SICANIA, an ancient name of Sicily. (Vid. Sicilia.) | from it and pursues a southern direction, and out of SICCA VENEREA, a city of Numidia, on the banks this Etna rears its lofty head. From the same Monof the river Bagradas, and at some distance from the tes Nebrodes another chain runs through the middle coast. We are first made acquainted with the exist- of the island, called Montes Heræi ('Hpała opŋ), and ance of this place in the history of the Jugurthine dividing at one time the territories of the Siculi from war. (Sall., Bell. Jug., 3, 56.) Pliny styles it a those of the Sicani. (Diod. Sic., 4, 84.)-Sicily has colony (5, 3); and, though no other writer gives it this no large rivers; the moderate extent of the island, title, yet, from the way in which it is represented on and the mountainous character of the country, prethe Peutinger table, as well as from Ptolemy's having venting this. The only considerable streams are the selected it for one of his places of astronomical cal- Symathus and the Himera. The former of these reculation, we see plainly that it must have been an im-ceives most of the small rivers that flow from the portant city. It received the appellation of Venerea eastern side of the Heraan Mountains: the Himera from a temple of Venus which it contained, and also is swelled by numerous smaller streams in its where, in accordance with a well-known Oriental cus- course through the island.—A country like Sicily, lytom, the young maidens of the place were accustomed ing between the 36th and 38th parallels of latitude, to prostitute their persons, and thus obtain a dowry for and, consequently, belonging to the southernmost remarriage. (Val. Max., 2, 6.) Bochart and De Bros-gions of Europe, and which is well supplied with ses derive the name of Sicca from the Punic Succoth streams of water from its numerous mountain chains, Benoth ("tabernacula puellarum"), and make Benoth must, of course, be a fertile one. Such, indeed, was ("puella") the origin of the name Venus among the the character of the island throughout all antiquity; Romans.-Shaw regarded the modern Kaff as near and the Romans, while they regarded it as one of the the site of the ancient city, having found an inscrip- granaries of the capital, placed it, in point of producttion there with the Ordo Siccensium on it. But Man-iveness, by the side of Italy itself, or rather regarded nert thinks the stone was brought to Kaff from some other quarter, a circumstance by no means uncommon in these parts. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 322, seqq.) SICHÆUS. Vid. Acerbas. it as a portion of that country. The staple of Sicily was its excellent wheat. The Romans found it growing wild in the extensive fields of Leontini, and, when cultivated, it yielded a hundred fold: that which grew in the plains of Enna was regarded as decidedly SICILIA, the largest, most fruitful, and populous isl- the best. It was natural enough, therefore, in the and of the Mediterranean, lying to the south of Italy, early inhabitants of the island to regard it as the pafrom which it is separated by the Fretum Siculum, rent-country of grain; and they had a deity among the strait or faro of Messina, which, in the narrowest them whom they considered as the patroness of fertility, part, is only two miles wide. Its short distance from and the discoverer of agriculture to man. In this godthe mainland of Italy gave rise to an hypothesis, dess the Greeks recognised their Ceres, and they made among the ancient writers, that it once formed part Minerva, Diana, and Proserpina to have spent their of that country, and was separated from it by a pow-youth here, and the last mentioned of the three to have erful flood. (Compare the authorities cited by Clu- been carried off by Pluto from the rich fields of Enna. ver, Sicil., 1, 1.) This theory, however, is a very-It has been already remarked, that the Romans reimprobable one, the more particularly as the point where the mountains commence on the island by no means corresponds with the termination of the chain of the Apennines at the promontory of Leucopetra, now Capo dell' armi, but is many miles to the north. It is more natural to suppose, therefore, that, in the first formation of our globe, the waters, finding a hollow here, poured themselves into it.