exander Agus and his mother Roxana by Cassander, Polysperchon, who still retained some strongholds in the Peloponnesus, invited from Pergamus Hercules, the son of Alexander by Ba ne, four years older than his brother recently murdered, but from the illegitimacy of his birth deemed incapable of succession. On the arrival of the young prince, Polysperchon began hostile movements: he obtained the hearty cooperation of the Ætolians; his standard was joined by many malcontents from Macedon, and he stood on the frontiers of that kingdom with an army twenty thousand strong, while the troops which Cassander sent to oppose him wavered in their affections. The danger was imminent; but Cassander knew the man with whom he had to deal. By bribes and promises he prevailed upon Polysperchon to murder the youth, whom he affected to honour as his sovereign. Polyfor which he had been tempted to incur this most enormous guilt. This was the command of the Peloponnesus, towards which country, with the recommendation and aid of Cassander, he now directed his march. But the inhabitants of that peninsula, assisted by the Baotians, opposed his return southward. He was obliged to winter in Locris, and thence returned to a castle commanding a small district between Epirus and Etolia. The recovery of this stronghold, which had formerly belonged to him, and of which he had been deprived by Cassander, now rewarded his detestable wickedness; and here probably this veteran in villany, who had once swayed the protectoral sceptre, ended many years afterward his ignominious life; a life deformed by everything atrocious in cruelty and detestable in crime. (Diod. Sic., lib. 17, 18, 19, &c.-Quint. Curt., 4, 13. — Id., 5, 4.-Id., 8, 5. -Justin, 10, 10.— Id., 13, 6.—Id., 14, 5, &c.. Tzetz. in Lycophr., 801.)

he threw him into prison, and only pardoned him after a considerable time had elapsed. We find Polysperchon, subsequently to this, again intrusted with a command, and sent to besiege the city of Ora, on Alexander's march to India. He took the place in a short time. After Alexander's death, he passed over into Europe, and subdued the Thessalians, who had revolted from the Macedonian power. In B.C. 319, Antipater, then on his deathbed, bestowed the regency of the empire on Polysperchon, as the oldest of all the surviving captains of Alexander, and committed to his care the two kings, who appear to have resided at Pella ever since the death of Perdiccas. Cassander, the son of Antipater, deeply irritated at this preference of a stranger, endeavoured to form a party against the new regent, and with this view engaged Ptolemy and Antigonus on his side. Polysperchon, on his part, neglected nothing that was necessary to strength-sperchon, however, did not obtain the principal object en his interests; and he found himself compelled to have recourse to measures, of which some were injudicious, and others positively hurtful. The only wise step which he took during this emergency was an alliance with Eumenes, whom, in the name of the kings, he appointed sole general of the army serving in Asia, and invested, at the same time, with the uncontrolled disposal of all the resources of the eastern empire. Desirous, too, by all possible means, to increase the popularity of his cause in Macedon, and to check the influence of Eurydice, who had still a powerful party in the army, Polysperchon advised the recall of Olympias, the mother of Alexander. But he had soon reason to repent of this step; for Olympias, still untaught by events, and thirsting for revenge, returned to the Macedonian capital only to gratify her worst passions, and to disturb the tranquillity of private life. But of all the measures into which Polysperchon was driven by the pressure of affairs, none was more questionable than the following. Eager to retain the POLYXENA, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, celeGreeks