Of these, the first was at the head of the western | ing to Rosetta, the southwestern amphitheatre, the gulf of the Red Sea, where the canal of Neco com- obelisk, or needle of Cleopatra, and Pompey's pillar, menced, and where stood the city of Arsinoe or Cleo- 88 feet 6 inches high, which, according to an English patris. This route, however, was not much used, on writer (Walpole's Collection, vol. 1, p. 380), was erectaccount of the dangerous navigation of the higher parts ed by Pompeius, governor of part of Lower Egypt, in of the Red Sea. The second point was the harbour honour of the Emperor Dioclesian. The equestrian of Myos Hormus, in latitude 27°. The third was statue on the top is no longer standing. (Mannert, Berenice, south of Myos Hormus, in latitude 23° 30′. 10, pt. 1, p. 611, seqq.—Encyclop. Americ., vol. 1, p. What the ships deposited at either of the last two 162, seqq.)-II. A city of Sogdiana, on the river laxplaces, the caravans brought to Coptos on the Nile, artes, to the east of Cyropolis. It was founded by whence they were conveyed to Alexandrea by a canal Alexander on the farthest limits of his Scythian expeconnecting this capital with the Canopic branch. Be-dition, and hence it was also called Alexandreschata tween Coptos and Berenice a road was constructed by (Αλεξανδρέσχατα, i. e., ̓Αλεξάνδρεια ἐσχάτη Alex Ptolemy Philadelphus, 258 miles in length. Ptolemy, andrea Ultima).-III. A city of Arachosia, near the the son of Lagus, who received Egypt in the general confines of India; now Scanderie of Arokhage, or division, improved what Alexander had begun. On Vaihend.-IV. A city of India, at the junction of the the long, narrow island of Pharos, which is very near Indus and Acesines; now, according to some, Lahor, the coast, and formed a port with a double entrance, but, according to others, Veh.-V. A city in the vicin a magnificent tower of white marble was erected, toity of the range of Paropamisus, on the east side of the serve as a beacon and guide for navigators. The ar- Coas.-VI. A city of Aria, at the mouth of the river chitect was Sostratus of Cnidus.-The first inhabi- Arius; now Corra.-VII. A city of Carmania, near tants of Alexandrea were a mixture of Egyptians and Sabis.--VIII. A city of Gedrosia ; now Hormoz, or Greeks, to whom must be added numerous colonies of Houz.-There were several other cities of the same Jews, transplanted thither in 336, 320, and 312 B C., name, called after Alexander, though not founded to increase the population of the city. It was they by him. Among these may be mentioned the followwho made the well-known Greek translation of the ing.-IX. Troas ('Aλežúvôpɛia ǹ Tpwác), a city on Old Testament, under the name of Septuaginta, or the western coast of Mysia, above the promontory of the Septuagint. The most beautiful part of the city, Lectum. It was more commonly called Alexandrea; near the great harbour, where stood the royal palaces, sometimes, however, Troas. (Act. Apost., 16, 8.— magnificently built, was called Bruchion. There was Itin. Ant., p. 334.) The place owed its origin to the large and splendid edifice, belonging to the acad- Antigonus, who gave it the name of Antigonia Troas. emy and Museum, where the greater portion of the After the fall of Antigonus, the appellation was chanroyal library (400,000 volumes) was placed; the rest, ged to Alexandrea Troas by Lysimachus, in honour of amounting to 300,000, were in the Serapion, or temple Alexander. Antigonus had already increased its popof Jupiter Serapis. The larger portion was burned ulation by sending thither the inhabitants of Cebrene, during the siege of Alexandrea by Julius Cæsar, but Neandria, and other towns; and it received a farther was afterward in part replaced by the library of Per- increase under Lysimachus. Under the Romans it gamus, which Antony presented to Cleopatra. The acquired still greater prosperity, and became one of Museum, where many scholars lived and were sup- the most flourishing of their Asiatic colonies. (Strab., ported, ate together, studied, and instructed others, re- 593-Pliny, 5, 30.) In the Acts of the Apostles it mained unhurt till the reign of Aurelian, when it was is simply called Troas, and it was from its port that destroyed in a period of civil commotion. The libra- St. Paul and St. Luke set sail for Macedonia (16, ry in the Serapion was preserved to the time of The-11). We are informed by Suetonius (Vit. Cæs., 79), odosius the Great. He caused all the heathen temples throughout the Roman empire to be destroyed; and even the splendid temple of Jupiter Serapis was not spared. A crowd of fanatic Christians, headed by their archbishop, Theodosius, stormed and destroyed it. At that time, the library, it is said, was partly burned, partly dispersed; and the historian Orosius, towards the close of the fourth century, saw only the empty shelves. The common account, therefore, is an erroneous one, which makes the library in question to have been destroyed by the Saracens, at the command of the Calif Omar, Á.D. 642, and to have furnished fuel during six months to the 4000 baths of Alexandrea. This narrative rests merely on the authority of the historian Abulpharagius, and has no other proof at all to support it. But, whatever may have been the cause of this disastrous event, the loss resulting to science was irreparable. The Alexandrean library, called by Livy "Elegantiæ regum curæque egregium opus," embraced the whole Greek and Latin literature, of which we possess but single fragments.--In the division of the Roman dominions, Alexandrea, with the rest of Egypt, was comprehended in the Eastern empire. The Arabs possessed themselves of it in 640; the Calif Motawakel, in 845, restored the library and academy; but the Turks took the city in 868, and it declined more and more, retaining, however, a flourishing commerce, until, as has already been remarked, the Portuguese, at the end of the 15th century, discovered a way to the East Indies by sea.-The modern city, called in Turkish Scanderia, does not occupy the site of the old town, of which nothing remains except a portico in the vicinity of the gate lead

