of whom were conquered, and compelled to wander from their previous settlements towards the mountains of Caucasus. (Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 471.)

PRONAPIDES, an ancient Greek poet, a native of Athens, and the reputed preceptor of Homer. (Diod. Sic., 3, 66.-Fabric., Bibl. Gr., vol. 1, p. 27.)

PRONUBA, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriages. (Vid. Juno.)

PROPERTIUS, Sextus Aurelius, a celebrated Roman elegiac poet, born in Umbria on the confines of Etru

came to survey the work, he found that the silly Epi- | and they hurled them both to Tartarus. Prometheus metheus had abundantly furnished the inferior animals, conquered by Jove is thought to be a tradition of a while man was left naked and helpless. As the day similar nature; and an ancient monument at Athens, for their emerging from the earth was at hand, Pro- at the entrance of a temple of Minerva, in the Acametheus was at a loss what to do. At length, as the demia, fully testified, if we believe the scholiast to only remedy, he stole fire, and with it the artist-skill Sophocles (Ed. Col., 57), the priority of the Titan of Minerva and Vulcan, and gave it to man. He was Prometheus to the Homeric Vulcan. Prometheus also regarded as the creator of the human race. An- and Vulcan were there represented, and the former, other legend said, that all mankind having perished in as the first and eldest of the two, held a sceptre in his Deucalion's food, Jupiter directed Prometheus and hand (ὁ μὲν Προμηθεύς, πρῶτος καὶ πρεσβύτερος, ἐν δεξ. Minerva to make images of clay, on which he caused τᾷ σκῆπτρον ἔχων, ὁ δὲ Ηφαιστος νέος καὶ δεύτερος). the winds to blow, and thus gave them life. (Etym. Compare Constant, de la Religion, vol. 2, p. 316. Mag, et Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Ikóviov.) A third said, Kruse adopts the same opinion, and makes the contest that Prometheus had formed a man of clay, and Mi- in question to have taken place between the Pelasgi on nerva, beholding it, offered him her aid in procuring Olympus (the fabled seat of Jove), and some primitive anything in heaven that might contribute to its per-race occupying the region of Mount Othrys, the latter fection. Prometheus said, that he could not tell what there might be in heaven suitable for his purpose, unless he could go thither and judge for himself. The goddess then bore him to heaven in her sevenfold shield, and there, seeing everything animated by the celestial heat, he secretly applied his ferula to the wheel of the sun's chariot, and thus stole some of the fire, which he then applied to the breast of his man, and thus animated him. Jupiter, to punish Prometheus, bound him, and appointed a vulture to prey upon his liver, and the incensed gods sent fevers and oth-ria. Seven towns of the Umbrian territory disputed er diseases among men. (Apollod., 1, 7, 1.- Ovid, with each other the honour of being the birthplace of Met., 1, 82.-Horat., Od., 1, 3, 29, seq.-Serv. ad Propertius. From the poet's own account, Mevania Virg., Eclog., 6, 42.)-On the story of Prometheus (the modern Bevagna) appears to prefer the strongest has been founded the following very pretty fable: claims on this head (4, 1, 121). The time of ProperWhen Prometheus had stolen fire from heaven for tius' birth has also been made a subject of controversy, the good of mankind, they were so ungrateful as to being placed by some writers as early as 696 A.U.C., betray him to Jupiter. For their treachery, they got and by others as late as 705. From the import of in reward a remedy against the evils of old age; but, eight lines in the fourth book of his elegies (4, 1, 123), not duly considering the value of the gift, instead of which refer to himself, the year of his birth may be carrying it themselves, they put it on the back of an most safely placed between these periods, and no great ass, and let him trot on before them. It was sum- error will probably be committed if it be fixed in the mer-time, and the ass, quite overcome by thirst, went year 700. In these verses we are told that his father up to a fountain to drink; but a snake forbade all ap- died prematurely, while Propertius was yet young, and proach. The ass, ready to faint, most earnestly im- that his inheritance, about the same time, was divided plored relief. The cunning snake, who knew the among the soldiery,-Propertius was descended of an value of the burden which the ass bore, demanded it equestrian family of considerable possessions. But, as the price of access to the fount. The ass was his father having espoused the side of the consul Lucius forced to comply, and the snake obtained possession Antonius, brother of the triumvir, in the dissensions of the gift of Jupiter, but with it, as a punishment of that arose with Octavius, he was made prisoner on the his art, he got the thirst of the ass. Hence it is that capture of Perugia, and slain at the altar erected to the snake, by casting his skin annually, renews his the memory of Julius Cæsar. About these statements youth, while man is borne down by the weight of the there exists, however, a great deal of doubt. While evils of old age. The malignant snakes, moreover, Propertius was yet in his boyhood, the chief part of when they have an opportunity, communicate their his inheritance, like that of Tibullus, was divided, as thirst to mankind by biting them. (Elian, Nat. An., we have seen, among the soldiers of the triumvirs. 6, 51.— Nicander, Ther., 340, seq.- Schol., ad loc.) With the view of re-establishing his fortune, he went -The wife of Prometheus was Pandora (Hesiod, ap. to Rome in early life, and there commenced those Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod, 3, 1086), or Clymene (Schol. studies which might qualify him to shine as a patron ad Od., 10, 2), or Hesione (Esch., Prom. Vinct., in the Forum. He soon, however, relinquished this 560), or Asia (Herod., 4, 45), His only child was pursuit, and devoted himself entirely to the Muses. Deucalion. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 288, seqq.)—His early proficiency in poetry, his learning and agreeRosenmüller sees in the fable of Prometheus a resem-able manners, procured for him the friendship of Galblance to the scripture account of the fall. (Rosenm., lus, of the poet Ponticus Bassus, and of Óvid, who ad Gen., 3, 7-Schütz, Excurs. 1, ad Prom. Vinct. frequently attended the private recital of his elegies. -Buttmann, Mythologus, vol. 1, p. 60.) Others car- These productions appear to have been written about. ry this theory still farther, and in the combined fables the year 730. In the second, third, and fourth books, of Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Pandora, discover an our poet gives Octavius Cæsar the name of Augustus, analogy, not only to the fall of Adam, but also to the which was first bestowed on him in 727. In the third promise of a Redeemer. (Compare Horne's Intro- book he alludes to the death of Marcellus, who died duction, vol. 1, p. 163, Am. ed.) Nay, some of the in 730. Farther, in the last elegy of the second book, early fathers even proceeded to the length of tracing a he speaks of Virgil as still alive, and of his Eneid as resemblance between Prometheus and our Saviour. a work which was in progress, and of which the high(Schütz, Excurs., ubi supra.) Another solution of est expectations had been formed. Now Virgil comthis myth refers it to the overthrow of some early re- menced his Eneid in 724, and had made considerable ligious system in Greece. Tzetzes, in his scholia on progress in 730, in which year he read three books of Lycophron (v. 1191), relates, that Ophion, and Euryn-it to Augustus and his sister Octavia. Virgil surome, daughter of Oceanus, reigned over the gods vived till the year 734, and the Eneid was published previous to Saturn and Rhea. Saturn overthrew immediately after his death.-The first appearance of Ophion, and Rhea overcame Eurynome in wrestling, the elegies attracted the notice of Mæcenas, who as

