his speeches, nothing remains. (Consult Otto, "de Vita, studiis, scriptis, et honoribus Serv. S. Rufi," Traj. ad Rhen., 1737)-VIII. C. Sulpitius Apollinaris, a native of Carthage, and grammarian, flourished in the time of the Antonines. We have nothing from him relative to the branch of knowledge which he professed to teach. The verses, however, that are found at the commencement of Terence's plays, as arguments to the respective pieces, are supposed to be his. We have also an epigram of his on the order which Virgil gave to burn the Eneid. (Burmann, Anthol. Lat., vol. 1, p. 352.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 308)-IX. Sulpitius SeSULPITIUS, I. Servius Sulpitius Rufus, a distin- verus, an ecclesiastical historian, born about 363 A.D., guished patrician, brother-in-law of C. Licinius Stolo. in Aquitania. We have from him a sacred history He was highly esteemed for his talents and virtues, (Historia Sacra), from the creation of the world to and filled many important offices in the state. Sul- A.D. 410; a Life of St. Martin of Tours, and some pitius was four times military tribune with consular dialogues and letters. The latest edition of his united power; the last of these times in 400 B.C.-II. Ser-works is that of Prato, Veronæ, 1741-5, 2 vols. 4to. vius Sulpitius Paticus, was consul B.C. 362, with Licinius Stolo. Scenic exhibitions are said to have been first given during this year, and it was during this same year that Sulpitius drove a nail' into the side of the temple of Jupiter on account of the ceasing of a pestilence.-III. Publius Sulpitius Saverio, was consul B.C. 279, with P. Decius Mus, and defeated Pyrrhus at Asculum.-IV. Servius Sulpitius Galba. (Vid. Galba II. and III)-V. Caius Sulpitius Gallus. (Vid. Gallus I.)-VI. Publius Sulpitius, a tribune of the commons in 122 B.C., and a person of most turbulent character. As a partisan of Marius, he brought forward a law to deprive Sylla of the charge of the war against Mithradates, and to vest it in Marius. He also proposed another law respecting the Italian allies. (Vid. Sulpitia Lex III.) While these matters were pending, he paraded the streets, surrounded by armed bands, and a set of ruffians whom he called his anti-senate: the Italians also streamed in extraordinary numbers to the city, to await the passage of the law in which they were interested. On their first insertion into the register of citizens, eight new tribes had been created for them, whose suffrages were only then demanded when the old five-and-thirty gave no decision. Sulpitius now proposed by his law to distribute them throughout all the tribes. Rome became thereupon a scene of confusion and riot; both parties, the old citizens and the Italians, fought with sticks and clubs in the streets and forum; and the law was near being passed by force, when Sylla, who remained at Rome, came to the aid of the senatorial party. The senate was assembled in the temple of Castor, and regularly besieged by the people because it had caused to be announced the measure usual in extreme confusion of an interruption of all public business. In the tumult that arose, Sylla's Travellers who have visited Sunium inform us that son-in-law was slain; his colleague escaped the this edifice was originally decorated with six columns hands of the mob with difficulty; and Sylla himself, in front, and probably thirteen on each side. Spohn reto save his life, was compelled to take off the restric- ports, that in his time nineteen columns were still tion upon public business merely to be let out of the standing. The whole edifice was of white marble, city. He betook himself to his army, while Sulpitius and of the most perfect architecture. According to carried his law, and the appointment also of Marius in Hobhouse (vl. 1, p. 342, Am. ed.), nine columns, Sylla's stead, as commander-in-chief against Mithra- without their entablatures, front the sea, in a line from dates. Sylla now marched upon Rome, and the city west-northwest to east-southeast; three are standwas stormed like a hostile town. Sulpitius the trib-ing on the side towards the land, on the north; and une perished, a price having been set upon his head, two, with a pilaster, next to the corner one of the and Marius himself narrowly escaped being taken.