that Julius Cæsar once had it in contemplation to transfer the seat of empire to this quarter; a plan far from happy, since the port was not large, and the fertility of the surrounding country not at all such as to warrant the attempt. The same idea, however, is said to have been entertained by Augustus. (Faber, Epist., 2, 43.-Compare the commentators on Horace, Od., 3, 3.) In a later age, Constantine actually commenced building a new capital here, but the superior situation of Byzantium soon induced him to abandon the undertaking. (Zosimus, 2, 30, p. 151, seqq., ed. Reitemeier.-Compare Zonaras, 13, 3.) Augustus, when he gave over the design just alluded to, still sent a Roman colony to this place, and hence the language used by Strabo (13, p. 594, ed. Casaub.), νῦν δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν δέδεκται. (Compare Plin., 5, 30.-Caius, in leg. 7, dig. de Cens.) The ruins of this city are called by the Turks Eski (Old) Stamboul. (Mannert, 6, pt. 3, p. 473, seqq.)— X. Ad Issum (кarà 'loσov), a city of Syria, on the coast of the Sinus Issicus, about sixteen miles from Issus in Cilicia. The founder is unknown. The Itin. Hieros. (p. 580) gives it the name of Alexandrea Scabiosa. (Compare Chron. Alexandr., p. 170, where the appellation is given as Gabiosa.) The modern Scanderoon, or Alexandretta, occupies the site of the ancient city,

ALEXANDREA ULTIMA. Vid. Alexandrea, II.

ALEXANDRI ARE, according to some, the limits of Alexander's victories near the Tanais. This, however, is all a mere fable of the ancients, who made Alexan der to have crossed the Tanais, and approached what they considered the limits of the world in that quarter.

ALEXANDRINA SCHOLA.

(Mannert, 4, p. 159 and 256.) For the true Alexandri Ara, vid. Hyphasis.

ALEXANDRINA SCHOLA.

tinguishing character arises from this circumstance, that, in Alexandrea, the eastern and western philosoALEXANDRI CASTRA (ý 'Aλežúvdрov пapeμboλń), a phy met, and an effort took place to unite the two place in Marmarica, at the Oasis of Ammon, where systems; for which reason the Alexandrean philosothe Macedonian forces were encamped while Alexan-phers have often been called Eclectics. This name, der was consulting the oracle. (Piol.) however, is not applicable to all. The New Platon

ALEXANDRI INSULA, an island in the Sinus Persi-ists form a distinguished series of philosophers, who, cus, on the Persian coast. (Ptol.-Plin., 6, 25.)