signed Propertius a house in his own gardens on the | such numerous topics of allusion and illustration, that Esquiline Hill. He also procured for him the patron-it seduced him into what has justly been considered as age of Volcatius Tullus, who was consul with Augustus in the year 721, and became, after the death of Mæcenas, the general protector of learning and the arts. It appears that the patrons of those days teased their dependant poets with pressing solicitations to accompany them on military expeditions and embassies. An invitation of this sort from Tullus, requesting Propertius to attend him to Egypt and Asia Minor, seems to have been declined (lib. 1, el. 6). But it would appear that he at length undertook a journey to Athens, probably as a follower of Mecenas, when he attended Augustus in his progress through Greece (3, 21). Little farther is known concerning the events of his life, and even the precise period of his death is uncertain. He was alive in 736, when the emperor promulgated a law concerning marriage, in which severe penalties were imposed on celibacy. His death is generally placed about the year 740, when he had not exceeded the age of 40. But there seems no sufficient proof that he died earlier than 760, at which time Ovid, during his banishment, wrote an elegy, where he speaks of him as deceased.-The whole life of Propertius was devoted to female attachments. He was first enticed, in early youth, by Lycinna, an artful slave; but subsequently Cynthia became the more permanent object of his affections. The lady whom he has celebrated under this name was the laughter of the poet Hostius, and her real name was Hostia (3, 13). This fascinating object of his ruling and permanent attachment had received an education equal to that of the most distinguished Roman ladies of the day. She was skilled in music, poetry, and every other accomplishment calculated to make an impression on a youthful and susceptible mind. But with all these advantages, she shared no small portion of the artifice and extravagance which characterized the domestic manners of the Roman fair in the age of Augustus. Hence our poet was the constant sport of the varying humours of his Cynthia. But, notwithstanding occasional jealousies and estrangements of affection, this female, until her death (which happened when the poet was about thirty years of age), continued to be his reigning passion, and the chief theme of his elegies. These productions, which are nearly one hundred in number, are divided into four books. The first book is almost exclusively devoted to the celebration of the poet's love for Cynthia. In the second and third books, also, she is still his principal theme, but his strain becomes moral and didactic. He now declaims against the extravagance of his age; against that love of pomp and luxury, which, in his time, dishonoured the Roman fair, and which he beautifully contrasts with the simple manners of a distant period, concluding with a pathetic prediction of the fall of Rome, accelerated by its own overgrown wealth, and the pernicious thirst of gold. The elegies of the fourth book, which were not made public till after the death of the poet, are entirely of a different description from those by which they are preceded. They are chiefly heroical and didactic, comprehending the praises of Augustus, and long narrations drawn from Roman fable and Italian antiquities. In point of general composition, the elegies of Propertius are almost perfect. He flourished at a period and in a capital in which style had attained its greatest purity. He lived in the society of Gallus, Ovid, and Mæcenas, and under the sway of a prince whose greatest boast was the protection of learning and genius. The patronage and society he enjoyed communicated to his writings a degree of taste and politeness, which they might not have attained had he lived at an earlier period, or at a distance from the court of Augustus. Even a slight acquaintance with his works may convince us that he was an extensive reader, and his learning had supplied him with