in his interest, and to defeat the plans of Cas- brated for her beauty and misfortunes. According to sander, who, before the death of Antipater was known the account given by Dictys of Crete, Hecuba, accomat Athens, had sent Nicanor thither to succeed Me- panied by many Trojan females, and among the rest nyllus in the command of the garrison of Munychia, by Cassandra and Polyxena, was performing certain and had soon after made himself master of the Piræus, sacred rites to Apollo in the vicinity of Troy, when Polysperchon published an edict for re-establishing Achilles, who was anxious to witness these ceremodemocracy in all the states which owned the protec- nies, came suddenly on the party with some compantion of Macedon. The policy of this step was not ions of his. Struck by the beauty of Polyxena, the less wicked than its effects were pernicious: the boon warrior, after fruitlessly contending with his passion of democracy created such a degree of contention and for a few days, sent to ask the maiden in marriage popular licentiousness in most of the states, that the from Hector. The Trojan chief agreed to give his arms of the citizens were for a time employed against sister, provided Achilles would betray to him the whole one another. Almost every individual distinguished Grecian army. Achilles returned for answer that he by rank or merit was stripped of his property, ban- would bring the whole war to a close if Polyxena ished, or put to death. The condition of Athens, con- were delivered to him. Hector replied that he must trolled by the garrison in the Munychia, prevented the either betray the whole host, or else slay the Atrida people of that city from partaking of the benefit held and Ajax. This, of course, irritated Achilles, and the out to them by Polysperchon. But when Alexander, negotiation was broken off. After the death of Hecthe son of the latter, reached Athens with a body of tor, Polyxena, according to the same authority, accomforces, the democracy was restored, and Phocion and panied her father to the tent of Achilles, in order to others were put to death. (Vid. Phocion.) Cassan- obtain the restoration of her brother's corpse, and the der, however, soon after made himself master of Ath- Grecian chieftain, on beholding her, felt all his former ens, and Polysperchon, on receiving intelligence of passion renewed. Some time after this, Priam, taking this, immediately hastened to besiege him in that city; advantage of a truce occasioned by a sacrifice to the but, as the siege took up much time, he left part of Thymbrean Apollo, in which both armies joined, sent his troops before the place, and advanced with the a herald to Achilles with a private message relative to rest into the Peloponnesus, to force the city of Mega- Polyxena. The Grecian chief received the messenger lopolis to surrender. The attempt, however, was an in the grove of Apollo, and, having then entered the unsuccessful one; and it was fortunate for the mili- temple, was treacherously slain by Paris and Deiphotary character of the protector that an apology for his bus. After the capture of Troy, Polyxena was immosudden retreat into Macedon was afforded by the violated by Neoptolemus to the manes of his father. lent conduct of Olympias, who had already embroiled According to one account, the shade of Achilles apthat part of the kingdom so seriously as to endanger peared on the summit of his tomb, and demanded the the life and power of the elder king. In the contest that ensued, Cassander proved ultimately victorious; Olympias was taken and put to death, and Polysperchon, driven from Macedon, took refuge among his countrymen the Etolians. After the murder of Al

sacrifice. (Dict. Cret., 3, 2, seqq.-Id, 4, 10.-Id., 5, 13, &c.-Hygin., fab., 110.-Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 269.-Ovid, Met., 13, 439, seqq. — Eurip., Hec., 37. -Virg., En., 3, 321.)