ALEXANDRI PORTUS, a harbour of Gedrosia, where the fleet of Nearchus was detained four weeks by adverse winds. (Arrian, Indic., 22.) It was in the immediate vicinity of Eirus Promontorium, or Cape Monze. (Compare Vincent's Commerce of the Ancients, vol. 1, p. 197.)

renouncing the skepticism of the New Academy, endeavoured to reconcile the philosophy of Plato with that of the East. The Jew Philo, of Alexandrea, belongs to the earlier New Platonists. Plato and Aristotle were diligently interpreted and compared in the 1st and 2d centuries after Christ. Ammonius the Peripatetic belongs here, the teacher of Plutarch. ALEXANDRINE AQUE, baths in Rome, built by the But the real New Platonic school of Alexandrea was Emperor Alexander Severus. established at the close of the 2d century after Christ ALEXANDRINA SCHOLA. When the flourishing pe- by Ammonius of Alexandrea (about 193 A.D.), whose riod of Greek poetry was past, study was called in to disciples were Plotinus and Origen. Being for the supply what nature no longer furnished. Alexandrea most part Orientals, formed by the study of Greek learnin Egypt was made the seat of learning by the Ptole-ing, their writings are strikingly characterized, e. g., mies, admirers of the arts, whence this age of liter- those of Ammonius Saccas, Plotinus, Iamblicus, Porature took the name of the Alexandrean. Ptolemy phyrius, by a strange mixture of Asiatic and European Philadelphus founded the famous library of Alexan- elements, which had become amalgamated in Alexandrea, the largest and most valuable one of antiquity, drea, owing to the mingling of the eastern and westwhich attracted many scholars from all countries; andern race in its population, as well as to its situation also the Museum, which may justly be considered the and commercial intercourse. Their philosophy had a first academy of sciences and arts. (Vid. Alexandrea.) great influence on the manner in which Christianity The grammarians and poets are the most important was received and taught in Egypt. The principal among the scholars of Alexandrea. These gramma- Gnostic systems had their origin in Alexandrea. The rians were philologists and literati, who explained leading teachers of the Christian catechetical schools, things as well as words, and may be considered a kind which had risen and flourished together with the ecof encyclopedists. Such were Zenodotus the Ephe-lectic philosophy, had imbibed the spirit of this phisian, who established the first grammar-school in Alex-losophy. The most violent religious controversies andrea, Eratosthenes of Cyrene, Aristophanes of By- disturbed the Alexandrean church, until the orthodox zantium, Aristarchus of Samothrace, Crates of Mallus, tenets were established in it by Athanasius in the conDionysius the Thracian, Apollonius the Sophist, and troversy with the Arians.-Among the scholars of Zoilus. Their merit is to have collected, examined, Alexandrea are to be found great mathematicians, as reviewed, and preserved the existing monuments of Euclid, the father of scientific geometry; Apollonius intellectual culture. To them we are indebted for of Perga in Pamphylia, whose work on Conic Sections what is called the Alexandrean Canon, a list of the still exists; Nicomachus, the first scientific arithmetiauthors whose works were to be regarded as models cian: astronomers, who employed the Egyptian hieroin the respective departments of Grecian literature. glyphics for marking the northern hemisphere, and The names composing this Canon, with some remarks fixed the images and names (still in use) of the conupon its claims to attention, will be given at the close stellations; who left astronomical writings (e. g., the of the present article.-To the poets of the Alexan- Phænomena of Aratus, a didactic poem, the Sphærica drean age belong Apollonius the Rhodian, Lyco- of Menelaus, the astronomical works of Eratosthenes, phron, Aratus, Nicander, Euphorion, Callimachus, and especially the Magna Syntaxis of the geographer Theocritus, Philetas, Phanocles, Timon the Phliasian, Ptolemy), and made improvements in the theory of the Scymnus, Dionysius, and seven tragic poets, who were calendar, which were afterward adopted into the Jucalled the Alexandrean Pleiades. The Alexandrean lian calendar: natural philosophers, anatomists, as age of literature differed entirely, in spirit and charac- Herophilus and Erasistratus: physicians and surgeons, ter, from the one that preceded. Great attention was as Demosthenes Philalethes, who wrote the first work paid to the study of language; correctness, purity, on diseases of the eye; Zopyrus and Cratevas, who and elegance were cultivated; and several writers of improved the art of pharmacy and invented antidotes: this period excel in these respects. But that which instructers in the art of medicine, to whom Asclepiano study can give, the spirit which filled the earlier des, Soranus, and Galen owed their education: medipoetry of the Greeks, is not to be found in most of cal theorists and empirics, of the sect founded by their works. Greater art in composition took its Philirus. All these belonged to the numerous assoplace; criticism was now to perform what genius had ciations of scholars continuing under the Roman doaccomplished before. But this was impossible. Ge- minion, and favoured by the Roman emperors, which nius was the gift of only a few, and they soared far rendered Alexandrea one of the most renowned and above their contemporaries. The rest did what may influential seats of science in antiquity.-The best be done by criticism and study; but their works are work on the learning of Alexandrea is the prize-essay tame, without soul and life, and those of their disci- of Jacob Matter; Essai Historique sur l'Ecole d'Alples, of course, still more so. Perceiving the want of exandrie, Paris, 1819, 2 vols. (Encyclop. Americ., originality, but appreciating its value, and striving af- vol. 1, p. 164, seqq.)-We alluded, near the com ter it, they arrived the sooner at the point where poe-mencement of the present article, to the literary Canon, try is lost. Their criticism degenerated into a disposition to find fault, and their art into subtilty. They scized on what was strange and new, and endeavoured to adorn it with learning. The larger part of the Alexandreans, commonly grammarians and poets at the same time, are stiff and laborious versifiers, without genius. Besides the Alexandrean school of poetry, one of philosophy is also spoken of, but the expression is not to be understood too strictly. Their dis