his chief fault. Whatever is pleasing or natural in his elegies, he destroys by mixing up with it history and fable; and it is this injudicious and ill-timed pedantry that, pervading, as it does, almost all the elegies of Propertius, renders them often fatiguing, perplexing, and obscure. The adoption of this style of writing must, in a great measure, be attributed to Propertius? study and imitation of the Greek authors. None of the Latin poets had so sedulously studied the Alexandrean writers, or so closely formed on them their style and sentiments. The great objects of his imitation were Callimachus and Philetas, the latter the preceptor of Ptolemy Philadelphus. In this respect Propertius is totally different from Tibullus, with whom he has been so frequently compared. The writings of Tibullus breathe a native freshness, a simplicity and purity which are remarkably contrasted with the profusion of obscure mythological fables by which the elegies of Propertius are entangled and darkened. In consequence of this learned imitation of the Greeks, there is an appearance of labour and display in most of the elegies of Propertius, and he has always the air of what has been called an ambitious writer. Tibullus is a poet, and in love; his successor is more of an author. The love of Propertius partook more of temperament and less of sentiment than the passion of Tibullus. Propertius often thought what he should write; Tibullus always wrote what he thought.-Before closing this article, we may remark, that one peculiarity distinguishes the versification of Propertius from that of all the other Latin poets; his pentameters often terminate in a polysyllable, while those of Tibullus and Ovid end almost always in a word of two syllables, forming at one time an iambus, at another a pyrrhic. Critics are not agreed whether this is the result of accident or design on the part of Propertius. It is certain, however, that the plan pursued by Tibullus and Ovid is far more conducive to harmony. (Dunlop's Roman Literature, vol. 3, p. 316, seqq.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 1, p. 334, seqq.)—The best editions of Propertius are, that of Brouckhusius, Amst., 1727, 4to; that of Vulpius, Patav., 1755, 2 vols. 4to; that of Burmann, Traj. ad Rhen, 1780, 4to; that of Lachmann, Lips., 1816, 8vo; and that forming part of the collection of Lemaire, Paris, 1832, 8vo.