POLYXO, I. a priestess of Apollo's temple in Lem

nos. She was also nurse to Queen Hypsipyle. Itter of Sextus Pompeius and Scribonia, promised in was by her advice that the Lemnian women murdered marriage to Metellus, as a pledge of peace between their husbands. (Apoll. Rhod., 1, 668.- Val. Flacc., her father and the triumvirs. She was wedded, how2, 316.-Hygin., fab., 16.)-II. A female, a native of ever, eventually to Scribonius Libo.-IV. Macrina, Argos, who married Tlepolemus, son of Hercules. great-granddaughter of Theophanes of Miletus, who When her husband was compelled to flee, in conse- had been a firm friend to Pompey. Tiberius put her quence of the accidental homicide of Licymnius, broth- to death because she belonged to a family that had er of Alcmena, Polyxo accompanied him to Rhodes, been hostile to Cæsar. (Tacit, Ann., 6, 18.) where the inhabitants chose him for their king. On POMPEIA LEX, I. de Parricidio, a law proposed by the death of Tlepolemus, who fell in the Trojan war, Pompey when consul, and enacted by the people. It Polyxo became sole mistress of the kingdom, and du- gave a wider acceptation to the term “parricide," and ring her reign Helen came to Rhodes, having been made it apply to the killing of any near relation. driven from the Peloponnesus, after the death of Men- (Heinecc., Ant. Rom., ed. Haubold, p. 790, seq.)—II. elaus, by Nicostratus and Megapenthes. Polyxo, de- De vi, by Pompey when sole consul, A.U.C. 701, that termined to avenge her husband's fall, caused some of an inquiry should be made into the murder of Clodius her female attendants to habit themselves like Furies, on the Appian Way, the burning of the senate-house, seize Helen while bathing, and hang her on a tree. and the attack made on the house of Lepidus the inThe Rhodians afterward, in memory of the deed, con- terrex. (Sigonius, de Judiciis, 2, 33, p. 676.secrated a temple to Helen, giving her the surname of Heinecc., ed Haubold, p. 796.)-III. De ambitu, by Dendritis (Aevdpiriç) from the manner of her death. the same, against bribery and corruption in elections, (Pausan, 3, 19, 10.-Siebelis ad Pausan., l. c.—Böt- with the infliction of new and severe punishments. tiger, Furienmaske, p. 47, seq.) (Dio Cass., 39, 37.-Id., 40, 52.)-IV. Judiciaria, by the same; retaining the Aurelian law, but ordaining that the Judices should be chosen from among those of the highest fortune in the different orders. (Cic. in Pis., 39.-Id., Phil., 1, 8.)—V. De Comitiis, by the same, that no one should be allowed to stand candidate for an office in his absence. In this law Julius Cæsar was expressly excepted. (Sueton., Vit. Jul., 28-Dio Cass., 40, 66.)

POLYZELUS, I. a poet of the old comedy, who flourished about the time of the battle of Arginusæ. The titles of some of his pieces have reached us. (Fabric., Bibl. Gr., v. 2, p. 488, ed. Harles.-Hemsterhus. ad Polluc., 10, 76.)-II. An historian, a native of Rhodes. (Voss, Hist. Gr., 3, p. 406.-Athenæus, 8, p. 361, c.) POMETIA. Vid. Suessa Pometia.

POMONA (from pomum, "fruit"), a goddess among the Romans, presiding over fruit-trees. Her worship was of long standing at Rome, where there was a Flamen Pomonalis, who sacrificed to her every year for the preservation of the fruit. The story of Pomona and Vertumnus is prettily told by Ovid. This Hamadryad lived in the time of Procas, king of Alba. She was devoted to the culture of gardens, to which she confined herself, shunning all society with the male deities. Vertumnus, among others, was enamoured of her, and under various shapes tried to win her hand sometimes he came as a reaper, sometimes as a haymaker, sometimes as a ploughman or a vinedresser he was a soldier and a fisherman, but to equally little purpose. At length, under the guise of an old woman, he won the confidence of the goddess; and, by enlarging on the evils of a single life and the blessings of the wedded state; by launching out into the praises of Vertumnus, and relating a tale of the punishment of female cruelty to a lover, he sought to move the heart of Pomona: then resuming his real form, he obtained the hand of the no longer reluctant nymph. (Ovid, Met., 14, 623, seqq.- Keightley's Mythology, p. 539.)