settled by the grammarians of Alexandrea. We will now proceed to give its details, after some prefatory remarks respecting its merits. The canon of classical authors, as it has been called, was arranged by Aristophanes of Byzantium, curator of the Alexandrean library, in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes; and his celebrated disciple Aristarchus. The daily increasing multitude of books of every kind had now become so great, that there was no expression, however faulty,

ture.

containing pretended conversations between Philip and Alexander of Macedon, in which the character of the Stagirite was very rudely assailed. Full of vanity and self-conceit, he retired to Olympia for the purpose, as he gave out, of establishing a sect to which he wished to give the appellation of Olympiac; the unhealthy state of the neighbourhood, and its descrted condition, except at the period of the games, caused his disciples to abandon him. He died in consequence of being wounded in the foot by the point of a reed, as he was bathing in the Alpheus. (Diog. Laert.) Alexinus and his preceptor Eubulides are only known as the authors of certain captious questions (vra) which they levelled at their antagonists. (Diog. Laert., 2, 108, seqq.-Cic., Acad, 4, 29.)

ALEXION, a physician, intimate with Cicero. (Cic., ad Att., 13, ep. 25.)

for which precedent might not be found; and as there were far more bad than good writers, the authority and weight of numbers was likely to prevail; and the language, consequently, to grow more and more corrupt. It was thought necessary, therefore, to draw a line between those classic writers, to whose authority an appeal in matter of language might be made, and the common herd of inferior authors. In the most cultivated modern tongues, it seems to have been found expedient to erect some such barrier against the inroads of corruption; and to this preservative caution are we indebted for the vocabulary of the Academicians della Crusca, and the list of authors therein cited as affording "testi di lingua." To this we owe the Dictionaries of the Royal Academies of France and Spain, of their respective languages; and Johnson's Dictionary of our own. But, as for the example first set in this matter by the Alexandrean critics, its effects ALEXIS, I. a comic poet of Thurium, uncle on the upon their own literature have been of a doubtful na- father's side to Menander, and his instructer in the In so far as the canon has contributed to pre- drama. (Proleg. Aristoph., p. xxx.) He flourished serve to us some of the best authors included in it, we in the time of Alexander the Great, and, according to cannot but rejoice. On the other hand, there is rea- Suidas, wrote 245 pieces for the stage (dídaže dрúμaτа son to believe, that the comparative neglect into which oué). Athenæus calls him ỏ xapicis, "the gracefully those not received into it were sure to fall, has been sportive," and the extracts which he as well as Stothe occasion of the loss of a vast number of writers, bæus give from the productions of the poet appear to who would have been, if not for their language, yet for justify the appellation. If he did not invent the chartheir matter, very precious; and who, perhaps, in many acter of the parasite, he at least introduced it more cases, were not easily to be distinguished, even on the frequently into his comedies, or portrayed it more sucscore of style, from those that were preferred. (Moore's cessfully than any of his predecessors. The titles of Lectures, p. 55, seqq.) The details of the canon are several of his pieces have been preserved, besides the as follows: 1. Epic Poets. Homer, Hesiod, Pisan- extracts which are given by Athenæus and Stobus. der, Panyasis, Antimachus. 