| of his retreat, about 184 years before Christ, in the
57th year of his age; and so strong was his sense of
the ingratitude of his countrymen, that he directed his
remains to be interred at Liternum, not to be con-
veyed to Rome. (Vid. Liternum.)-Notwithstanding
all the displeasure and rancorous feeling that existed
among certain individuals at Rome, the day on which
the news of Scipio's death was known proved a day
of general sorrow: for the very men who refused to
pay him, when alive, the appropriate and usual honours,
could not help mingling their tears with those of the
people at large. Livy says he saw at Liternum the
monument which was erected to him, and the statue
which had stood on the top of it lying on the ground,
where it had been blown down by a storm (38, 56).
Pliny writes, that in his time was to be seen a myrtle
of an extraordinary size growing at Liternum, under-
watched the soul of that great man. There were also
to be seen some olive-trees planted by his own hand.
(Plin., 16, 43.) All these inconsiderable objects seem
to show how much the idea of greatness is attached
to every circumstance connected in the most distant
manner with illustrious men; and the reason is, that
each inspires interest, and, in spite of us, claims some
degree of attention.-No character has been celebrated
with more cordial praise than that of the elder Afri-
canus. Besides the many rare gifts of nature that
Scipio had above all others, there was in him also, as
the old writer of his life words it, "a certain princely
grace and majesty. Furthermore, he was marvellous
gentle and courteous unto them that came to him,
and had an eloquent tongue, and a passing gift to
win every man. He was very grave in his gesture
and behaviour, and ever wore long hair. In fine, he
was a truly noble captain, worthy of all commendation,
and excelled in all virtues, which did so delight his
mind that he was wont to say that he was never less
idle than when at leisure, nor less alone than when
alone." (Cic., Off., 3, 1.)-In all Scipio's campaigns,
Lælius was his chief assistant, and the man in whom
he placed the greatest confidence. But the friendship
subsisting between them was not more conspicuous
than that which connected afterward the son of the
one with the grandson of the other. Whether Lælius
cheered the hours of Scipio's retirement is not dis-
tinctly marked in history by any writer. The poet
Ennius is known to have been held in such esteem by
him, that he ordered the statue of his learned friend to
be placed on his sepulchre by his own, and the re-
mains of the poet to be deposited in the same tomb.
(Plin., 7, 30.—Ovid, A. A., 3, 409.) As an instance
of Scipio's continence, ancient authors state that the
conqueror of Spain refused to see a beautiful princess
that had fallen into his hands after the taking of New
Carthage, and that he not only restored her inviolate
to her parents, but also added large presents for the
person to whom she was betrothed. (Berwick's Life
of Scipio Africanus, p. 140, seqq.)-IX. Lucius Cor-
nelius Scipio, surnamed Asiaticus, accompanied his
brother Africanus in his expedition into Spain and Af
rica. He was rewarded with the consulship A.U.C.
562, for his service to the state, and was empowered
to attack Antiochus, king of Syria, who had declared
war against the Romans. Lucius was accompanied
in this campaign by his brother Africanus; and by his
own valour and the counsels of the conqueror of Han-
nibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in a battle near
the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 foot and 4000
horse. Peace was soon after settled by the submis-
sion of Antiochus, and the conqueror, at his return
home, obtained a triumph and the surname of Asiati
cus. He did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity.
Cato, after the death of Africanus, turned his rancour
against Asiaticus, and the two Petilii, his devoted ad-
herents, presented a petition to the people, in which