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POMPEII OF POMPEIA (the first being the Latin, the second the Greek, form of its name), a city of Campania in the immediate vicinity of Mount Vesuvius. Of this city it may be truly said, that it has become far more celebrated in modern times than it ever could have been in the most flourishing period of its existence. Tradition ascribed the origin of Pompeii, as well as that of Herculaneum, to Hercules (Dion. Hal., c. 44), and, like that city, it was in turn occupied by the Oscans, Etruscans, Samnites, and Romans. At the instigation of the Samnites, Pompeii and Herculaneum took an active part in the Social war, but were finally reduced by Sylla. (Vell. Paterc., 2, 16.) In the general peace which followed, Pompeii obtained the rights of a municipal town, and became also a miiitary colony, at the head of which was Publius Sylla, nephew of the dictator. This officer being accused before the senate of having excited some tumult at Pompeii, was ably defended by Cicero. (Orat. pro Syll., 21.) Other colonies appear to have been subsequently sent hither under Augustus and Nero. In the reign of the latter, a bloody affray occurred at Pompeii, during the exhibition of a fight of gladiators, between the inhabitants of that place and those of Nuceria, in which many lives were lost. The Pompeiani were, in consequence, deprived of these shows for ten years, and several individuals were banished. (Tac., Ann., 14, 17.) Shortly after, we hear of the destruction of a considerable portion of the city by an earthquake. (Tac., Ann., 15, 22.-Senec., Quæst. Nat., 6, 1.) POMPEIA, I. daughter of Q. Pompeius, and third Of the more complete catastrophe which buried Pomwife of Julius Cæsar. She was suspected of criminal peii under the ashes of Vesuvius, we have no positive intercourse with Clodius, who introduced himself into account; but it is reasonably conjectured that it was her dwelling, during the festival of the Bona Dea, in caused by the famous eruption in the reign of Ti the disguise of a female musician. Cæsar divorced tus. (Vid. Herculaneum.) The ruins of Pompeii Pompeia; but when the trial of Clodius came on for were accidentally discovered in 1748, consequently this act of impiety, he gave no testimony against him; long after the time of Cluverius. It is curious to neither did he affirm that he was certain of any injury follow that indefatigable geographer in his search of its done to his bed he only said, "he had divorced Pom-position, which he finally fixes at Scafati, on the banks peia, because the wife of Cæsar ought not only to be of the Sarno. He would have been more correct if clear from such a crime, but also from the very suspi- he had removed it about two miles from that river, and cion of it." (Plut., Vit. Cæs.—Id, Vit. Cic.)—II. placed it nearer the base of Mount Vesuvius. (CraDaughter of Pompey the Great, was married to Faus-mer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 179.) The opinion gentus Sylla. After the battle of Thapsus, she fell into the hands of Cæsar, who generously preserved her life and property. (Hirt., Bell. Afr., 95.)-III. A daugh

POMPEIA GENS, an illustrious plebeian family at Rome, divided into two branches, the Rufi and Strabones. A subdivision of the Rufi bore the surname of Bithynicus, from a victory gained by one of their number in Bithynia. From the line of the Strabones Pompey the Great was descended. (Vell. Paterc., 2, 21. Putean. ad Vell., l. c.)

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erally maintained, that the people of this city were sur prised and overwhelmed by the volcanic storm while in the theatre, is not a very probable one. The num

ber of skeletor.s discovered in Pompeii does not ex- | Not long after this, however, when a successor had ceed sixty; and ten times this number would be in- come, Pompeius denied the whole affair, and insisted considerable, when compared with the extent and pop- that the Numantines had surrendered at discretion. ulation of the city. Besides, the first agitation and The matter was laid before the Roman senate, and, threatening aspect of the mountain must have filled notwithstanding the numerous proofs adduced by the every breast with terror, and banished all gayety and Numantine deputies, it was decided that no such treaamusement. No doubt the previous intimations were ty had been made. Pompeius was afterward accused of such a nature as to have fully apprized the inhabi-f extortion, but his great wealth afforded him the tants of their danger, and induced the great mass of means of acquittal. He was chosen censor B.C. 130. them to save themselves by flight. The discovery of (Vell. Paterc., 2, 1.-Id., 2, 21.—Id., 2, 90.— Florus, Pompeii (vid. Herculaneum), after having lain so long 2, 18.)