-northern columns, towards the sea on the east; and SUNIUM, a celebrated promontory of Attica, forming the extreme point of that province towards the south. Near the promontory stood the town of the same name, with a harbour. (Pausan., 1, 1.) Sunium was held especially sacred to Minerva as early as the time of Homer (Od., 3, 278), and here the goddess had a beautiful temple, whence her appellation of Sunias. The promontory of Sunium is frequently mentioned in Grecian history. Herodotus, in one place (4, 99), calls it the Suniac angle (Tov yovvov Tov Zovviaкóv). Thucydides reports that it was fortified by the Athenians after the Sicilian expedition, to protect their vessels which conveyed corn from Euboea, and were, consequently, obliged to double the promontory (8, 4). there is a solitary on on the southeastern side. This last has obtained for the promontory the name of Cape Colonni, or the Cape of the Column. The whiteness of the marble has been preserved probably by the seavapour, in the same manner as Trajan's triumphal arch at Ancona. The rock on which the columns stand is precipitous, but not inaccessible, nor very high. It bears, according to Hobhouse, a strong resemblance to the picture in Falconer's "Shipwreck;" but the view given in Anacharsis places the temple just in the wrong position. Sunium was considered by the Athenians an important post, and as much a town as the Piræus, but could not have been very large, according to Hobhouse, who is of opinion that, when Euripides styles it the rich rock of Sunium in his Cyclops, he alludes to the wealth of the temple, not the fertility of the soil. The same writer justly considers the assertion of Pausanias to be unworthy of belief, when he states that the spear and the crest of the statue of Minerva in the Acropolis might be seen from Sunium, a straight line of nearly 30 miles. -Sir W. Gell observes that "nothing can exceed the beauty of this spot, commanding from a portico of white marble, erected in the happiest period of Grecian art, and elevated 300 feet above the sea, a prospect of the Gulf of Ægina on one side, and the Ægean on the other." (Itin., p. 82.) Dodwell states that "the temple is supported on its northern side by a regularly constructed terrace wall, of which seventeen layers of stone still remain. The fallen columns are scattered about below the temple, to which they form the richest foreground. The walls of the tower, of which there are a few remains, may be traced nearly down to the port on the southern side; the greater part of the opposite side, upon the edge of the precipice, was undefended, except by the natural strength of the place and the steepness of the rock; the walls were fortified with square towers." (Tour, vol. 1, p. 540.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 377.) SUPERUM MARE, a name of the Adriatic Sea, as situate above Italy. The name of Mare Inferum was applied for the opposite reason to the sea below Italy. SURENA, a powerful officer under Orodes, king of Parthia, and who had aided in raising that monarch to the throne. He distinguished himself at the storming of Seleucia, and was afterward appointed commander of the Parthian forces against Crassus, whom he overthrew in the memorable victory at Charræ, and afterward entrapped and put to death. Surena himself was not long after put to death by Orodes. (Plut., Vit. Crass.) nervæ. SURRENTUM, a city of Campania, on the lower shore of the Sinus Crater, and near the Promontorium MiThe place is reported to have been of very ancient date, and was said to have derived its name from the Sirens, who, as poets sung, in days of yore made this coast their favourite haunt, and had a temple consecrated to them here. (Strab., 247.) Surrentum appears to have become a Roman colony in the reign of Augustus. The wine of the Surrentine hills was held in great estimation by the ancients. (Ovid, Met., 15, 709.-Martial, 13, 110.-Stat., Sylv., 3, 5.) Pliny, however, relates that Tiberius used to say of this wine, that physicians had agreed to give it a name, but that, in reality, it was only a better sort of vinegar. (Plin., 14, 16.) The modern name of Surrentum is Sorrento, and it is celebrated as the birthplace of Tasso, and admired for the exquisite beauty of its scenery and the salubrity of its climate. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 183.) SUSA (-orum), a celebrated city of Susiana in Persis, on the east side of the Eulæus or Choaspes. (Herod., 5, 52.) The founder, according to Herodotus, was Darius; whereas Strabo gives, from Grecian traditions, the name of Tithonus, the father of Memnon; and Memnon himself is said to have built the palace at Susa, afterward called Memnonium or Mem nonia. Susa itself is sometimes called Memnonia. (Vid. Memnon I.) Susa was 120 stadia in circumference; according to Polyclitus 200 stadia; and the account of the last-mentioned writer, which Strabo quotes, that the city had no walls, deserves full credit, since, in all the movements of Alexander and his successors in this quarter, it is constantly represented as an unfortified city. (Strabo, 727.) When, therefore, mention is made in other writers of walls, we must refer what is said to the citadel merely. This citadel was termed Memnonium, and is represented as a place of great strength. Alexander found great treasures here. (Strabo, 731.) We are informed by Strabo that Susa or Susan meant in Persian "a lily," and that the city was so called from the abundance of these flowers that grew in the vicinity. Perhaps the appellation may have had somewhat more of an Oriental meaning, and have denoted the lily (i. e., the fairest) among cities. Great difficulty exists