pheus. Its proximity to the scene of the Olympic contests connects its name continually with the men tion of those memorable games, on the part of the ancient poets, and gives it, in particular, a conspicuous place in the verses of Pindar. There is also a pleas ing legend connected with the stream. According to the poets, the god of the Alpheus became enamoured of and pursued the nymph Arethusa, who was only sa

mto Italy by this path, and who, therefore, make the | The modern name of the river is the Rouphia.-There orthography Poenina, from Poenus. 5. The Rhætic are few streams so celebrated in antiquity as the Al or Tridentine Alps (Alpes Rhæticæ sive Tridentina), from the St. Gothard, whose numerous peaks bore the name of Adula, to Mont Brenner in the Tyrol. 6. The Noric Alps (Alpes Norica), from the latter point to the head of the river Plavis, or la Piave. 7. The Carnic or Julian Alps (Alpes Carnica sive Julia), terminating in the Mons Albius on the confines of Illyricum. It was not till the reign of Augustus that the Alps became well known. That emperor finally sub-ved from him by the intervention of Diana, and chang dued the numerous and savage clans which inhabited the Alpine valleys, and cleared the passes of the banditti that infested them. He improved the old roads and constructed new ones; and finally succeeded in establishing a free and easy communication through these mountains. (Strab., 204.) It was then that the whole of this great chain was divided into the seven portions which have just been mentioned. Among the Pennine Alps is Mont Blanc, 14,676 feet high. The principal passes at the present day are, that over the Great St. Bernard, that over Mont Simplon, and that over Mont St. Gothard. The manner in which Hannibal is said to have effected his passage over these mountains is now generally regarded as a fiction. (Vid. Hannibal, under which article some remarks will also be offered upon the route of the Carthaginian commander in crossing the Alps.) Besides the divisions of the Alps already mentioned, we sometimes meet with others, such as the Lepontine Alps (Alpes Lepontia), between the sources of the Rhine and the Lacus Verbanus (Lago Maggiore); the Alpes Summæ (Cæs., B. G., 3, 1, and 4, 10), running off from the Pennine Alps, and reaching as far as the Lake Verbanus, &c.

ed for that purpose into a fountain. This fountain she placed in the island of Ortygia, near the coast of Sicily, and forming in a later age one of the quarters of the city of Syracuse. The ardent river-god, however, did not even then desist, but worked a passage for his stream amid the intervening ocean, and, rising up again in the Ortygian island, commingled its waters with those of the fountain of Arethusa. Hence, according to popular belief, if anything were thrown upon the Alpheus in Elis, it was sure to reappear, after a certain lapse of time, upon the bosom of the Ortygian fountain. (Pausan., 5, 7.—Id., 8, 54.-Strab., 269. et 343.Pind., Nem., 1, 1, seqq.-Moschus, Id., 8.-Virg., En., 3, 692, seqq.-Id., Georg., 3, 180.-Nonnus, in Creuz., Melet., 1, p. 78.) According to another version, however, of the same legend, it was Diana herself, and not the nymph Arethusa, whom the river-god of the Alpheus pursued, and, when this pursuit had ended in the island of Ortygia, the fountain of Arethusa arose there. (Schol. ad Pind., Nem., 1, 3.vol. 2, p. 428, ed. Böckh.) The account last given will afford us a clew to the true meaning of the entire fable. The goddess Diana had, it seems, a common altar at Olympia with the god of the Alpheus. (HeALPHESIBOEA, daughter of Phygeus, or Phegeus, rodotus, in Schol. ad Pind., Olymp., 5, 10.-Pauking of Psophis in Arcadia, married Alemæon, son of sqn., 5, 14.) To the same Diana water was held saAmphiaraus, who had fled to her father's court after cred. (Böckh, ad Pind., Nem., 1.-Creuzer's Symthe murder of his mother. She received, as a bridal bolik, vol. 2, p. 182.) This part of the worship of present, the fatal coliar and robe which had been given Diana having passed from the Peloponnesus into Sicito Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her husband Am- ly, the worship of the Alpheus accompanied it; or, in phiaraus. The ground, however, becoming barren on other words, a common altar for the two divinities was his account, Alemæon left Arcadia and his newly-erected by the Syracusans in Ortygia, similar in its atinarried wife, in obedience to an oracle, and came, first tendant rites and ceremonies to the altar at Olympia. to Calydon unto king Eneus, then to the Thesprotii, For in the island of Ortygia all water was held sacred, and finally to the Achelous. Here he was purified by (Schol. ad Pind., Nem., 1, 1.-2. p. 428, ed. Böckh), the river-god from the stain of his mother's blood, and and Diana, besides, was worshipped at the fountain of married Callirrhoë, the daughter of the stream. Cal- Arethusa, under the titles of Torquía and 'Ahoɛiwa. lirrhoë had two sons by him, and begged of him, as a From this commingling of rites arose, therefore, the present, the collar and robe, which were then in the poetic legend, that the Alpheus had passed through the hands of Alphesiboa. He endeavoured to obtain them, ocean to Ortygia, and blended its waters with those of under the pretence that he wished to consecrate them Arethusa, or, in other words, its rites with those of at Delphi; but the deception being discovered, he was Diana. (Böckh, ad Pind., Nem., l. c.)-II. An engraslain by the two brothers of Alphesiboa, who had lain ver on gems, who executed many works in connexion in wait for him. Alphesiboa, showing too much sor- with Arethon, one of his contemporaries. A head of row for the loss of her former husband, was conveyed Caligula, engraved by him when a young man, is still by her brothers to Tegea, and given into the hands of extant. (Bracci, pt. 1, tab. 16.) Agapenor. The more usual name by which Alphesiboa is known among the ancient fabulists, is Arsinoë. (Apollod., 3, 7.-Heyne, ad loc.)