-II. Q. Rufus, son of the preceding, was conburied and unknown, has furnished us with many cu- sul with Sylla, B.C. 88, and, together with his colrious and valuable remains of antiquity. The excava- league, opposed the law by which the tribune Sulpitions are still continued. Although two thirds are still cius sought to extend the rights of citizenship to all the covered, it is estimated that the town was three quar- Italian allies. War having been declared against ters of a mile in length by nearly half a mile in Mithradates, and Asia and Italy being named the provbreadth. The walls are from eighteen to twenty feet inces of the consuls, the latter fell to the lot of Pomhigh, and twelve thick, and contained several main peius. (Appian, Bell. Mith., 55) Before Sylla degates, of which six have been uncovered. Twenty parted for his command, he endeavoured, together with streets, fifteen feet wide, paved with lava, and having his colleague, to baffle the projects of Sulpicius by footways of three feet broad, have also been excava- proclaiming frequent holy days, and ordering, conseted. The houses are joined together, and are gener- quently, a suspension of the public business. But ally only two stories, with terraces for roofs. The Sulpicius, on one of these occasions, attacked the confronts are often shops, with inscriptions, frescoes, and suls with an armed force, calling upon them to repeal ornaments of every kind. The principal rooms are in their proclamation for the festival; and, on their refuthe rear in the centre is a court, which often con- sal, a riot ensued, in which Pompeius escaped with tains a marble fountain. In some of the houses the difficulty to a place of concealment; but his son was rooms have been found very richly ornamented. A killed. At a subsequent period, when Sylla had made forum, surrounded by handsome buildings, two thea- himself master of Rome and re-established his party, tres, temples, baths, fountains, statues, urns, utensils Pompeius was sent to take command of the army, that of all sorts, &c., have been discovered. Most of the was still kept on foot, to oppose the remnants of the objects of curiosity have been deposited in the muse- Italian confederacy. But he was murdered by the ums of Naples and Portici: among them are a great troops as soon as he arrived among them, the soldiers number of manuscripts. It is certainly surprising, having been instigated to the deed by Cn. Pompeius, that this most interesting city should have remained the general whom Quintus was to supersede. (Apundiscovered till so late a period, and that antiquaries pian, Bell. Civ., 1, 55, seqq.-Vell. Paterc., 2, 17.and learned men should have so long and materially Liv., Epit., 77.)-III. Cn. Strabo, father of Pompey erred about its situation. In many places, masses the Great, was one of the principal Roman commandof ruins, portions of the buried theatres, temples, and ers in the Social war. He brought the siege of Ascuhouses, were not two feet below the surface of the lum to a triumphant issue (Liv., Epit., 75, 76), an soil. The country people were continually digging up event which was peculiarly gratifying to the Romans, pieces of worked marble and other antique objects. as that town had set the first example of revolt, and In several spots they had even laid open the outer had accompanied it with the massacre of two Roman walls of the town; and yet men did not find out what officers and a number of Roman citizens. He also it was that the peculiarly isolated mound of cinders and gained a victory over the Marsi, and compelled that ashes, earth and pumice-stone covered. There is an- people, together with the Vestini, Marrucini, and Peother circumstance which increases the wonder of ligni, to make a separate peace. This is the same Pompeii being so long concealed. A subterraneous Cn. Pompeius who is mentioned at the close of the canal, cut from the river Sarno, traverses the city, and previous article (No. II ), as having instigated his solis seen darkly and silently gliding under the temple diery to murder Q. Pompeius, the new commander of Isis. This is said to have been cut towards the sent to supersede him. He retained, after that, the middle of the fifteenth century, to supply the contiguous command of the army in Umbria, and was applied to town of Torre dell' Annunziata with fresh water; it by the senate for aid against Cinna; but, being more probably ran anciently in the same channel; but, in cut- anxious to make the troubles of his country an occating it or clearing it, workmen must have crossed un- sion of his own advancement, he remained for some der Pompeii from one side to the other. For a more time in suspense, as if waiting to see which party detailed account