and humiliating terms. The conqueror after this re-
turned to Rome, where he was received with the most
unbounded applause, honoured with a triumph, and
dignified with the appellation of Africanus. Here he
enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours
which his exploits merited; but in him also, as in other
great men, fortune showed herself inconstant. Scipio
offended the populace in wishing to distinguish the
senators from the rest of the people at the public ex-
hibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship
for two of his friends, Scipio Nasica and Caius Lælius,
he had the mortification to see his application slighted,
and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man
of no character, and recommended neither by abilities
nor meritorious actions. He retired from Rome no
longer to be a spectator of the ingratitude of his coun-
trymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accom-
panied his brother against Antiochus, king of Syria.neath which was a cave, wherein, it was said, a dragon
In this expedition his arms were attended with his
usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted to
the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his
return to Rome Africanus found the malevolence of
his enemies still unabated. Cato, his inveterate rival,
seemed bent on his ruin; and he urged on the Petilii,
two tribunes of the commons, to move in the senate
that Africanus should be cited to give an account of
all the money he had received from Antiochus, to-
gether with such spoil as was taken in that war.
As
soon as the Petilii had preferred their charge in the
senate, Scipio arose, and, taking a roll of papers out of
his bosom, which had been drawn up by his brother,
he said, "In this is contained an accurate statement
of all you wish to know; in it you will find a particu-
lar account both of the money and plunder received
from Antiochus."-"Read it aloud," was the cry of the
tribunes, "and afterward let it be deposited in the treas-
ury." That I will not do," said Scipio; "nor will I
so insult myself;" and, without saying a word more,
he tore it in pieces in the presence of all. It is not
improbable that this tearing of his accounts furnished
his enemies with the chief advantage they subsequent-
ly had against him. Not long after this, a tribune of
the name of Nævius cited Scipio to answer before the
people to the same charges as those which the Petilii
had brought forward, and to other additional ones of a
similar purport. The first day was spent in hearing
the different charges. On the second day the trib-
unes took their seats at a very early hour. The ac-
cused soon after arrived, with a numerous train of
friends and clients; and, passing through the midst of
the assembly to the rostra, ascended without the least
emotion, and, with that air of dignity and confidence
which conscious innocence and superior virtue alone
are able to inspire, addressed the assembly as follows:
"On this day, tribunes of the people, and you, Ro-
mans, I conquered Hannibal and the Carthaginians.
Is it becoming to spend a day like this in wrangling
and contention? Let us not then, I beseech you, be
ungrateful to the gods, but let us leave this man here,
and go to the Capitol, to thank them for the many fa-
vours they have vouchsafed us." These words had
the desired effect. The tribes and all the assembly
followed Scipio; the court was deserted, and the trib-
unes were left alone in the seat of judgment. Yet,
when this memorable day was past and forgotten, Af
ricanus was a third time summoned to appear; but
he had fled before the impending storm, and retired to
his country-house at Liternum. The accusation was
therefore stopped, and the accusers silenced, when
Gracchus, one of the tribunes, formerly distinguished
for his opposition to Scipio, rose to defend him, and
declared in the assembly that it reflected the highest
disgrace on the Roman people that the conqueror of
Hannibal should become the sport of the populace,
and be exposed to the malice and envy of disappointed
ambition. Some time after, Scipio died in the place

tor.