in relation to the site of this ancient place. Mannert declares for Toster or Schoschter, and not for the more northwestern Sus; but consult the remarks of Williams (Geography of Ancient Asia, p. 12, seqq.). It was customary with the kings of Persia to spend the summer in the cool, mountainous country of Ecbatana, and the winter at Susa, the climate being warmer there than elsewhere. SUSARION, a Greek poet of Megara, who is supposed by some to have been the inventor of comedy, on the authority of the Arundel marble. If the marble, however, be correct, by the term koodia, as applied to him, we can understand nothing beyond a kind of rough, extemporal farce, performed by the chorus, into which Susarion might have improved the Phallic song. His date may be inferred to be about 562 B.C. (Theatre of the Greeks, 3d ed., p. 70, in notis.-Compare the remarks of Bentley, Dissertation on Phularis, vol. 1, p. 249, seqq., ed. Dyce.) SUSIANA or SUSis, a province of Persia, to the east of Babylonia proper. It was a large level tract, shut in by lofty mountains on all sides but the south, and was hence exposed to the hot winds from this quarter, while the cool winds from the north were kept off by the mountains. Hence Susiana was selected as the winter residence of the Persian king, but suffered much from heat in summer. The chief rivers were the Uleus and Tigris, and, on the confines of Persis, the Oroatis. The modern name of Susiana is Chusistan. The ancient capital was Susa, whence the appellation of Susiana was derived. (Vid. Susa.) SUSIDA PYLE, narrow passes over mountains from Susiana into Persia. (Curt., 5, 3, 17.-Consult Schmieder, ad loc., and Diod Sic., 17, 68.) SUTHUL, a town of Numidia, of which mention is made only in Sallust (Bell. Jug., 37) and Priscian (5, 2; vol. 1, p. 173, ed. Krehl). Barbie du Bocage suspects that this town is the same with that called Sufetala (now Sbaitla) in the Itin. Ant. The name Suthul is said by some to signify "the town of eagles," but with what authority it is hard to say. Gesenius more correctly deduces its meaning from the Hebrew, and makes it equivalent to "plantatio," 1. e., settlement or colony. (Gesen, Phœn. Mon., p. 427.) SUTRIUM, a city of Etruria, about eight miles to the west of Nepete, and in a northeastern direction from Cære. It was a city of some note, and was consid. ered by the Romans as an important acquisition in furtherance of their designs against Etruria. Having been surprised by the latter power, it fell into their hands, but was almost immediately recovered by Camillus. (Liv., 6, 3.) Sutrium was colonized by the Romans, as Velleius Paterculus reports, seven years after Rome had been taken by the Gauls (1, 14). It is now Sutri. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 234.) SYAGRUS, an early Greek poet, who, according to Elian (V. H., 14, 21), lived after Orpheus and Mu sæus, and was the first that sang of the Trojan war. Diogenes Laertius writes the name Sagaris, and makes him to have been the contemporary and rival of Homer. (Diog. Laert., 2, 46.) : 3.) But this prosperity and excess of luxury were SYBARIS, I. a river of Lucania, running by the city of the same name, and falling into the Sinus Tarentinus. It is now the Cochile. Its waters were said to render horses shy. (Strab., 263.—Elian, H. N., 2, 36.)-II. A celebrated city of Lucania, on the Sinus Tarentinus, and near the confines of Bruttium. It was situate between the rivers Sybaris and Crathis, and is said to have been founded by the people of Trosene, not long after the siege of Troy. (Aristot, Polit., 5, 3.-Solin., 8.) But these were subsequently joined by a more numerous colony of Achæans, under the conduct of Iseliceus (Strab., 263), about 720 B.C. (Euseb., Chron., 2.) The rise and progress of this celebrated republic must have been wonderfully rapid. We are told that it held dominion over four different people and twenty-five towns; and that the city extended fifty stadia, or upward of six miles, along the Crathis. But the number of its inhabitants capable of bearing arms, which are computed at 300,000 by several ancient writers, and which are said to have been actually brought into the field, is so prodigious as to raise considerable doubts as to the accuracy of these statements. The accounts which we have of their luxury and opulence are not less extraordinary to such a degree, indeed, did they indulge their taste for pleasure, that a Sybarite and a voluptuary became synonymous terms. Athenæus, in particular, dwells on their inordinate sensuality and excessive refinement. His details are chiefly drawn from Timæus, Phylarchus, and Aristotle. Among other particulars which he gives, upon the authority of these Greek writers, are the following. It was forbidden by law to exercise in the city any trade or craft, the practice of which was attended with noise, lest the sleep of its inhabitants SYENE, now Assuan, a town of Thebaïs, on the exmight be disturbed; and, for the same reason, an