PROPONTIS, a name given by the Greeks to that minor basin which lies between the Ægean and Euxine, and communicates with those seas by means of two narrow straits, the Hellespont and Bosporus. Herodotus estimates its breadth at 500 stadia, and its length at 1400. (Herod., 4, 85.) Modern navigators reckon about 120 miles from one strait to another; while its greatest breadth, from the European to the Asiatic coast, does not exceed 40 miles. It received its ancient name from the circumstance of its lying in front of, or before the Pontus Euxinus (pò ПóvTOV). The modern appellation is the Sea of Marmara, from the modern name of the island Proconnesus. (Mela, 1, 19. -Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 34.) As regards the probable formation of the Propontis, vid. Mediterraneum Mare, and Cyanea.

PROSERPINA, a daughter of Ceres by Jupiter, called by the Greeks Persephone (Пepoɛpóvn). The legend connected with her will be found under the article Ceres.-Proserpina, like Diana, presents the double idea of the creative and destroying power, and hence she is styled, in one of the Orphic Hymns (29, 15), ζωὴ καὶ θάνατος μούνη θνητοῖς πολυμόχθοις. the same association of ideas was founded the curious belief which ranked Venus among the Parce or Fates. (Compare Pausan., 1, 19 - Herm. und Creuzer, Briefe über Homer, &c., p. 38.) Wilford endeavours to prove that the name Proserpina (Пlepoɛgóvn) is of Sanscrit origin. But this, like many other of his Ori

Οπ

ental etymologies, is remembered only to be condemn-sea-god. He styles him, like Nereus and Phoreys, a ed. (Asiatic Researches, vol. 5, p. 298.) On the Sea-elder, and gives him the power of foretelling the supposition that Proserpina was regarded as the daugh- future. (Od., 4, 384; 5, 561.) He calls him Ægypter of Mother Earth, and a personification of the corn, tian, and the servant of Neptune (Od., 5, 385), and her name will signify Food-shower (from pépw, pépbw, says that his task was keeping the seals or seacalves. "to feed," and púw, paivw, "to show.". - Völcker, (Od., 5, 411.) When Menelaus was wind-bound at Myth. der Iap., p. 201, seq.) Regarded, however, as the island of Pharos, off the coast of Egypt, and he the queen of the monarch of Erebus, the appellation and his crew were suffering from want of food, Erwill mean Light-destroyer, the first part of the name dothea, the daughter of Proteus, accosted him, and, being akin to πῦρ, fire," and to the Pers in Perse bringing sealskins, directed him to disguise himself and Perseus. (Schwenck. Andeut., p. 247.) The and three of his companions in them; and when Procommon explanation of the terin is Death-bearer, from teus, at noon, should come up out of the sea and go to φέρω, "to bear," and póvoç, "destruction," "death." sleep ainid his herds, to seize and hold him till he dis The Persephatta of the Dramatists seems to be only closed some means of relief from their present distress. a corruption of Persephone, and the same remark may Menelaus obeyed the nymph; and Proteus came up be made of the Latin Proserpina. Vossius is right in and counted his herds, and then lay down to rest. condemning the etymology given by Arnobius: "Di- The hero immediately seized him, and the god turned citis quod sata in lucem proserpant, cognominatam himself into a lion, a serpent, a pard, a boar, water, esse Proserpinam." (Arnob., 3, p. 119.) According and a tree. At length, finding he could not escape, to Knight, Proserpina was in reality the personification he resumed his own form, and revealed to Menelaus of the heat or fire supposed to pervade the earth, which the remedy for his distress. He at the same time inwas held to be at once the cause and effect of fertility formed him of the situation of his friends, and particand destruction, as being at once the cause and effect ularly notices his having seen Ulysses in the island of of fermentation, from which both proceed. (Knight's Calypso-a clear proof that his own abode was not conInquiry, 117.-Class. Journ., vol. 25, p. 39.) fined to the coast of Egypt. Homer does not name the parent of this marine deity, and there is no mention of him in the Theogony. Apollodorus makes him the son of Neptune, and Euripides would seem to make Nereus his sire. (Apollod., 2, 5, 9. — Eurip., Hel., 15.) Those who embraced the theory of representing the gods as having been originally mere men, said that Proteus was a king of Egypt; and the Egyptian priests told how he detained Helen when Paris was driven to Egypt, and gave him an image or phantom in her stead, and then restored her to Menelaus. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 246, seq.) The name of this deity, signifying First (πрò, πрштоç), has induced Creuzer to consider him as representing the various forms and shapes assumed by the primitive matter ( tλn πрwтóуоvos), the substance itself remaining always the same. (Symbolik, vol. 1, p. 425.)