-The island is a three-cornered one, and this shape obtained for it its earliest name among the Grecian mariners, Tpivakía (Trinakia, i. e., “three-cornered"). This name, and, consequently, the acquaintance which the Greeks had with the island, must have been of a very early date, since Homer was already acquainted with the "island Thrinakia" (Opivakiп vñσos-Od., 12, 135), with the herds of Helios that pastured upon it, and places in its vicinity the wonders of Scylla and Charybdis, together with the islands which he terms Plangkte (IIλaуkrai), or the Wanderers." The later Greek writers, and almost all the Latin authors, make a slight alteration in the name, calling it Trinacria, and Pliny (3,8) translates the term in question by Triquetra, a form which frequently appears in the poets. The name Trinacria very probably underwent the change just alluded to, in order to favour its derivation from the Greek Tpeis (three), and ŭkpa (a promontory), in allusion to its three promontories; though, in fact, only one of them, that of Pachynus namely, is deserving of the appellation. Homer's name Õpivakía, on the other hand, or rather that of Tpivakía, is much more appropriate, since the root is dký, "a point."The island of Sicily is indebted for its existence to a chain of mountains, which commences in the vicinity of the Fretum Siculum, runs towards the west, keeping constantly at only a small distance from the northern coast, and terminating on the northwestern coast, near the modern Capo di St. Vito. The name of this range is Montes Nebrodes. A side chain issues garded Sicily as one of their granaries. They obtained country, around the river Sicanus, to the island which, the possession of the island. This was Carthage, and from them, received the name of Sicania. But, on a the first serious demonstration was made when Xerxmore intiinate acquaintance with Iberia, the Greeks es was prosecuting his invasion of Greece. The found no river there of the name of Sicanus; they Carthaginians, who, as Diodorus asserts, were in league therefore conceived it to be identical with the Sicoris, with the Persian monarch, landed with a large army at a tributary of the Iberus. No Ligurians, however, Panormus, and threatened Himera. The pretext for ever settled in Spain, and therefore no Sicani could this movement on the part of Carthage was furnished ever have been driven by them from that country. by a quarrel with Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum; and, The only solution of this difficulty is, that as the Ibe- according to the usual practice of the Carthaginians, rians settled also along the coast of Gaul, the Sicanus the armament had been strengthened from many barwas a river of southern Gaul, which subsequently barous nations, the Tuscan fleet being also joined to it changed its name, and could not afterward be identified. by treaty. But Gelon, monarch of Syracuse, marched But another difficulty presents itself. In what way to the assistance of Theron, leaving the command of did the Sicani, after being thus expelled, reach the isl- his fleet to his brother Hiero; and Hiero defeated and of Sicily? The nearest and readiest route was the Carthaginian and Tuscan fleet, while, about the by sea; but where could these rude children of nature same time, the Carthaginian land force was completehave obtained a fleet? Did they proceed by land? ly broken at Himera by the united armies of Syracuse This path would be, if possible, still more arduous, as and Acragas. It is said by some authors that Gethey would have to cut their way through various lon's victory took place on the same day with the batbranches of their very conquerors, the Ligures, and tle of Salamis. No farther conquest was attempted then encounter many valiant tribes in central and in Sicily by Carthage for many years after, though southern Italy. Virgil seems to have been startled by she still remained in possession of the old Phoenician the difficulties of this hypothesis, since he makes the settlements, and could therefore make a descent on Sicani inhabitants of Latium, or, rather, with the li- the island whenever she might again feel inclined. It cense of a poet, confounds them with the Siculi. (En., was not till after the termination of the contest be7, 795; 8, 342) Other writers, however, whom Di- tween the Athenians and Syracusans, when the latter, odorus Siculus (5, 2) considers most worthy of reli- notwithstanding their success, remained greatly enfeeance, declared themselves against this wandering of bled by the struggle, that Carthage again sought an opthe Sicani, and made them an indigenous race in Sici- portunity of invading the island. This was soon afly. The chief argument in favour of this position was forded by the disputes between Selinus and gesta; deduced from the traditions of the people themselves, the Carthaginians landed at Motya, took Selinus, and who laid claim to the title of Autochthones. (Thu- established themselves over the entire western half of cyd., 6, 2.) This opinion found a warm supporter in Sicily. They would have spread themselves farther, Timæus, as we are informed by Diodorus (5, 6).