edict tremities of Egypt. Juvenal, the poet, was banished was enforced against the breeding of cocks. On the there on pretence of commanding a legion stationed in other hand, great encouragement was held out to all the neighbourhood. It is famous for being the place who should discover any new refinement in luxury, where the first attempt was made to ascertain the measthe profits arising from which were secured to the in-ure of the circumference of the earth by Eratosthenes. ventor by patent for the space of a year. Fishermen In this town, according to Strabo, a well was sunk, and dyers of purple were specially exempted from the which marked the summer solstice, and the day was payment of taxes and duties. A crown of gold was known when the style of the sundial cast no shade at awarded to those who distinguished themselves by noon; at that instant the vertical sun darted his rays the sumptuousness of their entertainments, and their to the bottom of the well. The observations of the names were proclaimed by heralds, at the solemn festi- French astronomers place Assuan in 24° 5′ 23′′ of vals, as public benefactors. To these banquets their north latitude. If this was formerly situated under the women were also invited, and invitations were sent tropic, the position of the earth must be a little alterthem a year in advance, that they might have suf- ed, and the obliquity of the ecliptic diminished. But ficient time to provide themselves with dresses suita- we should be aware of the vagueness of observations ble to the occasion. These were of the most costly made by the ancients, which have conferred so much description, generally purple or saffron-coloured, and celebrity on these places. The phenomenon of the of the finest Milesian wool. Dionysius of Syracuse, extinction of the shadow, whether within a deep pit or having become possessed of one of these robes, which round a perpendicular gnomon, is not confined to one was esteemed a singular rarity from its peculiar mag- exact mathematical position of the sun, but is common nificence, sold it to the Carthaginians for 120 talents, to a certain extent of altitude, corresponding to the visiupward of 20,000l. When they retired to their vil- ble diameter of that luminary, which is more than half las, the roads were covered with an awning, and the a degree. It would be sufficient, therefore, that the journey, which might easily have been accomplished northern margin of the sun's disk should reach the zenin one day, was the work of three. Their cellars were ith of Syene on the day of the summer solstice, to abolgenerally constructed near the seaside, whither the ish all lateral shadow of a perpendicular object. Now, wine was conveyed from the country by means of in the second century, the obliquity of the ecliptic, pipes. The Sybarites were also said to have invent-reckoned from the observations of Hipparchus, was ed vapour baths. -History has recorded the name of one individual, famed beyond all his countrymen for his effeminacy and sensuality. Smindrydes, the son of Hippocrates, is stated by Herodotus to have been by far the most luxurious man that ever lived (6, 127). It is reported, that when he went to Sicyon as suiter to the daughter of Clisthenes, tyrant of that city, he was accompanied by a train of a thousand cooks and fowlers, and that he far surpassed that prince and all his court in magnificence and splendour. (Athen., 12, 23° 49′ 25′′. If we add the semidiameter of the sun, which is 15' 57", we find for the northern margin 24° 5′ 22", which is within a second of the actual latitude of Syene. At present, when the obliquity of the ecliptic is 23° 28′, the northern limb of the sun comes no nearer the latitude of Syene than 21' 3", yet the shadow is scarcely perceptible. We have, therefore, no imperious reason for admitting a greater diminution in the obliquity of the ecliptic than that which is shown by real astronomical observation of the most authentic and exact kind. That of the well of Syene is not among | ædile; and he is said to have exhibited on the occathe number of these last, and can give us no assistance sion no fewer than a hundred lions; the first time, it in ascertaining the position of the tropic thirty centu- is said, that the male lion was ever brought forward in ries ago, as some respectable men of science seem to the sports of the circus. (Plin., 8, 16.) On the exhave believed. Nature presents a peculiar spectacle piration of the prætorship he obtained the province of around Syene. Here are the terraces of reddish gran- Cilicia, and was commissioned to replace on the throne ite of a particular character, hence called Syenite; a Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia, who had been lateterm applied to those rocks which differ from granite ly expelled by Mithradates. (Plut., Vit. Syll., c. 5. in containing particles of hornblende. These mighty-Liv., Epit., 70.) This he easily effected; for Mithterraces, shaped into peaks, cross