PROTAGORAS, a Greek philosopher, a native of Abdera, and disciple of Democritus. In his youth, his poverty obliged him to perform the servile offices of a porter; and he was frequently employed in carrying logs of wood from the neighbouring fields of Abdera. It happened, that as he was going on briskly one day towards the city under one of these loads, he was met by Democritus, who was particularly struck with the neatness and regularity of the bundle. Desiring him to stop and rest himself, Democritus examined more closely the structure of the load, and found that it was put together with mathematical exactness. On this he invited the youth to follow him, and, taking him to his own house, maintained him at his own expense and taught him philosophy. Protagoras afterward acquired reputation at Athens, among the sophists, for his eloquence, and among the philosophers for his wisdom. His public lectures were much frequented, and he had many disciples, from whom he received the most liberal rewards, so that, as Plato relates, he became exceedingly rich. At length, however, he brought upon himself the displeasure of the Athenian state, by teaching doctrines favourable to impiety. His writings were ordered to be diligently collected by the common crier, and burned in the market-place, and he himself was banished from Attica. He wrote many pieces upon logic, metaphysics, ethics, and politics, none of which are at present extant. After having lived many years in Epirus, he was lost by sea on his voyage from that country to Sicily. The tenets of Protagoras, as far as they have been discovered, appear to have leaned towards scepticism. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 432, seqq.)

PROTOGENES, a very eminent painter and statuary, one of the contemporaries of Apelles. He appears, however, to have survived the latter artist, inasmuch as he was still living in Olymp. 119, when Rhodes was besieged by Demetrius. Meyer (Hist. Art., 1, 180) conjectures, with considerable probability, that he was born about Olymp. 104. Protogenes was a native of Caunus, a Carian city, subject to the Rhodians. Suidas alone makes him to have been born at Xanthus in Lycia. His early efforts were made amid the pressure of very contracted means. Who his master was is unknown; and necessity for a long time compelled him to employ his abilities on subjects altogether unworthy of them. Compelled to paint ornaments on vessels in order to secure a livelihood, he passed fifty years of his life without the gifts of fortune, and without any marked reputation. His talents PROTESILAUS, a king of part of Thessaly, son of and perseverance at length triumphed over every obIphiclus, originally called Iolaus, grandson of Phyla- stacle; and possibly the generous aid of Apelles may cus, and brother to Alcimede, the mother of Jason. have contributed to hasten this result; for the latter, He married Laodamia, the daughter of Acastus, and, on perceiving that the paintings of Protogenes were some time after, departed with the rest of the Greeks neither sought after nor held in much estimation by for the Trojan war. He was the first of the Greeks the Rhodians, is said to have purchased some himself who set foot on the Trojan shore, and was killed as at the high price of fifty talents, and to have openly soon as he had leaped from his ship. Homer has not declared that he intended to sell them again for his mentioned the person who slew him. His wife Lao own productions. This friendly stratagem opened at damia destroyed herself when she heard of his death. length the eyes of his contemporaries, and Protogenes (Vid. Laodamia.) Protesilaus has received the patro- rose rapidly in fame. Pliny tells a very pleasing story nymic of Phylacides, either because he was descended of Apelles and Protogenes. The former having come from Phylacus, or because he was a native of Phylace. to Rhodes, where Protogenes was residing, paid a visit (Hom., Il., 2, 698. Ovid, Met., 12, fub.. 1.-Her., 13. Propert., 1, 19.-Hygin., fab., 103.)