ALPHEUS and ALPHEUS ('A2pɛzóg and 'A20ɛós, the short penult marking the earlier, the long one the later and more usual, pronunciation), I. a river of Peloponnesus, flowing through Arcadia and Elis. It rose in the Laconian border of Arcadia, about five stadia from A sea, and mingled its waters, at its source, with those of the Eurotas. The united streams continued their course for the space of twenty stadia, when they disappeared in a chasm. The Alpheus was seen to rise again at a place called Pega (anyaí) or “the sources," in the territory of Megalopolis, and the Eurotas in that of Belmina, in Laconia. Flowing onward from this quarter, the Alpheus passes through the intervening part of Arcadia, enters Elis, passes through the plain of Olympia, and discharges its waters, now swelled by numerous tributary streams, into the Sicilian Sea.

ALPHIUS AVITUs, a Roman poet, who wrote an account of illustrious men, in two volumes. Terentianus Maurus has cited some verses of the work, having reference to the story of Camillus and the schoolmaster of Falisci. (Compare Burmann, Anthol. Lat., vol. 1, p. 452.)

ALPINUS (CORNELIUS), a wretched poet, ridiculed by Horace (Serm., 1, 10, 36, seqq). In describing Mem non slain by Achilles, he kills him, as it were, according to Horace, by the miserable character of his own description. So also the same poet is represented by the Venusian bard as giving the Rhine a head of mud. Who this Alpinus actually was cannot be exactly ascertained, and no wonder, since it would have been strange if any particulars of so contemptible a poet had escaped oblivion. Cruquius, without any authority, discovers in Alpinus the poet Cornelius Gallus, the friend of Virgil. Nor is Bentley's supposition of any great value. According to this latter critic, Horace

alludes, under the name of Alpinus, to Furius Bibaculus; and Bentley thinks that the appellation was given him by Horace, either on account of his being a native of Gaul, or because he described in verse the Gallic war, or else, and what Bentley considers most probable, in allusion to a foolish line of his composition, "Jupiter hibernas cana nive conspuit Alpes." (Bentl., ad Horat., 1, 10, 36.)

ALPIS, a river falling into the Danube. Mannert (Geogr., vol. 3, p. 510) supposes this to have been the same with the Ænus, or Inn. It is mentioned by Herodotus (4, 29).