2. Iambic Poets. Ar- (Athen., 2, 59, f.—Schweigh., ad Athen., l. c.) The chilochus, Simonides, Hipponax. 3. Lyric Poets. remains of this poet are also to be found in the ExAleman, Alcæus, Sappho, Stesichorus, Pindar, Bac-cerpta ex Trag. et Comoed. Gr. of Grotius, Paris, 1626, chylides, Ibycus, Anacreon, Simonides. 4. Elegiac 4to.-II. An artist mentioned by Pliny as one of the Poets. Callinus, Mimnermus, Philetas, Callimachus. pupils of Polycletus, but without any statement of his 5. Tragic Poets. (First Class): Eschylus, Sopho-country or the works which he executed. (Plin., cles, Euripides, Ion, Achæus, Agathon. (Second 34, 8.) Class, or Tragic Pleiades): Alexander the Etolian, Philiscus of Corcyra, Sositheus, Homer the younger, Eantides, Sosiphanes or Sosicles, Lycophron. 6. Comic Poets. (Old Comedy): Epicharmus, Cratinus, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Pherecrates, Plato. (Middle Comedy): Antiphanes, Alexis. (New Comedy): Menander Philippides, Diphilus, Philemon, Apollodorus. 7. Historians. Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Theopompus, Ephorus, Philistus, Anaximenes, Callisthenes. 8. Orators. (The ten Attic Orators) Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias, Isocrates, Isæus, Æschines, Lycurgus, Demosthenes, Hyperides, Dinarchus. 9. Philosophers. Plato, Xenophon, Eschines, Aristotle, Theophrastus. 10. Poetic Pleiades. (Seven poets of the same epoch with one another) Apollonius the Rhodian, Aratus, Philiscus, Homer the younger, Lycophron, Nicander, Theocritus. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 186, seqq.)

ALEXANDROPOLIS, a city of Parthia, probably east of Nisæa, built by Alexander the Great. (Plin., 6, 25.) ALEXARCHUS, a Greek historian, vid. SUPPLEMENT. ALEXICACUS, an epithet applied to various deities, particularly to Jupiter, Apollo, Hercules, &c. It means "an averter of evil," and is derived from 25, to avert," or "ward off," and kakóv, "evil." Another Greek term of the same import is añотрóñαtos, and analogous to both is the Latin averruncus. (Consult Fischer, ad Aristoph., Plut., 359.)

ALEXIAS, a Greek physician, Vid. SUPPLEMENT. ALEXĪNUS, a native of Elis, the disciple of Eubulides, and a member of the Megaric sect. He set himself in array against almost all of his contemporaries that were in any way distinguished for talent, such as Aristotle, Zeno, Menedemus, Stilpo, and the historian Ephorus, and from his habit of finding fault with others was nicknamed Elenxinus ('Eλéyivos), or “ the faultfinder." In particular, he vented the most calumnious imputations against Aristotle, and wrote a work

ALFENUS, OF PUBLIUS ALFĒNUS VARUS, a barber of Cremona, who, growing out of conceit with his line of business, quitted it and came to Rome. Here he attended the lectures of Servius Sulpicius, a celebrated lawyer of the day, and made so great proficiency in his studies as to become eventually the ablest lawyer of his time. His name often occurs in the Pandects. He was advanced to some of the highest offices in the empire, and was at last made consul, A.U.C. 755. (Compare the commentators on Horace, Serm, 1, 3, 130) In some editions of Horace, Alfenus is styled Sutor, "a shoemaker." Bentley, however, on the authority of two MSS., one of them a MS. copy of Acron, changes the lection to tensor, “a barber. His emendation has been very generally adopted.

ALGIDUM, a town of Latium, on the Via Latina, situate in a hollow about twelve miles from Rome. Antiquaries seem to agree in fixing its position at l'Osteria dell' Aglio. (Holstein, Adnot., p. 158.Vulp. Lat. Vet., 15, 1, p. 248.-Nibby, Viag. Antiq., vol. 2, p. 62.)