PROTEUS, a sea-deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, or, according to some, of Neptune and Phoenice. In the fourth book of the Odyssey Homer introduces this

to the artist, but, not finding him at home, obtained permission, from a domestic in waiting, to enter the atelier of the painter. Finding here a piece of canvass ready on the frame for the artist's pencil, he drew upon it a line (according to some, a figure in outline) with

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wonderful precision, and then retired without disclo- | Quintilian mentions as his great characteristic; and sing his name. Protogenes, on returning home, and Petronius likewise observes, that his outlines vied in discovering what had been done, exclaimed that Apel- accuracy with the works of nature themselves. (Quinles alone could have executed such a sketch. Still, til., 12, 10.-Petron., Sat., 84.) however, he drew another himself, a line more perfect PROXENUS, a Boeotian, one of the commanders of than that of Apelles, and left directions with his do- the Greek forces in the army of Cyrus the younger mestic, that, when the stranger should call again, he He was put to death with his fellow-commanders by should be shown what had been done by him. Apel- Artaxerxes. Proxenus was the one who induced les came accordingly, and perceiving that his line had Xenophon to join in the expedition of Cyrus, and, after been excelled by Protogenes, drew a third one still the death of Proxenus, Xenophon was chosen to supply more perfect than the other two, and cutting both. his place. (Anab, 1, 1, 11.—Ibid., 2, 6, 1, &c.) Protogenes now confessed himself vanquished; he PRUDENTIUS, AURELIUS CLEMENS, a Latin poet, ran to the harbour, sought for Apelles, and the two ar- who flourished about A.D. 392. He was born at Caltists became the warmest friends. (Consult, as re- agurris (Calahorra), or, according to a less probable gards the question whether the story refers to a mere opinion, at Caesaraugusta (Saragossa). (Nic. Anton., number of separate lines having been drawn on this Bibl. Vet. Hisp., 2, 10, p. 218, seqq.-Middeldorpf, occasion, or to entire outlines, the remarks of Quatre- de Prudentio, &c., Wratislav., 1823, 4to, p. 3, seqq.) mere de Quincy, Mem. de l'Instit., vol. 7.—Journ. Some particulars of his life are given in the poetical des Sav, Avril, 1823, p. 219.—Magasin Encyclop., preface, appended to one of his works (Ka@nuɛpivov 1808, vol, 4, p. 153, 407) The canvass containing Liber), from which we learn, that, according to the this famous trial of skill became highly prized, and at custom of his time, he first attended the schools of a later day was placed in the palace of the Caesars at rhetoric, and then followed the profession of an advoRome. It was destroyed by a conflagration, together cate, in which he appears to have acquired considerawith the edifice itself. Protogenes was employed for ble reputation, as he was twice appointed Præfectus seven years in finishing a picture of Ialysus, a cele- Urbis, but over what places is not mentioned. He brated huntsman, supposed to have been the son of was, after this, elected to a still higher office, but Apollo, and the founder of Rhodes. During all this whether military or civil in its nature is uncertain, time the painter lived only upon lupines and water, probably the latter: this was under the Emperor Thethinking that such aliments would leave him greater odosius. (Middeldorpf, p. 8, seqq.-Nic. Anton, flights of fancy; but all this did not seem to make him 221.) At last, at the age of fifty-seven (Præf. ad more successful in the perfection of his picture. He Cath., v. 1, seqq.), he abandoned the world, in order was to represent in the piece a dog panting, and with to pass the remainder of his days in devotion. From froth at his mouth; but this he never could do with this period (A.D. 405) to the time of his death (about satisfaction to himself; and, when all his labours seem-A.D. 413), he is supposed to have been occupied with ed to be without success, he threw his sponge upon the composition of the works that have come down to the piece in a fit of anger. Chance alone brought to us. Prudentius is sometimes