of the excavations made at this place, would purchase his services at the highest price, and consult Sir W. Gell's " Pompeiana," Lond., 1832, thus allowed Cinna and his faction to consolidate 8vo; Within's Views of Pompeii; Cooke's Delinea their force beyond the possibility of successful resisttions (London, 1827, 2 vols. fol., 90 plates); Bibent's ance. At last, however, he resolved to march to Plan of Pompeii (Paris, 1826), showing the progress Rome, and espouse the cause of the senate. A battle of the excavations from 1763 to 1825; Romanelli, was fought between his army and that of Cinna imViaggio a Pompei ed Ercolano, &c. mediately under the walls of the capital. But, though the slaughter was great, the event seems to have been indecisive; and, soon after, Cn. Pompeius was killed by lightning in his own tent. (Vell. Paterc., 2, 44. |--Appian, Bell. Civ., 1, 68.)—According to Plutarch, the Romans never entertained a stronger and more rancorous hatred for any general than for Pompeius Strabo. They dragged his corpse from the bier on the way to the funeral pile, and treated it with the greatest indignity. (Plut., Vit. Pomp. init.)—IV. Cneius, surnamed Magnus, or "the Great," was the son of Cn. Pompeius Strabo (No. III.), and holds a conspicuous rank in Roman history, by reason of his numerous exploits, and, more particularly, his collision

POMPEIUS, I. Q. Nepos Rufus, was consul B.C. 141, and the first of the Pompeian family who was elevated to that high office. He is said to have attained to it by practising a deception on his friend Lælius, who was a candidate for the same station, by promising to obtain votes for him, but obtaining them, in fact, for himself. Pompeius was sent into Spain, where he laid fruitless siege to Numantia: he gained, however, some slight advantages over the Edetani. Having been continued in command the ensuing year, he again besieged Numantia, and by dint of intrigues induced the inhabitants to solicit a treaty of peace, which he granted them on very advantageous terms.

with Julius Cæsar. He was born B.C. 106, the same | induced the senate to send Pompey, now thirty years year with Cicero. As soon as he had assumed the of age, to the support of Metellus, who was unequal to manly gown, he entered the Roman army, and made cope with so able an adversary. He was invested with his first campaigns with great distinction under the proconsular power. The two commanders, who acted orders of his parent. The beauty of his person, the independently of each other, though with a mutually grace and elegance of his manners, and his winning good understanding, were both defeated through the eloquence, gained him, at an early age, the hearts of superior activity and skill of Sertorius. Pompey lost both citizens and soldiers; and he even, on one occa two battles, and was personally in danger; and as long sion, possessed sufficient influence to save the life of as Sertorius was alive, the war was continued with his father, when Cinna had gained over some of the little success. But Sertorius having been murdered soldiery of Strabo, and a mutiny ensued. After the by his own officers, and succeeded in the command death of his parent, a charge was preferred against the by Perpenna, Pompey and Metellus soon brought the latter that he had converted the public money to his struggle to an end. On his return to Italy the servile own use; and Pompey, as his heir, was obliged to an- war was raging. Crassus had already gained a deciswer it. But he pleaded his own cause with so much sive victory over Spartacus, the leader of the rebels, ability and acuteness, and gained so much applause, and nothing was left for Pompey but to complete the that Antistius, the prætor, who had the hearing of the destruction of the remnant of the servile forces; yet cause, conceived a high regard for him, and offered he assumed the merit of this triumph, and displayed him his daughter in marriage. After the establish- so little moderation in his success, that he was susment of Cinna's power at Rome, Pompey retired to pected of wishing to tread in the footsteps of Sylla. Picenum, where he possessed some property, and He triumphed a second time, and was chosen consul where his father's memory, hated as it was by the B.C. 70, although he had yet held none of those civil Romans, was regarded with respect and affection. offices, through which it was customary to pass to the To account for this, we must suppose that, during the consulship. His colleague was Crassus. Two years long period of his military command in that neighbour- after the expiration of this office, the pirates, encourhood, he had prevented his soldiers from being bur-aged by the Mithradatic war, had become so powerful densome to the people, and had found means