they prayed that an inquiry might be made for the pur- man arinies under his father, and afterward distinpose of ascertaining what money had been received guished himself as a legionary tribune in the Spanish from Antiochus and from his allies. The petition provinces, where he killed a Spaniard of gigantic was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged with stature, and obtained a mural crown at the siege of having suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus, Intercatia. He passed into Africa to visit King Maswas summoned to appear before the tribunal of Te- inissa, the ally of Rome, and he was the spectator of rentius Culeo, who was on this occasion created præ- a long and bloody battle which was fought between The judge, who was an inveterate enemy to the that monarch and the Carthaginians. (Vid. Masinisfamily of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his sa.) Some time after Emilianus was made ædile, two lieutenants and his quæstor, guilty of having re- and next appointed consul, though under the age received, the first 6000 pounds' weight of gold and 480 quired for that important office. The surname which pounds' weight of silver, and the others nearly an equal he had received from his grandfather he was destined sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of lawfully to claim as his own. He was empowered to the Roman people, they were enjoined to make war. finish the war with Carthage; and as he was permitted They were condemned to pay large fines; but, while by the senate to choose his colleague, he took with the others gave security, Scipio declared that he had him his friend Lælius, whose father of the same name accounted to the public for all the money which he had formerly enjoyed the confidence and shared the had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was victories of the first Africanus. The siege of Carinnocent. Notwithstanding this grave protestation, thage was already begun, but the operations of the the officers of justice were ordered to convey him to Romans were not continued with vigour. Scipio had prison; but, while they were in the actual discharge no sooner appeared before the walls of the enemy than of their duty, Sempronius Gracchus, one of the trib- every communication with the land was cut off, and, unes, interfered, and declared, "that he should make that they might not have the command of the sea, a no objection to their raising the money out of his ef- stupendous mole was thrown across the harbour with fects, but that he would never suffer a Roman general immense labour and expense. This, which might to be dragged to the common prison, wherein the lead- have disheartened the most active enemy, rendered ers of the enemy, that were taken in battle by him, the Carthaginians more eager in the cause of freedom had been confined." When the entire property of and independence; all the inhabitants, without disLucius Scipio was seized and valued, it was found in- tinction of rank, age, or sex, employed themselves adequate to the payment of the sum demanded; and without cessation to dig another harbour, and to build what redounded to his honour was, that, among all his and equip another fleet. In a short time, in spite of effects, there was not found the trace of the smallest the vigilance and activity of Emilianus, the Romans article that could be considered Asiatic. His friends were astonished to see another harbour formed, and and relations, indignant at the treatment he had re- fifty gallies suddenly issued under sail, ready for the ceived, came and offered to make compensation for engagement. This unexpected fleet, by immediately ais loss; but he refused to accept of anything except attacking the Roman ships, might have gained the vicwhat was barely necessary for subsistence. Whatever tory; but the delay of the Carthaginians proved fatal was needful, says Livy, for domestic use, was pur- to their cause, and the enemy had sufficient time to chased at the sale of his property by his nearest rela- prepare themselves. Scipio soon got the possession tions; and the public hatred now recoiled on all who of a small eminence in the harbour, and, by the sucwere concerned in the prosecution. (Livy, 38, 60.) cess of his subsequent operations, he broke open one Some time after he was appointed to settle the dis- of the gates of the city and entered the streets, where putes between Eumenes and Seleucus; and, at his re- he made his way by fire and sword. The surrender turn, the Romans, ashamed of their severity towards of above 50,000 men was followed by a reduction of him, rewarded his merit with such uncommon liberal- the citadel, and the total submission of Carthage, B.C. ity, that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games, in 147. The captive city was set on fire; and, though honour of his victory over Antiochus, for ten success-Scipio was obliged to demolish its very walls to obey ive days at his own expense.-X. P. Cornelius Scipio the orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly over Nasica was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio the melancholy and tragical scene; and, in bewailing Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though supported by the interest and the fame of the conqueror of Hannibal; but he afterward obtained it, and in that honourable office conquered the Boii, and gained a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of Cybele was brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate delegated one of their body, who was the most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their choice, and, as such, he was enjoined to bring the statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished himself by the active part he took in confuting the accusations laid against the two Scipios, Africanus and Asiaticus. There was also another of the same name, who distinguished himself by his enmity against the Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related.-(Paterc., 2, 1, &c.-Flor., 2, 15.-Liv., 29, 14, &c.)-XI. Publius Emilianus, son of Paulus Æmilius, the conqueror of Perseus, was adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus, being already a relation of the Scipio family, since Africanus had married his aunt. He received the same surname as his grandfather, and was called Africanus the Younger on account of his victories ver Carthage. Emilianus first appeared in the Ro

the miseries of Carthage, he expressed his fears lest Rome, in her turn, in some future age, should exhibit such a dreadful conflagration. The return of Æmilianus to Rome was that of another conqueror of Hannibal, and, like him, he was honoured with a magnificent triumph, and received the surname of Africanus. He was not long left in the enjoyment of his glory be fore he was called to obtain fresh honours. He was chosen consul a second time, and appointed to finish the war which the Romans had hitherto carried on without success against Numantia. The fall of Numantia was more glorious for Scipio than that of the capital of Africa. From his conquests in Spain Emilianus was honoured with a second triumph, and with the surname of Numantinus. Yet his popularity was short-lived; and, by telling the people that the murder of their favourite, his brother-in-law Gracchus, was lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical to the peace of the republic, Scipio incurred the displeasure of the tribunes, and was received with hisses by the assembled people. His authority for a moment quelled their turbulence, when he reproached them for their cowardice, and exclaimed, Factious wretches! do you think that your clamours can intimidate me? me, whom the fury of your enemies never daunted? Is this the gratitude that you owe to my father Paulus, who conquered Macedonia, and to me?

|

SCIRON, a celebrated thief in Attica, who plundered the inhabitants of the country, and threw them down from the highest rocks into the sea, after he had obliged | 45, 4.-Plin., 36, 5, 4.)

SCORDISCI, a numerous and powerful tribe of Illyria, in the interior of the country, and reaching as far as the Danube. Strabo divides them into the greater and the less, and places the former between the Noaras or Gurck, and the river Margus. The latter adjoined the Triballi and Mysi of Thrace. The Scordisci having successively subdued the nations around them, extended their dominion from the borders of Thrace to the Adriatic. They were, however, in their turn conquered by the Romans, though not without numerous struggles and much bloodshed. Though Strabo classes the Scordisci with the Illyrian nations, he seems also to acknowledge them as of Gallic origin: they were probably of the samne race as the Taurisci and Carni, both Celtic people. (Strab., 313.-Id., 318.Flor., 3, 4.-Liv., Epit., 63.—Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 46.)