-To had it not been for the power of Dionysius of Syrathese primitive inhabitants came the Siculi. These cuse; and to this man, with all his tyrannical qualiwere an Italian race from Latium (vid. Siculi), and, ties, the Greeks of Sicily were mainly indebted for previously to their settlement in Sicily, they had es- their deliverance from the yoke of Carthage. He was tablished themselves, for a time, among the Morgetes, often defeated, it is true, but as often found the means in what is now called Calabria. On their crossing of withstanding his opponents anew; until at last it over into the island, the Siculi took possession of the was agreed between the contending parties that the country in the vicinity of Etna. They met with no river Himera should form the limit between the Syropposition at first from the Sicani, for that people had acusan and Grecian territories on the east, and the long before been driven away by an eruption from the Carthaginian dependencies on the west. The peace mountain, and had fled to the western parts of the isl- that ensued was, however, of short duration, and Carand. (Diod., 5, 6.) As the Siculi, however, extend- thage sought every opportunity of advancing her powed themselves to the west, they could not fail eventu-er, afforded by the internal dissensions of the Greeks, ally of coming in contact with the Sicani. Wars ensued, until they regulated by treaty their respective limits. (Diod., 5, 6.) According to Thucydides, however, the Siculi defeated in battle the Sicani, and drove and confined them to the southern and western parts of the island.-Sicily received accessions also to the number of its inhabitants from other sources. 1. The Cretans; these, according to traditions half historical and half mythological, came to this island along with Minos, when in pursuit of Dædalus. After the death of their king, they settled in the territories of Cocalus, a monarch of the Sicani. They subsequently became blended with the Siculi. 2. The Elymi. According to Thucydides, a number of Trojans escaping to Sicily, and settling in the country bordering on the Sicani, they both together obtained the name of Elymi. 3. The Phoenicians, too, formed settlements around the whole of Sicily, taking in the promontories and little islands adjacent. These settlements were not, however, meant as colonies, but only commercial stations. After, however, the Greeks had come over in great numbers, they abandoned the greater part of their settlements, and drew together the rest, occupying Motya, Solois, and Panormus, near the Elymi, both in reliance on their assistance, and because from this part of Sicily was the shortest passage to Carthage. (Thucyd., 6, 2.) An account of the Grecian settlements is given in Thucydides (6, 3), and they had already attained a flourishing maturity before a new power developed itself and entered the lists with them for as often as these occurred. From time to time, it is true, there arose at Syracuse men of eminent abilities, such as a Timoleon and an Agathocles, who kept in check the aspiring power of Carthage; yet it was but too apparent that this power was gaining a decided ascendancy, when the Romans, alarmed at the movements of so powerful a neighbour, were induced to interfere (vid. Messana), and, after a protracted struggle of twenty-four years, succeeded in making themselves masters of the whole of Sicily. (Vid. P nicum Bellum.) It must not be supposed, however, that, during these contests of the Carthaginians with the Greeks in the first instance, and afterward of the former with the Romans, the early inhabitants of the country were merely idle spectators. In what relation the Sicani, in the western part of the island, stood to the Greeks, we have no means of ascertaining. When the Carthaginians appeared there they submitted without a struggle; though at times, as Syracusan leaders penetrated into their territories, they assumed a brief attitude of independence. The situation of the Siculi, in the eastern quarter of the island, was different from this. They acknowledged the sway of Gelon, and also of his two brothers; but when, on the expulsion of the latter of these, intestine dissensions arose in Syracuse, an individual of commanding character among the Siculi, by name Duketius, succeeded in forming a union among the petty states of his countrymen, and placed himself at the head of the confederacy. The effort was, however, only short that he gave great offence subsequently to Appius Claudius, the decemvir, by the freedom of his remarks relative to the incapacity of the Roman leaders who were at that time carrying on