the bed of the Nile, radates was not yet prepared to encounter the power and over them the river rolls majestically its impetu- of Rome; and it is farther mentioned as a memorable ous and foaming waves. Here are the quarries from circumstance in the life of Sylla, that while he was yet which the obelisks and colossal statues of the Egyp-in Cappadocia, he received the first communication tian temples were dug. An obelisk, partially formed and still remaining attached to the native rock, bears testimony to the laborious and patient efforts of human art. (Malte-Brun, vol. 4, p. 89, seqq., Am. ed.) SVENNESIS, a satrap, or, rather, tributary monarch of Cilicia, when Cyrus the Younger made war upon his brother Artaxerxes. The name Syennesis appears, in fact, to have been a common appellation for the native princes of this country. (Consult Bähr, ad Herod., 1, 64.— Krüger, ad Xen., Anab., 1, 2, 12. — Stanl., ad Esch., Pers., 326.) ever made to any Roman officer by the sovereign of Parthia. Arsaces, king of that country, perceiving that the Romans extended their influence into his neighbourhood, sent an embassy to Sylla to solicit their alliance. In the interview between the Roman prætor and the Parthian ambassador, Sylla claimed the precedence in rank with the usual arrogance of his countrymen; and by this behaviour, in all probability, left no very friendly feeling in the mind of Arsaces; and rather encouraged than lessened that jealousy of the Roman power, which the Parthians in the sequel SYLLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS, was born at Rome were often enabled to manifest with more success than A.U.C. 616, B.C. 138, in the consulship of M. Æmilius any other nation since the time of Hannibal. On SylLepidus and C. Hostilius Mancinus, four years before la's return to Rome, he was threatened with a prosethe death of Tiberius Gracchus. Sylla was a patrician cution on account of corrupt proceedings in his provby birth; his father, however, did nothing to promote ince; but the matter was never brought to a trial. either the honour or the wealth of his family, and his Soon after this the Social War broke out, in which son was born with no very flattering prospects either Sylla served as lieutenant under the consul Lucius Joof rank or fortune. We know not by whom his edu- lius Cæsar; and during this same contest the name of cation was superintended; but he acquired, either Marius is hardly mentioned, whereas the services of from his instructers, or by his own exertions in after Sylla were of the most eminent kind. Towards the life, an unusual portion of knowledge; and he had the close of this war, B. C. 88, Sylla went to Rome to character of being very profoundly versed in the liter- stand candidate for the consulship; and the prospect ature of both his own country and Greece. (Sallust, of his attaining to that dignity was most galling to the Bell. Jug., 95.) But intellectual superiority affords jealousy of Marius, especially as a war with Mithrano security for the moral principles of its possessor; dates now appeared certain; and, if a general of Sylla's and Sylla, from his earliest youth, was notorious for reputation filled the office of consul, his claims to the gross sensuality, and for his keen enjoyment of low command of the army employed in the contest would and profligate society. He is said to have merely oc- prevail over all others. Sylla's application for the concupied lodgings at Rome, and to have lived in a way sulship was a successful one, and Q. Pompeius was which seems to have been reckoned disgraceful to a chosen as his colleague. Information soon after was man of patrician family, and to have incurred great in- received that Mithradates had attacked and overrun digence. For his first advancement in life he was in- the Roman dominions in Asia Minor, and war was debted to the fondness of a prostitute, who had ac- therefore declared against him at Rome; whereupon quired a large sum of money, and left it all to him by Asia and Italy being named as the province of the conher will; and he also inherited the property of his suls, the latter fell to the lot of Q. Pompeius, and the mother-in-law, who regarded him as her own son. Syl- former to that of Sylla. But the turbulent tribune la was chosen one of the quæstors A.U.C. 646, and Publius Sulpitius, the devoted partisan of Marius, was joined the army of Marius, who was then in his first determined that this arrangement should not be carried consulship, and carrying on the war against Jugurtha into effect. The army which Sylla was to command in Africa. Here his services were of great impor- was at this time employed near Nola, as that city, tance, since it was to him that Jugurtha was at last sur- which had revolted in the Social War, still refused to rendered by Bocchus, king of Mauritania. This latter submit to the Romans; but he himself remained in circumstance excited, as is said, the jealousy of Ma- the city with his colleague, endeavouring