Scori, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland. It is generally conceded that the earliest inhabitants of Caledonia were of Celtic origin. According to Scottish traditions, the Scoti came from Spain, and were one people with the Silures, who occupied what now answers to Wales. They first possessed themselves of Ireland, which from them received the name of Scotia, and for some time retained the appellation. They afterward passed over into what was called from them Scotland. (Ammian. Marcell., 20, 1. - Id., 26, 4.Id., 27, 8. Beda, Hist. Eccles., 1, 1.-Adelung, Mithradates, vol. 2, p. 84.—Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 92, seqq.)

and tells of Scylax of Caryanda being sent by that monarch, along with others, to ascertain where the Indus entered the sea. He makes them to have reached the Indus, sailed down the river to the sea, and then, continuing their voyage on the sea towards the west, to have reached, in the 30th month, the place from which the Phoenician king despatched the Phoenicians to circumnavigate Africa. (Herod., 4, 44.) Suidas gives a brief account of Scylax, in which he has evidently confounded different persons of the same name: "Scylax of Caryanda, a mathematician and musician, wrote a periplus of the coast beyond the Pillars of Hercules, a book respecting Heraclides, king of Mylassa, a description of the circuit of the earth, and an answer to Polybius's history." The periplus, which still remains, bearing the name of Scylax, is a brief survey of the countries along the shores of the Mediterranean and Euxine, of the western coast of Europe, together with part of the western coast of Africa, surveyed by Hanno, as far as the island of Cerne. It concludes with an account of the passages across the sea, from Greece to Asia, and an enumeration of 20 important islands in the order of their magnitude. A question has been raised as to the date of the periplus of Scylax. The subject has been discussed by Niebuhr, in his historical and philological tracts. (Kleine historische und philologische Schriften, p. 105, segg.) Having first stated the opinions of former critics, and rejected the argument derived from the omission of the city of Rhodes (which was founded 408 B.C.), on account of the corruption of the text, Niebuhr remarks that the proofs of its date are partly positive and partly negative, viz., derived either from the notice of or a silence respecting certain towns. By pos

SCRIBONIA, a daughter of Scribonius, who married Augustus after he had divorced Claudia. He had by her a daughter, the celebrated Julia. Scribonia was some time after repudiated that Augustus might marry Livia. She had been married twice before she be-itive arguments, it is shown that this work was written came the wife of the emperor. (Suet., Vit. Aug., 62.) after, by negative that it was written before, a certain SCRIBONIUS, I. L. Libo, a Roman historian, author date. The uncertain interval being thus narrowed by of Annals cited by Cicero (Ep. ad Att., 13, 31).- different historical proof, Niebuhr determines that this II. Largus Designatianus, a physician, born at Rome, periplus was written about 360 B.C. (Foreign Reor in the island of Sicily. In A.D. 43 he accompanied view, vol. 4, p. 193.) Letronne has subsequently the Emperor Claudius on his expediton into Britain. written on the same subject (Journal des Savans, He was a physician of the Eclectic school, and wrote Fevr. Avr. et Mai, 1825), and has pronounced the a treatise De Compositione medicamentorum. As this periplus of Scylax a compilation, in which the materiwork is written in very inferior Latin, some critics als of different writers and times have been made use have supposed that it was originally composed in of. In this opinion Müller coincides. (Etrusker, vol. Greek, and afterward translated into Latin. Scribo-1, p. 159.) Clinton (Fasti Hellenici, pt. 2, p. 564) nius has copied from Nicander, and has also derived thinks that Suidas confounded him with the more anmany absurd and superstitious remedies from other cient Scylax, who wrote, according to him, after Pomedical writers. The best edition of this work is that lybius, B.C. 146, and he considers the opinion of Vosof Rhodius, Patav., 1655, 4to. sius most probable, that the extant work is an epitome of the ancient Scylax. This periplus has reached us in a corrupted state. The best editions of Scylax are, that of Hudson, in the Geographi Græci Minores; and that of Gail, in his edition of the same writers, Paris, 1826, vol. 1, p. 151, seqq.

SCULTENNA, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising on the northern confines of Etruria, and flowing from the east of Mutina into the Padus. It is now the Panaro. (Strab., 218.-Liv., 41, 12.)