war against the enemy; and that Appius, pretending to coincide with him in his views, induced Siccius to go as legatus to the Roman camp near Crustumeria. When the brave man had reached the camp of his countrymen, the generals there prevailed upon him to take the command; and then, upon his objecting to the site of their camp, as being in their own territory, not that of the enemy, they begged him to select a new spot for an encampment. A body of their immediate partisans, to the number of 100 men, were sent with him, on his setting out for this purpose, as a guard for his person, who attacked, and, after a valiant resistance on his part, slew him on the route, in accordance with previous instructions, and then brought back word that he had been slain by the enemy. The falsehood, however, was soon discovered, and the army gave Siccius a splendid burial. (Dion. Hal., 11, 37.) SICORIS, a river of Spain, now the Segre, rising in the Pyrenees, and running into the Iberus, after flowing by the city of Ilerda. It divided the territories of the Ilergetæ from those of the Lacetani. Some writers regard it as the Sicanus of Thucydides. (Cas., B. C.,. 1, 40.-Plin., 3, 3) lived. After some successes he was compelled tonysius of Halicarnassus, who calls him Siccius, states surrender to the Syracusans, who sent him to Corinth in exile. Here, however, he soon raised new forces, returned to Sicily, and, landing on the northern coast, at a point where the Grecian arms had not reached, founded there a city called Calacta. Death frustrated the schemes which he had again formed for the union of the Siculi, and the latter were reduced once more beneath the sway of Syracuse: but they did not long continue in this state of forced obedience. We find them appearing as the enemies of the Syracusans at the time of the Athenian expedition; and also as the allies of the Carthaginians when the latter had begun to establish themselves in the island. Dionysius, however, again reduced them; and Timoleon afterward restored to them their freedom, and they continued for some time subsequently either in the enjoyment of a brief independence, or subject to that power which chanced to have the ascendancy in the island, whether Syracusan or Carthaginian, until the whole of Sicily fell into the hands of the Romans. Under this new power the cities on the coast of the island were seriously injured, both because the Roman policy was not very favourable to commerce, and the conquerors were unwilling that the Greek colonies in Sicily should again become powerful. With some exceptions, however, the Sicilian cities were allowed the enjoyment of their civil rights as far as regarded the form and administration of their gov- SICULI, an ancient nation, who in very early times ernments, and hence the mention so often made by dwelt in Latium and about the Tiber, and, indeed, upon Cicero of a Senatus Populusque in many cities of the the site of Rome itself. All this is confirmed by Latin island. Hence, too, the power they enjoyed of regu- and Enotrian traditions. (Dion. Hal, 1, 9.—Id, 2, lating their own coinage. As, however, collisions 1.-Varro, L. L., 4, 10.-Antiochus, ap. Dion. Hal., arose between this conceded power and the magis-1, 73.) A part of the town of Tibur bore the name trates sent to govern them from Rome, we read of a of Sicelion (Sicelium) in the time of Dionysius (1, commission of ten individuals, at the head of which 16). The arguments of Niebuhr lead to the conclu was the prætor Publius Rutilius, by whom a perma- sion that these Siculi were the Pelasgians of Latium. nent form of government was devised, which the Si- They were eventually driven out by an indigenous cilians ever after regarded as their palladium against race, highlanders of the Apennines, who descended the tyranny of Roman magistrates. At a later pe- upon them from the mountains, and from the basins riod, Julius Cæsar extended to the whole island the of the Nar and Velinus. Moving south after this disJus Latii, and, by the last will of. the dictator, as An- lodgment, they eventually crossed over into Sicily tony pretended, though brought about, in fact, by a then named Sicania, and gave its new and latest aplarge sum of money paid to the latter, all the inhabi- pellation to that island. (Vid. Sicilia, and Roma.— tants of Sicily were admitted to the rights of Roman Malden's History of Rome, p. 109.) citizens. (Cic., Ep. ad Att., 14, 12.) It would seem, however, to have been a personal privilege, and not to have extended to their lands, since we find Augustus establishing in the island the five Roman colonies of Messana, Tauromenium, Catana, Syracuse, and Thermæ. (Plin., 1, 38.