styled "the first Chrisperfection what the labours of art could not accom- tian poet;" a title, however, which means but little. plish the fall of the sponge upon the picture repre- In no case can he be compared with the classic wrisented the froth at the mout of the dog in the most ters. He is even decidedly inferior to Claudian and perfect and natural manner, and the piece was univer- Ausonius. His style is often marked by inaccuracies, sally admired. The same story is told of Nealces and he offends heavily against the laws of metre.while engaged in painting a horse; and probably one The poem entitled Apotheosis is directed against the of these anecdotes has been copied from the other. Patripassians, Sabellians, and other heretics; and we According to Pliny, Protogenes painted this picture may regard as a continuation of it the other poem with four layers of colours, in such a way, that, when" On the Origin of Sin" (Hamartigenia, 'Apapтiyέone was destroyed by the hand of time, the layer un- vela). In this latter production the author refutes the derneath would reproduce the piece in all its original error of the Marcionites and Manichæans, who attribufreshness and beauty. The account appears a diffi- ted the origin of evil to an evil principle. The Psychocult one to comprehend. Apelles, on seeing this pro-machia (Yvxoμaxía) describes the combats between our duction of the pencil, is said to have broken out into virtues and vices, of which the heart is the arena. We loud expressions of admiration; but what consoled may also regard as didactic the poem of Prudentius him was the reflection that his own pieces surpassed against Symmachus (contra Symmachi Orationem those of Protogenes in grace. When Demetrius be- libri duo), relative to the restoration of the altar of sieged Rhodes, he refused to set fire to a part of the Victory. The poet gives the origin of the gods of city, which might have made him master of the whole, mythology, and narrates their scandalous histories; because he was informed that this part contained some and he then proceeds to show, that Rome could never of the finest productions of the pencil of the artist. Pro- have owed her greatness to such contemptible divinitogenes himself occupied, during the siege, a house in ties. The lyric pieces of Prudentius form two collecthe suburbs, in the very midst of the enemy's lines; tions; one entitled Ka@nuepiviv Liber, containing and when Demetrius expressed his astonishment at the twelve hymns for the different parts of the year and feeling of security which the painter displayed, the lat- for certain festivals; the other, De Coronis, or Пɛpì ter replied, "I know very well that Demetrius is ma- σrepávwv Liber, comprising fourteen hymns in honour king war upon the Rhodians, not upon the arts." The of as many martyrs. These lyric effusions contain prince thereupon, for greater safety, posted a guard some agreeable and touching passages, and Christian around his dwelling-During the reign of Tiberius, sentiments expressed with great force, but also a great sketches and designs of Protogenes were to be seen at many superstitious ideas. Those of them that are Rome, which were regarded as models of the beau ideal. written in elegiac measure are distinguished by facilHis picture of Ialysus was brought from Greece, and ity of versification: as, for example, the hymn in honplaced in the temple of Peace in the Roman capital, our of St. Hippolytus. There is also attributed to where it perished in a conflagration.-Protogenes was Prudentius a Biblical Manual (Diptychon seu Enalso an excellent modeller, and executed several statues chiridium utriusque Testamenti), containing an abridgin bronze. Suidas states that he wrote two works, on ment of Sacred History in forty-nine sections, each painting and on figures. (Plin., 35, 10, 36.)-The section consisting of four verses. It is doubtful, howtalents of Protogenes were not so fertile as those of ever, whether Prudentius ever wrote it. Some are many artists, a circumstance to be ascribed to his mi- of opinion that it is the production of a native of Spain, nute and scrupulous care. This is the quality which who lived in the fifth century, and who is named Pru