ALGIDUS, a chain of mountains in Latium, stretching from the rear of the Alban Mount, and running parallel to the Tusculan Hills, being separated from them by the valley along which ran the Via Latina. The neighbourhood is remarkable for the numberless conflicts between the Roman armies and their unwearied antagonists the qui and Volsci. Mount Algidus, in fact, was advantageously placed for making inroads on the Roman territory, either by the Via Latina or the Via Lavicana. The woods of the bleak Algidus are a favourite theme with Horace. (Od., 1, 21, 6-3, 23, 9.-4, 4, 58.--Cramer's Anct. Italy, vol. 2, p. 48.) This mountainous range was sacred to Diana (Hor. Carm. Sac., 69) and to Fortune. (Liv., 21, 62.) ALIACMON. Vid. Haliacmon. ALIARTUS. Vid. Haliartus. ALIENUS CECINA. Vid. Cæcina.

the Olpæ of Thucydides (3, 101).-IV. A town of the Locri Opuntii, above Daphnus. It was here that, according to Thucydides, the Athenians obtained some advantages over the Locrians in a descent they made on this coast during the Peloponnesian war. (Thucyd., 2, 26.)

space of thirteen months, until Mercury "stole him away" (éékλeev). Later writers add, of course, many other particulars. Apollodorus makes Ephialtes to have aspired to a union with Juno, and Otus with Diana. (Compare Nonnus, Dionys., 48, 402.-Hy. gin., fab., 28.) He farther states, that Diana effected their destruction in the island of Naxos. She changed ALOPECE, I. an island in the Palus Mæotis, near the herself, it seems, into a hind, and bounded between mouth of the Tanais. Strabo and Ptolemy call it Alothe two brothers, who, in their eagerness each to slay рecia ('Ahwπɛкíα), but Pliny (4, 26) names it Alopece. the animal, pierced one another with their weapons-II. An island in the Cimmerian Bosporus, near (EO' ÉAUTOÙÇ ηKÓvтioav). Diodorus Siculus (5, 51) Panticapæum. Constantine Porphyrogenitus (de adm. gives an historical air to the narrative, making the two imp., c. 42) calls it Atech ('Aréx).—III. A borough of brothers to have held sway in Naxos, and to have fallen Attica, north of Hymettus, and near the Cynosarges, in a quarrel by each other's hand. (Compare Pind., consequently close to Athens. According to HerodoPyth, 4, 88, ed. Böckh, and the scholiast, ad loc.) Virtus (5, 63), it contained the tomb of Anchimolius, a gil assigns the Aloïda a place of punishment in Tarta- Spartan chief, who fell in the first expedition undertarus (En., 6, 582), and some of the ancient fabulists make ken by the Spartans to expel the Pisistratidæ. Acthem to have been hurled thither by Jupiter, others by cording to Eschines (in Timarch., p. 119), it was not Apollo. So in the Odyssey (1. c.) they are spoken of more than eleven or twelve stadia from the walls of the as inhabiting the lower world, though no reason is as- city. This was the borough or demus of Socrates and signed by the poet for their being there, except what Aristides. It was enrolled in the tribe Antiochis. we may infer from the legend itself, that they were cut (Steph. Byz., s. t. 'Ahwπékn). Chandler thought that off in early life, lest, if they had been allowed to attain he passed some vestiges belonging to it in his journey their full growth, they might have obtained the empire from Athens to Hymettus. (Travels, vol. 2, c. 30.) of the skies. (Heyne, ad Apollod, l. c.) Pausanias makes the Aloïda to have founded Ascra in Boeotia, and to have been the first that sacrificed to the Muses on Mount Helicon (9, 29). Müller regards the Aloïde as the mythic leaders of the old Thracian colonies, heroes by land and sea. They appear in Pieria (at Aloium, near Tempe) and at Mount Helicon, and in both quarters have reference to the digging of canals and the draining of mountain-dales. (Orchomenus, p. 387.) Creuzer, on the other hand, sees in the fable of the Aloïda a figurative allusion to a contest, as it ALOs, or Halos, I. a city in Thessaly, situate near were, between the water and the land. Alocus is the sea, on the river Amphrysus. It was founded by "the man of the threshing-floor" (üλoç), whose efforts Athamas, whose memory was here held in the highest are all useless on account of the infidelity of his spouse veneration. (Strab., 432.-Herodot., 7, 197.) This (the Earth, "the very wise one," lot and undoc). She place was called the "Phthiotic" or " Achæan" Alos, unites against him with Neptune, and the sea there- to distinguish it from another city of the same name upon begets the mighty energies of the tempests (Otus among the Locri.-II. A city of the Locri Opuntii. and Ephialtes), which darken the day ('rog, from ALPENUS, a town of the Locri Epicnemidii, south of rós, the horned owl," the bird of night), which brood Thermopylae, whence, as Herodotus (7, 229) informs heavily over the earth, and cause the waves of oceanus, Leonidas and his little band drew their supplies. It to leap and dash upon the cultivated regions along the shore (Εφιάλτης, from ἐπί, and άλλομαι, “ to leap, as indicating "the one that attacks" or "leaps upon," the spirit that oppresses and torments, "the nightmare"). At last the god of day (Apollo) comes forth, and the storm ceases, first along the mountain-tops, and at last even on the shore. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 386.) If we adopt the other version of the fable, that the Aloidae were destroyed by Diana, the storm will then be hushed by the influence and changing of the moon.