-Dio Cass., 54, 7.) Strabo names also as a Roman colony the city of Panormus. (Strabo, 272.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 235, seqq.) -The Romans remained in possession of Sicily until Genseric, king of the Vandals, conquered it in the fifth century of our era. Belisarius, Justinian's general, drove out the Vandals, A.D. 535, and it remained in the hands of the Greek emperors nearly three centuries, when it was taken by the Saracens, A.D. 827. The Normans, who ruled in Naples, conquered Sicily A.D. 1072, and received it from the pope as a papal fief. Roger, a powerful Norman prince, took the title of King of Sicily in 1102, and united the island with the kingdom of Naples, under the name of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies. SICINIUS. DENTATUS L., a tribune of Rome, celebrated for his valour, and the honours he obtained in the field of battle during the period of 40 years, in which he was engaged in the Roman armies. He was present in 120 battles; obtained 14 civic crowns; 3 mural crowns; 8 crowns of gold; 180 gold chains (torques); 160 bracelets (armilla); 18 spears (haste pura); 25 sets of horse-trappings; and all as the reward of his extraordinary valour and services. He could show the scars of 40 wounds which he had received, all in the breast. (Val. Max., 3, 2, 24.) Dio SICULUM FRETUM, the straits that separated ancient Italy from Sicily; now the Straits of Messina, or Faro di Messina. The name was applied in strict ness to that part of the strait which lay between the Columna Rhegina on the Italian side, and a similar column or tower on the promontory of Pelorum. Tho Columna Rhegina marked the termination of the consular road leading to the south of Italy. The most prevalent and the best grounded opinion seems to be that which identifies this spot with the modern la Catona. The Sicilian strait was generally supposed by the ancients to have been formed by a sudden disruption of the island from the mainland. But consult remarks at the commencement of the article Sicilia. (Mela, 2, 4.-Plin., 3, 5.—Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 427.) SICYON, a city of Greece, in the territory of Sicyonia, northwest of Corinth. Few cities of Greece could boast of so high antiquity, since it already existed under the names of Egialea and Mecone long before the arrival of Pelops in the peninsula. (Strabo, 382. Pausan., 2, 6. Hesiod, Theog., 537.) Homer represents Sicyon as forming part of the kingdom of Mycena, with the whole of Achaia. (Ib., 2, 572.) Pausanias and other genealogists have handed down to us a long list of the kings of Sicyon, from Ægialus, its founder, to the conquest of the city by the Dorians and Heraclidæ, from which period it became subject to Argos. (Pausan., 2, 6.-Euseb., Chron.-Clem. Alex, Strom, 1, 321.) Its population was then divided into four tribes, named Hyllus, Pamphyli, Dy rious calamities, but especially from an earthquake, which nearly reduced it to desolation. The ruins of this once great and flourishing city are still to be seen near the small village of Basilico. Dr. Clarke informs us that these remains of ancient magnificence are still considerable, and in some instances exist in such a state of preservation, that it is evident the buildings of the city must either have survived the earthquake to which Pausanias alludes, or have been constructed at some later period. In this number is the theatre, which that traveller considers as the finest and most perfect structure of the kind in all Greece. (Clarke's Travels, vol. 6, p. 553, Lond. ed.) Sir W. Gell reports, that “" Basilico is a village of fifty houses, situated in the angle of a little rocky ascent, along which ran the walls of Sicyon. This city was in shape trianplain, about an hour from the sea, where is a great tumulus on the shore. On the highest angle of Sicyon was the citadel." (Itin. of the Morca, p. 15. — Dodwell, Tour, vol. 2, p. 294.- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 46, seqq.)-Sicyonian almonds are mentioned by Athenæus (8, p. 349, c.), and are supposed to have been of a softer shell than ordinary. (Casaub., ad loc.) We read also of the Sicyonian shoes (Zuv¬ úvia), which were very celebrated, and were worn by the luxurious and effeminate in other countries. (Athenaus, 4, p. 155, c.) -- SICYONIA, the territory of Sicyon, on the Sinus Corinthiacus, west of Corinthia, and separated from it by the small river Nemea. (Strabo, 382.