SCYLACIUM, a Greek city, on the coast of the Bruttii, in a southwest direction from Crotona, and communicating its name to the adjacent gulf (Sinus Scylacius). According to Strabo, it was colonized by the Athenians under Mnestheus; but he neither mentions the time, nor the circumstances which led to its establishment. (Strab., 361.) Servius, however, observes, that these Athenians were returning from Africa (ad Æn., 3, 552). At a later period it received a Roman colony. (Vell. Paterc., 1, 15.) Scylacium was the birthplace of Cassiodorus. It is now Squillace. The epithet narifragum is applied by Virgil to this place. (En., 3, 553.) Heyne considers the appellation to allude to the rocky and dangerous shore in its vicinity, or else to the frequent storms which prevailed in this quarter, between Tria Promontoria Iapygum and Cocinthum. (Heyne, ad Virg., l. c.-Cramer's Anc. It aly, vol. 2, p. 398.)

SCYLAX, a celebrated geographer and mathematician of Caryanda in Caria He is noticed by Herodotus in a passage where the latter speaks of various discoveries made in Asia by Darius, son of Hystaspes,

SCYLLA, I. a daughter of Nisus, king of Megara, who became enamoured of Minos as that monarch besieged her father's capital. (Vid. Nisus.)-II. A fearful monster, of whom mention is made in the Odyssey. Having escaped the Sirens, and shunned the Wandering Rocks, which Circe had told him lay beyond the mead of these songsters, Ulysses came to the terrific Scylla and Charybdis, between which, the goddess had informed him, his course lay. She said (Od., 12, 73, seqq.) he would come to two lofty cliffs opposite each other, between which he must pass. One of these cliffs towers to such a height that its summit is for ever enveloped in clouds, and no man, even if he had twenty hands and as many feet, could ascend it. In the middle of this cliff, she says, is a cave facing the west, but so high that a man in a ship passing under it could not shoot up to it with a bow. In this den dwells Scylla (Bitch), whose voice sounds like that of a young whelp; she has twelve feet and six long necks, with a terrific head, and three rows of close-set teeth on each. Evermore she stretches out

a separate part of the work, of what is obscure, in order that Nicomedes may thus have a concise outline of the geography of the day. This work, which has little merit as a poem, is somewhat more valuable as a geographical treatise; the information it gives respecting the establishment of the Greek colonies is particularly useful; but in some other respects it is not very accurate. This production, together with the fragments (which we owe to the labours of Holstenius), may be found in the minor Greek geogra phers, of Hudson, Gail, &c.

SCYRIAS, a name applied to Deïdamia as a native of Scyros. (Ovid, A., 1, 682.)

SCYROS, an island of the Ægean Sea, northeast of Euboea, and now called Scyro. Thucydides informs us that its first inhabitants were Dolopians, who were afterward expelled by the Athenians (1, 98). It is to this early period that we must assign the adventures of Achilles and the birth of Neoptolemus. (Strabo, 437.) Here Theseus was said to have terminated his

precipice. (Lycophr., 1324.) Scyros, according to Strabo, was also celebrated for its breed of goats and its quarries of varied marble, which vied with those of Carystus and Synnada. In the geographer's time it was in great request at Rome for public edifices and other ornamental purposes. (Strab., 437.--Plin., 36, 26.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 453.)