ALOIUM, a town of Thessaly, near Tempe. (Steph. Βyz., s. τ. 'Αλώιον.)

ALOPECONNESUs, a town on the northern coast of the Thracian Chersonese. It was an Eolian colony, according to Scymnus (v. 705), and it is mentioned as one of the chief towns of the Chersonese by Demosthenes (de Cor., p. 256). It was taken by Philip, king of Macedon, towards the commencement of his wars with the Romans (Liv., 31, 16). According to Athenæus (2, 60), truffles of excellent quality grew near it. The site of the ancient town still retains the name of Alexi. (Mannert, 7. p. 197.)

is also called Alpeni ('A2πmoć). This is probably the same town which Eschines names Alponus, since he describes it as being close to Thermopyla. (Esch., de Fals. Leg., p. 46.)

ALPES, a chain of mountains, separating Italia from Gallia, Helvetia, and Germania. Their name is derived from their height, Alp being the old Celtic appellation for a lofty mountain. (Adelung, Mithridates, vol. 2, p. 42.--Compare remarks under the article Albion, II.) They extend from the Sinus Flanaticus, or Gulf of Carnero, at the top of the Gulf of Venice, and the sources of the river Colapis, or Kulpe, to Vada Sabatia, or Savona, on the Gulf of Genoa. The whole ALOPE, I. daughter of Cercyon, king of Eleusis, and extent, which is in a crescent form, Livy makes only mother of Hippothoon by Neptune. She was put to 250 miles, Pliny 700 miles. The true amount is neardeath by her father, and her tomb is spoken of by Pau-ly 600 British miles. They have been divided by both sanias (1, 29). Hyginus says that Neptune, not being ancient and modern geographers into various portions, able to save her life, changed her corpse into a fountain of which the principal are, 1. The Maritime Alps (Al(fab., 187). The son, on having been exposed by or-pes Maritima), beginning from the environs of Nice der of its mother, was at first suckled by a mare (inç), (Nicæa), and extending to Mons Vesulus, Monte Viso. whence his name Hippothoon; and was afterward ta- 2. The Cottian Alps (Alpes Cottia), reaching from the ken care of and brought up by some shepherds. When last-mentioned point to Mont Cenis. (Vid. Cottius.) he had attained to manhood, he was placed on his grand- 3. The Graian Alps (Alpes Graia), lying between Mont father's throne by Theseus, who had slain Cercyon. Iseran and the Little St. Bernard inclusively. The (Pausan, 1, 5, et 39.-Hygin., l. c.)-II. A town of name Graia is said to refer to the tradition of Hercules Thessaly, situate, according to Steph. Byz. (s. v. 'A2ó-having crossed over them on his return from Spain into n), between Larissa Cremaste and Echinus. (Compare Strabo, 432.-Pomp. Mel., 2, 3) It is probably the same with the Alitrope noticed by Sevlax (p. 24), and retains its name on the shore of the Melian Gulf, below Makalla-III. A town of the Locri Czola, according to Strabo (427). It is, perhaps, no other than

Italy and Greece. 4. The Pennine Alps (Alpes Pennine), extending from the Great St. Bernard to the sources of the Rhone and Rhine. The name is derived from the Celtic Penn, "a summit," and not, as Livy and other ancient writers, together with some modern ones, pretend, from Hannibal having crossed

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