-Vid. Sicyon.) mantæ, and Egialus, a classification introduced by the Dorians, and adopted, as we learn from Herodotus (5, 68), by the Argives. How long a connexion subsisted between the two states we are not informed; but it appears that when Clisthenes became tyrant of Sicyon, they were independent of each other, since Herodotus relates that, while at war with Argos, he changed the names of the Sicyonian tribes, which were Dorian, that they might not be the same as those of the adverse city; and in order to ridicule the Sicyonians, the historian adds that he named them afresh, after such animals as pigs and asses; sixty years after his death the former appellations were, however, restored. Sicyon continued under the dominion of tyrants for the space of one hundred years; such being the mildness of their rule, and their observance of the existing laws, that the people gladly beheld the crown thus transmit-gular, and placed upon a high flat, overlooking the ted from one generation to another. (Aristot., Polit., 5, 12.-Strab., 382.) It appears, however, from Thucydides, that, at the time of the Peloponnesian war, it had been changed to an aristocracy. In that contest, the Sicyonians, from their Dorian origin, naturally espoused the cause of Sparta, and the maritime situation of their country not unfrequently exposed it to the ravages of the naval force of Athens. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 4, 4, 7.) After the battle of Leuctra, we learn from Xenophon that Sicyon once more became subject to a despotic government, of which Euphron, one of its principal citizens, had placed himself at the head, with the assistance of the Argives and Arcadians. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 7, 1, 32.) His reign, however, was not of long duration, he being waylaid at Thebes, whither he went to conciliate the favour of that power, by a party of Sicyonian exiles, and murdered in the very citadel. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 7, 3, 4.) -On the death of Alexander the Great, Sicyon fell into the hands of Alexander, son of Polysperchon; but, on his being assassinated, a tumult ensued, in which the inhabitants of the city attempted to regain their liberty. Such, however, was the courage and firmness displayed by Cratesipolis, his wife, that they were finally overpowered. Not long after this event, Demetrius Poliorcetes made himself master of Sicyon, and, having persuaded the inhabitants to retire to the acropolis, he levelled to the ground all the lower part of the city which connected the citadel with the port. A new tower was then built, to which the name of Demetrius was given. This, as Strabo reports, was placed on a fortified hill dedicated to Ceres, and distant about 12 or 20 stadia from the sea. (Strab., 382. -Compare Pausan., 2, 7.) The change which was thus effected in the situation of this city does not appear to have produced any alteration in the character and political sentiments of the people. For many years after they still continued to be governed by a succession of tyrants, until Aratus united it to the Achæan league. By the great abilities of this its distinguished citizen, Sicyon was raised to a high rank among the other Achæan states, and, being already celebrated as the first school of painting in Greece, continued to flourish under his auspices in the cultivation of all the finest arts; it being said, as Plutarch reports, that the beauty of the ancient style had there alone been preserved pure and uncorrupted. (Plut., Vit. Arat.-Strabo, 382.-- Plin., 35, 12.) Aratus died at an advanced age, after an active and glorious life, not without suspicion of having been poisoned by order of Philip, king of Macedon. He was interred at Sicyon with great pomp, and a splendid monument was erected to him as the deliverer of the city. (Plut., Vit. Arat.-Pausan., 2, 8.) After the dissolution of the Achæan league, little is known of Sicyon; it is evident, however, that it existed in the time of Pausanias, from the number of remarkable edifices and monuments which he enumerates within its walls; though he allows that it had greatly suffered from va SIDE, I. a city of Pamphylia, west of the river Melas, and lying on the Chelidonian bay. It was founded by the Cumæans of Eolis. (Scylax, Peripl., p. 40.-Strab., 667.) Arrian relates, that the Sidetæ, soon after their settlement, forgot the Greek language, and spoke a barbarous tongue peculiar to themselves. It surrendered to Alexander in his march through Pamphylia. (Arrian, Exp. Alex., 1, 26) Side, many years after, was the scene of a naval engagement between the fleet of Antiochus, commanded by Hannibal, and that of the Rhodians, in which, after a severe contest, the former was defeated. (Liry, 37, 23, seqq.) When the pirates of Asia Minor had attained to that degree of audacity and power which rendered them so formidable, we learn from Strabo that Side became their principal harbour, as well as the marketplace where they disposed of their prisoners by auction. (Strabo, 664.) Side was still a considerable town under the emperors; and, when a division was made of the province into two parts, it became the metropolis of Pamphylia Prima. (Hierocl., p. 682.