ALSIUM, a maritime town of Etruria, southeast from Cære, now Palo. (Sil. Ital., 8, 475.)

two hundred and thirty statues; of Jupiter alone he describes twenty-three, and these were, for the most part, works of the first artists. (Pausan., 5, 13.) Pliny (34, 17) estimates the whole number of these statues, in his time, at three thousand. The Altis contained also numerous treasuries, belonging to different Grecian cities, similar to those at Delphi. These were situated on a basement of Porine stone, to the north of the temple of Juno. (Vid. Olympia.)

ALUNTIUM, a town of Sicily, on the northern coast, not far from Calacta. Now Alontio. Cicero (in Verr., 4, 29) calls the place Haluntium.

ALYATTES, a king of Lydia, father of Croesus, suc ceeded Sadyattes. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against Cyaxares, king of the Medes, the grandson of Deioces. He died after a reign of 57 years, and after having brought to a close a war against the Milesians. An immense barrow or mound was raised upon his grave, composed of stones and earth. This is still visible within about five miles of Sardis or Sart. For some curious remarks on the resemblance between this tomb, as described by Herodotus, and that said to have been erected in memory of Porsenna (Varro, ap. Plin., 36, 13), and which af fords a new argument in favour of the Lydian origin of Etrurian civilization, consult the Excursus of Creu

ALTHEA, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, inarried Eneus, king of Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager, considered by some to be the son of Mars. Seven days after the birth of Meleager, the Destinies came unto Althæa, and announced, that the life of Meleager depended upon a brand then burning on the hearth, and that he would die when it was consumed. The mother saved the brand from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althea's brothers, Althea, to revenge their death, threw the piece of wood into the fire, and, as soon as it was burned, Meleager expired. She was afterward so deeply griev-zer, ad. Herod., 1, 93 (ed. Bähr, vol. 1, p. 924).—It ed for the loss of her son, that she made away with her own existence. (Apollod., 1, 8, 1-Ovid, Met., 8, 446, seqq.) Another version of the story is also given (Apollod., I. c.), which appears to have been derived from Homer (Il, 9, 551.-Compare with this Anton. Lib., c. 2, and Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c.)

ALTHEMENES (A20nuévne, more correct than Althemenes, 'A20aevns, the common form. Heyne, ad Apollod, 3 2, 1, not crit.), son of Catreus, king of Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers were to be their father's murderer, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide, and built, on Mount Atabyrus, the famous temple of Jupiter Atabyrius. After the death of all his other sons, Catreus went after his son Althemenes: when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his own son. When Althemenes knew that he had killed his father, he entreated the gods to remove him; and the earth immediately opened, and swallowed him up. (Apollod., 3, 2.) According to Diodorus Siculus, however, he shunned the society of men after the fatal deed, and died eventually of grief. (Diod. Stc., 5, 59.)

is also related that an eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between this monarch and Cyaxares, and that this eclipse had been predicted by Thales. (Herod, 1, 74-Bähr, ad loc.) Modern investigations make it to have been a total one. (Olimann, Act. Soc. Berolin. Mathemat., 1812.) It is worthy of notice, too, that this same eclipse is mentioned in the Persian poem Schahnameh, as having taken place under king Keikawus, who is thought to have been the Cyaxares of the Greek writers. (Von Hammer, Wiener Jahrbüch., 9, p. 13.) For remarks on the chronology of this reign, consult Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. 1, 2d ed., P 296 et 298, and also Larcher, Histoire d'Herodote, vol. 7, p. 537. (Table Chronoi.)

ALYPTUS, I. a philosopher of Alexandrea in Egypt, contemporary with Jamblichus. He was remarkably small of size, but possessed, according to Eunapius, a very subtle turn of mind, and was very skilful in dialectics. Alypius wrote nothing; all his instruction was given orally. Jamblichus composed a life of this philosopher. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 1, p. 657.)-II. A native of Alexandrea, who wrote a work on music, entitled, Eloaywyn μovσiký, or “ Introduction to Music." He divides the whole musical art into seven portions: 1. Sounds. 2. Intervals. 3. Systems. 4. Kinds.