these necks and catches the porpoises, seadogs, and other large animals of the sea which swim by, and out of every ship that passes each mouth takes a man. The opposite rock, the goddess informs him, is much lower, for a man could shoot over it. A wild fig-tree grows on it, stretching its branches down to the water; but beneath, “divine Charybdis" three times each day absorbs and regorges the dark water. It is much more dangerous, she adds, to pass Charybdis than Scylla. As Ulysses sailed by, Scylla took six of his crew; and when, after he had lost his ship and companions, he was carried by wind and wave, as he floated on a part of the wreck between the monsters, the mast by which he supported himself was sucked in by Charybdis, and he held by the wild fig-tree till it was thrown out again, when he resumed his voyage.-Such is the earliest account we have of these monsters, in which, indeed, it may be doubted if Charybdis is to be regarded as an animate being. The ancients, who were so anxious to localize all the wonders of Homer, made the Straits of Messina the abode of Scylla and Charyb-existence, by having fallen, or been pushed down a dis. The whole fable has been explained by Spallanzani, according to whom Scylla is a lofty rock on the Calabrian shore, with some caverns at the bottom, which, by the agitation of the waves, emit sounds resembling the barking of dogs. The only danger is when the current and wind are in opposition, so that vessels are impelled towards the rock. Charybdis is not a whirlpool or involving vortex, but a spot where the waves are greatly agitated by pointed rocks, and the depth does not exceed 500 feet. (Spallanz., 3, p. 99)-In Homer the mother of Scylla is named Cratæis (Od., 12, 124), but her sire is not spoken of. Stesichorus called her mother Lamia (Eudocia, 377); Hesiod said she was the daughter of Phorbas and Hecate (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 4, 828); Arcesilaus said, of Phorcys and Hecate (Schol. ad Od., 12, 85); oth-is derived by some from the Teutonic scheten or schuers asserted that Triton was her sire. (Eudocia, 377.) Later poets feigned that Scylla was once a beautiful maiden, who was fond of associating with the Nereids. The seagod Glaucus beheld and fell in love with her, and, being rejected, applied to Circe to exercise her magic arts in his favour. Circe wished him to transfer his affections to herself; and, filled with rage at his refusal, she infected with noxious juices the water in which Scylla was wont to bathe, and thus transformed her into a monster. (Ovid, Met., 14, 1, seqq.-Hygin., fab., 199.) According to another account, the change in Scylla's form was effected by Amphitrite, in consequence of her intimacy with Neptune. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 650.) Charybdis was said to have been a woman who stole the oxen of Hercules, and who was, in consequence, struck with thun-zer, Symbolik, vol. 1, p. 752.) Sir William Jones der by Jupiter, and turned into a whirlpool. (Serv. ad Æn., 3, 420.—Keightley's Mythology, p. 271, seqq.) SCYLLÆUM, a promontory of Argolis, opposite the Attic promontory of Sunium, and said to have derived its name from Scylla, the daughter of Nisus. It formed, together with the promontory of Sunium, the entrance of the Saronic Gulf, and closed, also, the Bay of Hermione. (Strab., 373.)

SCYMNUS, a Greek geographer, a native of Chios, who flourished about 80 BC., during the reign of Nicomedes II., king of Bithynia. He dedicated to this monarch his work entitled Periegesis (Hepinynoic), or Description of the World, written in Greek Iambics. We have remaining of this the first 741 lines, and fragments of 236 others, which together form, according to the critics, not more than a fourth part of the entire work. Scymnus informs the monarch that he has collected and abridged, for his use, all the information he found scattered among various writers respecting the establishment of colonies, the founding of cities, &c. He proposes to give, first, an account of all that is clear and well ascertained in geographical knowledge; while he promises to treat, in

SCYTHE, the inhabitants of Scythia. (Vid. Scythia.) SCYTHIA, a general name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to a large portion of Asia, and divided by them into Scythia intra and extra Imcum, that is, on either side of Mount Imaus. The Scythians have been considered by some writers as the same people with the Gomerians, and as being the descendants of Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet. Their name

ten, or the Gothic skiuta, all signifying "to shoot," this nation being very expert with the bow. (Compare Jumieson's Hermes Scythicus, p. 6.) Others make it equivalent to the Latin potatores; others, again, derive it from shakhaa, "a quiver;" while a fourth class deduce the term from the Persian Ssagh, "a dog," and suppose it to have been applied by way of contempt. This last opinion, however, to say nothing of the others, is decidedly erroneous, since the dog was held in high estimation among the Persians, and ranked among the good animals of Ormusd. (Plut., de Isid. et Osir., p. 369, F, p. 514, Wytt.) It was a symbol also of faith, and especially of the hope of an immortal existence, and holds a conspicuous place, therefore, on sepulchral monuments. (Compare Creu

likewise indulges in some speculations on this subject (Asiatic Researches, vol. 2, p. 401), as well as Ritter in his Erdkunde (vol. 2, p. 729). Von Hammer, however, appears to furnish the most ingenious explanation. According to this learned Orientalist, the writers of the East, and, more particularly, the work entitled Schahnameh, refer what the Greeks tell us concerning the incursion of the Sacæ, to the Turks and Ssakalib, as they are styled; and even the very festival which the Greeks term rà Zákaιa is found in the ancient Persian calendar as a day set apart to commemorate a victory gained over the Turks. Hence Von Hammer proposes to read Toupyovs for 'Aμovpyiove in the text of Herodotus (7, 64). These Turks are the same, according to the German scholar, with the Turanians, and with the Ssakalib of the Schahnameh; and this name Ssakalib, from Ssaklab or Scoklob, presents a remarkable coincidence with what Herodotus states respecting the Scythians (4, 6), that they call themselves koλÓTOL. As in Herodotus, therefore, the Sace and Amyrgii are said to be the same, so in the Schahnameh the Turks and the Ssakalib are identical. This same term Ssakalib will