to baffle the rius; but Sylla nevertheless served under him as one project of Sulpitius by proclaiming frequent holydays, of his lieutenants in the war with the Cimbri, where and ordering, consequently, a suspension of public bu he again greatly distinguished himself. Finding, how-siness. A violent tumult in consequence ensued; ever, the ill will of his general daily increasing, he left Sylla, finding himself in the power of his enemies, was him, and served in the army of Lutatius Catulus; the compelled to yield, and immediately thereafter left colleague of Marius: and in this situation, being Rome for his army, and Sulpitius soon caused a law charged with the duty of supplying the soldiers with to be passed depriving Sylla of the command against provisions, he performed it so well, that the army of Mithradates, and vesting it in Marius. Two military Catulus was in the midst of abundance, while that of tribunes were sent to announce this change to Sylla Marius was labouring under severe privations. This The army of the latter, however, were as indignani still farther inflamed the animosity with which Marius as himself at this new arrangement. The two mil already regarded him. For some years after this pe-itary tribunes were murdered, and the whole force. riod Sylla seems to have lived in the mere enjoyment of his favourite pleasures of intellectual and sensual excitement. At length, A.U.C. 657, he became a candidate for the office of prætor, but without success. In the following year, however, he was more fortunate, having been elected to this same magistracy without the previous step of going through the office of consisting of six legions, broke up from its quarters, and began to march upon Rome. The city was assaulted and taken; Sulpitius, being betrayed by one of his slaves, was put to death by Sylla's orders, and his head exposed on the rostra; while Marius, after a series of romantic adventures, escaped to Afri ca. Sylla having thus crushed the opposite faction deliberate, and systematic course of retribution. All who had either taken part directly with Marius, or who were suspected of attachment to the democratic party, were put to death without mercy, and, what was almost more terrible, apparently without wrath. Sylla even produced publicly a list of those he had doomed to death, and offered a reward for the heads of each. He thus set the example of proscription, which was afterward so fatally imitated in the various convulsions of the state. His next step was to depopulate entirely several of those Italian states which had joined the Marian faction, and to parcel out the lands among his own veteran troops, whom he thus at once rewarded and disbanded in the only manner like proscribed Marius, his son, and his chief adherents, re-established the power of the senate, and appointed his friend Octavius and his enemy Cinna to the consulship, set out against Mithradates. The relief of Greece was the first object of Sylla; and this he accomplished after taking Athens by storm, and defeating the armies of Mithradates in two great battles. Weakened and dispirited by these reverses, the King of Pontus readily concluded a treaty with the Roman general, who, on his part, was equally desirous of a peace, that he might return to Rome, where the Marian faction had regained the ascendancy. Sylla had probably expected to produce a comparative equilibrium at Rome by the appointment to the consulship of one from each of the contending factions.y to reconcile them to peaceful habits. Having thus Here, however, his policy failed, probably from being satisfied his revenge, his next care was to reform and too refined, or from his not taking into consideration reconstruct the constitution and government of the the new element which had been introduced by the state, shattered to pieces by long and fierce intestine admission of the Italian states to the citizenship. He convulsions. He caused himself to be appointed dichad, in a great measure, exterminated the democratic tator for an unlimited time. He restrained the influparty in Rome itself, and restored the power of the ence of the tribunes by abolishing their legislative senate; but Cinna perceived the means of raising a privileges, reformed and regulated the magistracy, powerful body of new adherents, by proposing to limited the authority of governors of provinces, enact throw open all the tribes to the Italian states, which ed police regulations for the maintenance of public would have given them a preponderance in every pop- tranquillity, deprived several of the Italian states of ular assembly. This the other consul, Octavius, op- their right of citizenship, and, having supplied the due posed; and Cinna was compelled to withdraw to the number of the senate by additions from the equestrian country, where he soon mustered a powerful army of order, he restored to it the possession of the judicathe disaffected allies. Marius, who had fled to Africa, tive order. Having