ALTINUM, a flourishing city near Aquileia. According to Cluverius, the precise site of the ancient Alti-5. Tones. 6. Changes. 7. Compositions. He treats, num seems uncertain. D'Anville, however, asserts (Anal Geogr. de l'Ital., p. 84) that its place is yet marked by the name of Altino, on the right bank of the river Silis (Side), and near its mouth. According to Strabo (214), the situation of Altinum bore much resemblance to that of Ravenna. The earliest men tion of it is in Velleius Paterculus (2, 76). At a later period of the Roman empire it must have become a place of considerable note, since Martial compares the appearance of its shore, lined with villas, to that of Baie. (Ep., 4, 25.) It was also celebrated for its wool. (Martial, Ep., 14, 153.)

however, of only one of these, the fifth; whence Meibomius concludes, that only a fragment of his work has reached us. There is some difference of opinion as to the period when Alypius flourished. Cassiodorus (De Musica, sub fin.) believes, that he was anterior to Ptolemy, and even to Euclid. De la Borde (Essai sur la Musique, vol. 3, p. 133) places him in the latter half of the fourth century after Christ. Of all the ancient writers on music that have come down to us, he is the only one through whom we are made acquainted with the notes employed by the Greeks; so that, without him, our knowledge of the ancient music would be ALTIS, the sacred grove of Olympia, on the banks greatly circumscribed. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. of the Alpheus, in the centre of which stood the tem- 8, p. 270.)-III. A native of Antioch, an architect and ple of Jupiter. It was composed of olive and plane- engineer, who lived in the reign of Julian the apostate, trees, and was surrounded by an enclosure. Besides to whom he dedicated a geographical description of the the temple just mentioned, the grove contained those ancient world. This production is considered by some of Juno and Lucina, the theatre, and the prytaneum. to be the same with the short abridgment, first pubIn front of it, or, if we follow Strabo, within its pre-lished by Godefroy (Gothofredus), in Greek and Latin, cincts, was the stadium, together with the race-ground at Geneva, 1628, in 4to. There is, however, no good or hippodromus. The whole grove was filled with monuments and statues, erected in honour of gods, heroes, and conquerors. Pausanias mentions more than

reason whatever to suppose this work to have been written by Alypius. The Greek text published by Godefroy appears rather to have been forged after the

Latin version, which is very old and very badly done. |ers, and teeming productions of earth, and to have given We perceive, from the letters of Julian that have come down to us, that Alypius was also a poet; and that he had commanded, moreover, in Britain, where his mildness and firmness combined had gained him great praise. It was Alypius whom Julian charged with the execution of his order for rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem; a work that was broken off, in so remarkable a manner, by globes of fire bursting forth from the ground, and wounding and putting to flight the workmen. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 1, p. 657.-Consult Salverte, des Sciences Occultes, vol. 2, p. 224.) ALYPUS, a statuary of Sicyon, pupil of Naucydes, the Argive. He cast in brass the statues of certain Lacedæmonians who fought with Lysander in the bat le of Egos Potamos. (Pausan., 10, 9.)

it to a nymph, Adrastea, who had charge, with others, of his earlier years.-A change had also been made in another part of the primitive legend. The goat Amal thæa, though so kind to the infant deity, and though all white and beautiful of form, was said, nevertheless, to have had a look so fearful and terror-inspiring, that the Titans, unable to endure it, entreated the earth to hide the animal from view. (Eratosthenes, Cataster., 13, p. 10, seqq., ed. Schaub.-Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 13.) We have here a clew to the origin of the whole fable. The ancient navigators had observed that the constellations of the She-Goat and the Kids (Capella and Hadi) brought stormy and rainy weather, and they were therefore regarded as inauspicious for mariners and dangerous for ships. (Arat. Phan., 156, seqq.ALYZIA ('Aλvía), a town of Acarnania, about fif- Schol. ad Arat., p. 46, ed. Buhle-Voss., ad Virg., teen stadia from the sea, and, as Cicero informs us in Georg., 1, 205.) Hence probably the name aig was apone of his letters (ad Fam., 16, 2), one hundred and plied to the constellation of the She-Goat, in its primitwenty stadia from Leucas. It appears to have been tive meaning of a tempest, a primitive meaning which a place of some note, as it is noticed by several wri- afterward disappeared from use, while the secondary ters. The earliest of these are Scylax (Peripl., p. 13) one of a she-goat usurped its place. (Buttmann, ad and Thucydides (7, 31). A naval action was fought| Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 309.) With this earlier meanin its vicinity, between the Athenians under Timothe-ing of als is connected that of aiyíç, “a storm” or “ temus, and the Lacedæmonians, not long before the bat-pest," subsequently indicative of the Ægis of Jupiter, tle of Leuctra. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 4, 65.) Belong-which he was believed to wield amid the warfare of ing to Alyzia was a port consecrated to Hercules, with the elements. From all this arose the early legend. a grove, where was at one time a celebrated group, the work of Lysippus, representing the labours of Hercules; but a Roman general caused it to be removed to Rome, as more worthy to possess such a chefd'œuvre. (Strabo, 459.) This port appears to answer to the modern Porto Candili. (Cramer's Anct. Greece, vol. 2, p. 18, seqq.)