— Consil. Const., 2, p. 240.) Minerva was the deity principally worshipped here.—An interesting account of the ruins in this place is to be found in Captain Beaufort's valuable work, with an accurate plan. "It stands," observes this writer, "on a low peninsula, and was surrounded by walls. The theatre appears like a lofty acropolis rising from the centre of the town, and is by far the largest and best preserved of any that came under our observation in Asia Minor. The harbour consisted of two small moles, connected with the quay and principal sea-gate. At the extremity of the peninsula were two artificial harbours for larger craft. Both are now almost filled with sand and stones, which have been borne in by the swell." (Beaufort's Karamania, p. 146, seqq.) Mr. Fellows, however, says, that the ruins of Side are inferior in scale, date, and age to any that he had previously seen. The Greek style is scarcely to be traced in any of the ruins; but the Roman is visible in every part. In few buildings except the theatre are the stones even hewn, the cement being wholly trusted to for their support. "The glowing colours," continues Mr. Fellows, "in which this town is described in the 'Modern Traveller,' as quoted from Captain Beaufort's | um of the produce of all nations. - Sidon, however, admirable survey, show how essential it is to know upon what standard a description is formed. It would have given Captain Beaufort much pleasure to have gone inland for a few miles, and to have seen the theatres and towns in perfect preservation as compared with Side, and of so much finer architecture. From the account which he gives, I was led to expect that this would form the climax of the many cities of Asia Minor, but I found its remains among the least interesting." (Fellows' Journal of an Excursion in Asia Minor in 1838, p. 203, seq.)-In the middle ages the site of this place bore the name of Scandelor or Candeloro, but it is now commonly called Esky Adalia. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 283.)—II. A town of Pontus, to the east of the mouth of the Thermodon, and giving name to the adjacent plain (Sidene). The river Sidin, which flows at the present day in this same quarter, recalls the ancient name of the town. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 271.) SIDICĪNUM, or, more correctly, Teanum Sidicinum, a town of the Sidicini, in Campania. (Vid. Teanum.) -The territory of the Sidicini was situate to the east of that of the Aurunci. They were once apparently an independent people, but included afterward under the common name of Campani. This nation was of Oscan origin, and powerful enough to contend with the neighbouring Samnites, and even to afford employment to a large Roman force. The period of their reduction by the Romans is not mentioned. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 193.) C. under her own kings, continued to enjoy a considerable degree of commercial prosperity. From Joshua we learn that Sidon was rich and powerful when the Israelites took possession of Canaan; and St. Jerome states that it fell to the lot of the tribe of Asher. In the year 1015 B.C. Sidon was dependant on Tyre, but in 720 it shook off the yoke, and surrendered to Salmanazar when he entered Phoenicia. When the Persians became masters of this city in the reign of Cyrus, they permitted the Sidonians to have kings of their own. Sidon was ruined in the year 351 B.C. by Ochus, king of Persia. When the inhabitants saw the enemy in the city, they shut themselves up in their houses with their wives and children, and perished in the flames of the place. According to Diodorus Siculus, those Sidonians who were absent from the city at the time, returned and rebuilt it after the Persian forces were withdrawn. Sidon afterward passed into the hands of the Macedonians, and, lastly, into those of the Romans. After the Roman it fell under the Saracen power, the Seljukian Turks, and the sultan of Egypt; who, in A.D. 1289, that they might never more afford shelter to the Christians, destroyed both it and Tyre. But it again revived, and has ever since been in the possession of the Ottoman Turks. Sidon, at present called Saide, is still a considerable trading town, and the chief mart for Damascus and upper Syria; but the port is nearly choked up with sand. Though presenting an imposing appearance at a distance, as it rises from the water's edge, it is, like all Turkish towns, ill-built and dirty, and full of ruins; having still discoverable without the walls some fragments of columns, and other remains of the ancient city. Mr. Conner makes the number of inhabitants 15,000; of whom 2000 are Christians, chiefly Maronites, and 400 Jews, who have one synagogue. They are chiefly employed in spinning cotton; which, with some silk, and boots and shoes, or slippers, or morocco leather, form their articles of commerce. (Mansford's Scripture Gazetteer, p. 438, seqq.) SIDONIORUM INSULE, islands in the Persian Gulf, supposed to be the same with the Sidodona of Arrian. (Vincent's Commerce of the Ancients, vol. 1, p. 358.Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 916.) SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS, a Christian poet and writer. He was a native of Gaul, in which country his father and grandfather had exercised the functions of prætorian prefect, and was born at Lugdunum (Lyons) about 438 A.D. He received a very finished education, and was well acquainted with all the sciences known in his time; but poetry was his favourite occupation. He married Papianilla, daughter of the consul Fl. Avitus, who in 455 was named emperor. Sidonius accompanied his father-in-law to Rome, and there pronounced, on the first day of the ensuing year, a poetical panegyric in honour of the new monarch, who recompensed his talent by appointing him senator and SIDON, in Scripture Tzidon, the oldest and most powerful city of Phoenicia, five geographical miles north of Tyrus, on the seacoast. It is supposed to have been founded by Sidon, the eldest son of Canaan, which will carry up its origin to about 2000 years before Christ. (Gen., 10, 15-Rosenm. ad Gen., l. Bochart, Geogr. Sacr., 4, 35.) But if it was founded by Sidon, his descendants were driven out by a body of Phoenician colonists, most probably, who are supposed either to have given it its name, or to have retained the old one in compliment to their god Siton or Dagon. Justin says that the name Sidon had reference to the abundance of fish in this quarter (nam piscem Phænices Sidon vocant," 68, 3), an opinion in which Bochart concurs, who understands by "Sidon, the eldest son of Canaan," merely the progenitor of the Sidonians and the founder of Sidon, whatever his individual name may have been.-The inhabitants of Sidon appear to have early acquired a pre-eminence in arts, manufactures, and commerce; and from their superior skill in hewing timber (by which must be understood their cutting it out and preparing it for building, as well as the mere act of felling it), Sidonian workmen were hired by Solomon to prepare the wood for the building of his Temple. The Sidonians are said to have been the first manufacturers of glass, and Homer often speaks of them as excelling in many useful and ingenious arts, giving them the title of Tо2v-prefect of Rome, and raising a statue to him in the lidaidaho. (Il., 23, 742.) Add to this, they were at a very early period distinguished for their commerce and their skill in maritime affairs. The natural result of these advantages to Sidon was a high degree of wealth and prosperity; and, content with the riches which their trade and manufactures brought them, they lived in ease and luxury, trusting the defence of their city and property, like the Tyrians after them, to hired troops; so that to live in ease and security is said in Scripture to live after the manner of the Sidonians. In all these respects, however, Sidon was totally eclipsed by Tyre, at first her colony and afterward her rival. The more enterprising inhabitants of this latter city pushed their commercial dealing to the extremities of the known world; raised their city to a rank in power and opulence before unknown, and converted it into a luxurious metropolis, and the empori brary of Trajan's forum. Soon after, Ricimer, that Frank who enjoyed at Rome a much greater power than the emperor himself, deposed Avitus, and named Majorianus in his stead. Sidonius was present in the battle in which his father-in-law lost his life. He then retired to Lyons, and fell with this city into the hands of the conqueror, who treated him so well, that, in the following year, Sidonius pronounced a eulogium on this emperor, and was honoured with the title of count (comes). Under the reign of Severus, and during the interregnum which succeeded his death, Sidonius retired once more to Gaul, and settled in the province which afterward bore the name of Auvergne. Here he lived for some months on an estate which belonged to his wife. Anthemius having obtained the empire in 467, Sidonius went to Rome, and pro. nounced a panegyric upon him. The prince, in re |