at length completed his career as being informed of the turn which affairs had taken at a political reformer, Sylla voluntarily resigned his dicRome, conceived hopes of recovering his power, and tatorship, which he had held for nearly three years, immediately returned to Italy, joined Cinna, and, at declared himself ready to answer any accusation that the head of an immense horde of robbers and semi- could be made against him during his administration, barbarians, the very dregs of the populace of all Italy, walked unmolested in the streets as a private person, who flocked to his standard from all quarters, advan- and then withdrew to his villa near Cuma, where he ced against the city. At his approach Rome was amused himself with hunting and other rural recreathrown into consternation; and there not being any tions. Whether his retirement might have remained forces sufficient to oppose him, the senate offered to long undisturbed by the relatives of his numerous viccapitulate, on condition that the lives of the opposite tims cannot be known, as he died in the year after party should be spared. During the progress of these his abdication of power, leaving, by his own direction, negotiations, Marius entered the city at the head of the following characteristic inscription to be engraved his armed and barbarous adherents, secured the gates on his tomb: "Here lies Sylla, who was never outthat none might escape, and gave the signal for done in good offices by his friend, nor in acts of hosslaughter. On rushed his barbarians like wolves, tility by his enemy." "The civil wars between Marius sparing neither age nor sex, while Marius gazed on and Sylla may be considered even more worthy the the horrid scene with grim and savage delight. Du- careful study of the historian than those of Cæsar and ring five days and five nights the hideous massacre Pompey, for a right understanding of the circumstanwas continued with relentless ferocity, while the streets ces which led to the destruction of Roman liberty, as were deluged with blood, and the heads of the mur- the latter but concluded what the former had begun. dered victims were exhibited in the forum, or laid be- Indeed, the strife between Marius and Sylla was itself fore the monster himself for his peculiar gratification. the natural sequel of that contest between the aristoAt length Cinna grew sick of the protracted butchery; cratic and democratic factions, if they ought not rathbut the barbarians of Marius could not be restrained er to be termed the factions of wealth and poverty, till they were themselves surrounded and cut to pieces which gave rise to the sedition of the Gracchi, and by Cinna's soldiers. Having gratified his revenge by which, being conducted on both sides with no spirit this bloody butchery, Marius nominated himself consul of mutual concession, none of mutual regard for pubfor the seventh time, and chose Cinna to be his col- lic welfare, deepened into the most bitter and rancorleague. This he did without the formalities of a pub- ous animosity, such as could end in nothing but mulic assembly, as if to consummate his triumph over tual destruction. Of the worst spirit of democracy, the liberties of his country, thus trampled upon by an we see in Marius what may be called a personification; act at once of violation and of insult. But a short time fierce, turbulent, sanguinary, relentless; brave to exdid he enjoy his triumph and revenge. In the sevencess, but savagely ferocious; full of wily stratagems teenth day of his seventh consulate, and in the sev- in order to gain his object, then dashing from him eventieth year of his age, he expired, leaving behind him ery hard-won advantage by his reckless brutality. On the character of having been one of the most suc- the other hand, the aristocratic spirit had its representcessful generals and most pernicious citizens of Rome. ative in Sylla; haughty, cautious, and determined, Sylla, having concluded a treaty with Mithradates, re- forming his schemes with deep forethought, prosecuturned at the head of his victorious army, prepared ting them with deliberate perseverance, and abandonand determined to inflict the most signal and ample ing them with cold contempt when his object was acvengeance upon the Marian faction, whom he deemed complished. He held his dictatorial sway till he had equally foes to himself and to the republic. Before satiated his revenge, and re-established, as he thought, his arrival in Italy, Cinna had been killed in a mutiny the government on an aristocratical basis; then scornof his own troops; and none of the other leaders pos- fully laid aside his power, and yielded himself up to sessed talent and influence enough to make, head voluptuous indulgence. By these means it was made against him. After a short but severe struggle, Sylla clearly evident that Rome no longer possessed suffiprevailed, and immediately commenced his dreadful, cient public or private virtue to maintain her republican |