AMAGETOBRIA. Vid. Magetobria.

AMALTHEA, I. the name of the goat that suckled Jupiter. The monarch of Olympus, as a reward for his act of kindness, translated her to the skies, along with her two young ones, whom she had put aside in orler to accommodate the infant deity, and he made them Cars in the northern hemisphere, on the arm of Auriga. The whole legend appears to be of a mixed character, l from a simple origin, adapted to the rude ideas of an sarly race, to have gradually assumed an astronomical character. Thus, according to the legend, the infant Jove was nurtured by the milk of the goat, while the vid-bees deposited their honey on his lips. We have are the milk and the honey that play so conspicuous a part in Oriental imagery, as typifying the highest degree of human felicity and abundance, and, therefore, well worthy to be the food of an infant deity appearing in human form. From the milk and honey, moreover, of early fable, come the ambrosia and nectar of a later age, since nectar was regarded as a quintessence of honey, and ambrosia as an extract from the purest milk. tiger, Amalthea, vol. 1, p. 22.) The early legend goes on to state, that the infant Jove, when playing with his four-footed foster parent, accidentally broke off one of her horns. This was made at first to serve as a drinking cup, and thus recalls the custom of a primitive age, when the horns of animals were generally employed for this purpose; the horncup appearing as well in the carliest symposia and the Bacchanalian orgies of the Greeks, as in the legends of the Scandinavian Edda and in the halls of Odin. With the progress of ideas, a new feature was added to the fable. The horn of Amalthea is no longer a mere cup. This ure has ended, and Jupiter now ordains, that it shall be ever full to overflowing with whatever its possessor sita wish. (Apostolius, Cent., 2, 86, p. 30.-Compare Fischer, ad Palæphat., 46, p. 179.) Hence arose the beautiful fiction of the horn of plenty, the Cornu Copie, one of the happiest and most prolific allegories of the plastic art. Jove was said, in this later version of the fable, to have broken off the horn, filled it with all the 'chest fruits, and flow

The bright stars in the constellation of Capella become the fair, white she-goat Amalthea. The storms and clouds which the constellation brings with it, become the fear-inspiring look on the part of the animal, and, by the rude simplicity of early times, the she-goat is made the foster-parent of Jove. (Compare Hock, Creta, vol. 1, p. 177, seqq.-Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 424, seqq.)-II. A daughter of Melisseus, king of Crete. She and her sister Melissa had charge of the infant Jupiter, and fed him with goat's milk and honey. This is merely a later version of the early fable mentioned under Amalthea I. The she-goat and bees are now two females. (Diod. Sic., 5, 70.-Compare Böttiger, Amalthea, vol. 1, p. 24.)-III. A sibyl of Cumæ, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin, king of Rome. (Vid. Sibyllæ.)

AMALTHEUM, a gymnasium, or, rather, gymnasium and study combined, which Atticus had arranged in his villa in Epirus. It was replete with all that could amuse or instruct, and here, too, were placed the statues of all the illustrious men by whom the glory of the Roman state had been advanced to its proud elevation, just as Jupiter had been nurtured by the goat Amaithea. Hence its namne Amaltheum ('Αμαλθεῖον). (Cic., Ep. ad Att., 1, 16-Compare Ernesti, Clav. Cic., Ind. Græco-Lat)-Cicero appears to have had something of the kind in his villa at Arpinum, and which he calls his Amalthea, in the singular (fem.). (Ep. ad Att., 2, 1.)