of obli- in the Mediterranean, that they carried on a regular ging or gratifying some of the principal inhabitants. warfare along a great extent of coast, and were masBe this as it may, the son possessed so much influence ters of 1000 galleys and 400 towns. The tribune Gain Picenum as to succeed in raising an army of three binius, a man devoted to the interests of Pompey, prolegions, or about sixteen or seventeen thousand men. posed that an individual (whose name he did not menWith this force he set out to join Sylla, and, after tion) should be invested with extraordinary powers, by successfully repelling several attacks from the adverse sea and land, for three years, to put an end to the outparty, he effected a junction with that commander, rages of the pirates. Several friends of the constituwho received him in the most flattering manner, and tion spoke with warmth against this proposition; but saluted him, though a mere youth, only 23 years of it was carried by a large majority, and the power age, with the title of Imperator. So struck, indeed, was conferred on Pompey, with the title of proconwas Sylla with the merits of the young Roman, that sul. In four months he cleared the sea of the ships he persuaded Pompey to divorce the daughter of An- of the pirates, got possession of their fortresses and tistius, and marry Emilia, the daughter-in-law of Syl- towns, set free a great number of prisoners, and took Three years after this (B.C. 80), Pompey retook captive 20,000 pirates, to whom, no less prudently than Sicily from the partisans of Marius, and drove them humanely, he assigned the coast-towns of Cilicia and also from Africa, in forty days. The Roman people other provinces, which had been abandoned by their were astonished at these rapid successes, but they inhabitants, and thus deprived them of an opportunity served at the same time to excite the jealousy of of returning to their former course. Meanwhile the Sylla, who commanded him to dismiss his forces and war against Mithradates had been carried on with vareturn to Rome. On his coming back to the capital, rious fortune; and although Lucullus had pushed the Pompey was received with every mark of favour by enemy hard, yet the latter still found new means to Sylla. According to Plutarch, the latter hastened to continue the contest. The tribune Manilius then meet him, and, embracing him in the most affectionate proposed that Pompey should be placed over Lucullus manner, saluted him aloud with the surname of "Mag-in the conduct of the war against Mithradates and Tinus," or "the Great," a title which Pompey thence- granes, and likewise over all the other Roman generforward was always accustomed to, bear. The jeal- als in the Asiatic provinces, and that all the armies in ousy of the dictator, however, was revived when that quarter should be under his control, at the same Pompey demanded a triumph. Sylla declared to him time that he retained the supreme command by sea. that he should oppose this claim with all his power; This was a greater accumulation of power than had but Pompey did not hesitate to reply, that the people ever been intrusted to any Roman citizen, and several were more ready to worship the rising than the setting distinguished men were resolved to oppose a proposisun, and Sylla yielded. Pompey therefore obtained tion so dangerous to freedom with their whole influthe honour of a triumph, though he was the first Ro- ence: but Pompey was so high in the popular favour, man who had been admitted to it without possessing that, on the day appointed for considering the proposia higher dignity than that of knighthood, and was not tion, only Hortensius and Catulus had the courage to yet of the legal age to be received into the senate. speak against it; while Cicero, who hoped to obtain Sylla soon after abdicated the dictatorship, and, at the the consulship through the support of the Pompeian consular election, had the mortification to feel his party, advocated it with all his eloquence, and Cæsar, rival's ascendancy. After the death of Sylla, Pompey to whom such deviations from the constitution were came to be generally considered as chief of the aristo- acceptable, used all his influence in favour of it. Cicratic party, and as heir of the influence exercised by cero's oration Pro Lege Manilia contains a sketch of Sylla over the minds of the soldiery. New troubles Pompey's public life, with the most splendid eulogy soon broke out, occasioned principally by the ambitious that perhaps was ever made on any individual. The projects of the consul Lepidus, who aimed at supreme law was adopted by all the tribes, and Pompey, with power; but he was soon overpowered by the united assumed reluctance, yielded to the wishes of his felforces of Catulus and Pompey. A period of quiet low-citizens. He arrived in Asia B.C. 67, and renow ensued, and Catulus endeavoured to oblige Pom-ceived the command from Lucullus, who was the less pey to dismiss his troops. This the latter evaded un- able to conceal his chagrin, as Pompey industriously der various pretexts, until the progress of Sertorius | abolished all his regulations. The operations of Pom