AMANUS, I. a continuation of the chain of Mount Taurus, stretching to the north as far as Melitene and the Euphrates. It is situate at the eastern extremity of the Mediterranean, near the Gulf of Issus, and separates Cilicia from Syria. The defile or pass in these mountains was called Portus Amanicus, or Pylæ Syriæ. Its valleys and recesses were inhabited by wild and fierce tribes, who lived chiefly by plundering their neighbours, though they boasted of their freedom_under the sonorous name of Eleuthero-Cilices, or Free Cilicians. The modern name of the chain is, according to Mannert, Almadag; but, according to D'Anville, Al-Lukan. (Strab., 521.-Lucan, 8, 244.-Cic., Ep. ad Att., 5, 20.—Plin., 5, 27.)—II. A deity worshipped in Pontus and Cappadocia, and also called Omanus and Anandatus. (Compare Tschucke, ad Strab., 11, p. 512, ed. Casaub.—vol. 4, 478.) Bochart identifies him with the sun (Geogr. Sacr., p. 277), and others with the Persian Hom, a type of the

chus for the unnatural deed.-II. A city on the coast of Paphlagonia, near the mouth of the Parthenius. It was founded by Amastris, the niece of Darius Codomannus, and wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea, who gave her name to the new settlement. The earlier town of Sesamus, mentioned by Homer (Il., 2, 853), served for its citadel. It is praised as a beauti-Asia, extending their victorious arms from the regions ful city by both the younger Pliny (Ep., 10, 99) and the later ecclesiastical writers. (Compare Niceta Paph. Or, in S. Hyacint., 17.) Amastris, like Sinope, was built on a small peninsula, and had, in consequence, a double harbour. (Strabo, 544.) The modern name is Amastra. (Mannert, 6, pt. 3, p. 25.) AMATA, the wife of King Latinus, and mother of Lavinia. She hung herself in despair, on finding that she could not prevent the marriage of her daughter with Eneas. (Virg., Æn., 12, 603.)

to the Greek word 'Auútov, was Oiorpata, or “ man slayer." We have here what are sometimes called the | Scythian Amazons, making, in fact, a third class.—Di odorus gives an account of the victories of the Asiatic Amazons, as he had done in the case of the African. He makes them to have conquered a large portion of beyond the Tanaïs (or Don) as far as Syria (2, 46). Other accounts tell of their invasion of Attica, in order to recover their queen Antiope, who had been carried off by Theseus (Plut., Vit. Thes., c. 26, segg ); of their previous wars with Hercules; and still more anciently of their contest with Bacchus. (Pausan., 1, 15.-Id., 7, 2.-Plut., Quæst. Gr., p. 541.-Justin, 2, 4.) They are also mentioned by Homer, who speaks of their wars with the kings of Phrygia (Il, 3, 184), and of their defeat by Bellerophon (I., 6, 186). They AMATHUS (gen. untis), a city on the southern side are said also to have been among the allies of the Troof the island of Cyprus, and of great antiquity. Ado-jans in the war with the Greeks, and their queen Pennis was worshipped here as well as Venus. Scylax thesilea was slain by Achilles. (Hygin., fab., 112.— affirms that the Amathusians were autochthonous (Per- Dict. Crit., 4, 2, 3.-Tzetz., ad Lycophron, 999.ipl., p. 41); and it appears from Hesychius that they Diod. Sic., 2, 46) They make their appearance again, had a peculiar dialect (s. v. 'Erhaí, Kvbúbða, Má-in a later age, in the history of Alexander's expedition 2tka). Amathus was celebrated as a favourite resi- into Asia, and their queen Thalestris is said to have dence of Venus. (En., 10, 51.—Catull., Ep., 36.) paid a visit to the victorious monarch, having come The goddess, as an author, who wrote a history of for that purpose from the vicinity of Hyrcania; but Amathus, and is quoted by Hesychius (s. v. 'Appóde- Quintus Curtius, who gives us this information, deals, Tos), reported, was represented with a beard. Ama- as usual, in the marvellous, and with his wonted ignothus was the see of a Christian bishop under the By- rance of geography, places the plains of Themiscyra, zantine emperors. (Hierocl., p. 706.) Its ruins are and the river Thermodon which waters them, contiguto be seen near the little town of Limmeson or Lim-ous to the country of the Hyrcanians. (Q. Curt., 6, 5, mesol, somewhat to the north of Cape Gatto. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 377, seqq.)

25.-Compare Freinshem, ad loc.)-The Amazons are described as armed with bow and arrows, and as having also battle-axes and crescent shields ("pelta lunatæ."

AMAZONES, a name given by the ancient writers to certain female warriors, and derived, according to the Virg., En., 1, 490). Some writers, differing from popular opinion, from a, priv., and μucos, “a female Diodorus, as cited above, make the Amazons to have breast," because it was believed, that they burned off had no males among them, but to have merely visited, the right breast in order to handle the bow more con- at stated times, the neighbouring communities, for the veniently. The men among them were held in an in- purpose of a temporary union and the obtaining of offferior, and, as it were, servile condition, attending to all spring. They farther state, that the female children the employments which occupy the time and care of thus born to them were carefully reared, after having the females in other nations, while the Amazons them- right breast seared with a red-hot iron, but that all the selves took charge of all things relating to government male ones were destroyed immediately after birth. and warfare. (Diod. Sic., 2, 45.-Id., 3, 52.) The Diodorus, however, informs us, in speaking of the Greek writers speak of African and Asiatic Amazons. Asiatic Amazons, that they merely mutilated (¿πý(Diod. Sic., l. c.) The Amazons of Africa were the povv) the legs and arms of the male children, in order more ancient, and were also the more remarkable for to render them unfit for war. About the treatment of the number and splendour of their warlike achieve the male offspring among the African Amazons he is ments. They dwelt in the western regions of Africa, altogether silent. Thus much for the Amazons, as occupying an island in a lake called Tritonis, and they have been described or referred to by the ancient which was near the main ocean. Diodorus describes writers. Various explanations, as may well be supthis island as beautiful and productive, and names it posed, have been given of this curious legend. Some Hesperia. Under the guidance of a warlike queen, see in it an old tradition, founded, in a measure, on whom he calls Myrina, they conquered the people of historical truth, of a community of women, who acAtlantis, their neighbours, traversed a large portion of tually formed themselves into a regular state, after Africa, established friendly relations with Horus, son getting rid of, or subjugating their husbands. This is of Isis, then on the throne of Egypt, subdued Arabia, too improbable to need any serious refutation. R. P Syria, various parts of Asia Minor, and penetrated | Knight thinks that the fable" of the Amazons (for so even into Thrace. After this long career of conquest he terms it) "arose from some symbolical composition they returned to Africa, and were annihilated by Her- of an androgynous character, and which sought to excules. At this same time, too, the Lake Tritonis dis- press the blending of the two sexes into one shape; appeared as such, and became part of the ocean, the the full, prominent form of the female breast being intervening land having been swallowed up. (Diod. given on one side, and the flat form of the male on Sic., 3, 54.)-The Amazons of Asia are described by the other." (Inquiry into the Symbol. Lang., &c., § the same writer (2, 45) as having dwelt originally on 50-Class. Journ., vol. 23, p. 238.) Creuzer agrees the banks of the Thermodon in Pontus, and with this with Knight in making the legend a religious one, but statement the ancient poets all agree. Herodotus he sees in the story of the Amazons evident traces of also (9, 27) places the Amazons on this same river, some accounts that must have reached the early Greeks, and he affirms that it was from thence they advanced respecting a female priesthood of a warlike character, into Greece and invaded Attica. He likewise speaks connected with the worship of the great powers of naof an expedition undertaken by the Greeks against ture, and on whom, as a part of that worship, either a these warlike females, in which the latter were defeat-periodical or perpetual continence was enjoined. The ed near the Thermodon and led away captive. A part of them, however, escaped to Scythia, and became the mothers of the Sauromate (4, 110). The same historian adds, that the Scythian term, which answered

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change of vestments and of characters, so common. in this same class of Asiatic religions, was indicated, according to this same writer, by the removal of one of the breasts. The Amazons, therefore, according