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pey, in bringing the Mithradatic war to a close, have provoked the enmity of Clodius by prosecuting him been related elsewhere. (Vid. Mithradates VI.) Af- for intruding, in the disguise of a musician, into a fe ter Pompey had settled the affairs of Asia, he visited male religious assembly, where he sought an assigna Greece, where he displayed his respect for philosophy tion with Pompeia, the wife of Cæsar. Cæsar, though by making a valuable gift to the city of Athens. On he divorced the lady, with the observation that "Cæ his return to Italy, he dismissed his army as soon as sar's wife should not even be suspected," overlooked he landed at Brundisium, and entered Rome as a pri- the affront of Clodius to himself, withheld his own evvate man. The whole city met him with acclama- idence against him at the trial, and even furthered his tions; his claim of a triumph was admitted without op- election to the tribuneship. He was actuated in this position, and never had Rome yet witnessed such a by resentment towards Cicero, who had termed the display as on the two days of his triumphal procession. triumvirate a conspiracy against the public liberty; and, Pompey's plan was now, under the appearance of a under a similar feeling, Pompey had at first connived private individual, to maintain the first place in the at Cicero's banishment (B.C. 58); but, as Clodius, state; but he found obstacles on every side. Lucul- who had seized Cicero's villas and confiscated his proplus and Crassus were superior to him in wealth; the erty, began to carry himself arrogantly towards Pomzealous republicans looked upon him with suspicion; pey, and conceive himself his equal, Pompey, as has and Cæsar was laying the foundation of his future been said, within two years procured the decree to be greatness. The last-mentioned individual, on his re- reversed. The sequel of this intrigue was such as to turn from Spain, aspired to the consulship. To ef- accelerate his advance to the dictatorship. Clodius, fect this purpose, he reconciled Pompey and Crassus as he was returning to Rome on horseback from the with each other, and united them in forming the co-country, was set upon and murdered by Milo and some alition which is known in history under the name of attendants, who were quitting the city. As Milo was the First Triumvirate. He was chosen consul B.C. on his way to his native town, in disgust at the perfidy 59, and, by the marriage of his daughter Julia with of Pompey, who had disappointed him of the consulPompey (Emilia having died in childbed), seemed ship promised as the price of his services, it should to have secured his union with the latter. From this not seem that this affray was the result of Pompey's time Pompey countenanced measures which, as a good instigation. The populace, struck with consternation, citizen, he should have opposed as subversive of free- passed the night in the streets, and, with the dawn of dom. He allowed his own eulogist, Cicero, to be day, brought in the body of Clodius. At the suggesdriven into banishment by the tribune Clodius, whom tion of some tribunes, his friends, it was carried into he had attached to his interest; but, having after the senate-house, either to intimate suspicion of the ward himself quarrelled with Clodius, he had Cicero senate, or in honour of the senatorian rank of the derecalled. He supported the illegal nomination of Ca- ceased. Here the benches were torn up, a pile consar to a five years' command in Gaul; the fatal con- structed, and the body consumed; but the conflagrasequences of which compliance appeared but too tion caught the senate-house and several adjoining plainly afterward.-The fall of Crassus in Parthia left buildings. Milo, less apprehensive of punishment than but two masters to the Roman world; and, on the irritated at the respect paid to Clodius, returned to the death of Julia in childbed, these friends became rivals. city with his colleague Cæcilius, and, distributing (Encyclop. Americ., vol. 10, p. 239, seqq.) Pompey's money to a part of the multitude, addressed them from studied deference to the senate secured his influence the tribunal as if they were a regular assembly; exwith that body; and he gained the good-will of the cusing the affair as an accidental rencounter, and enpeople by his judicious discharge of the duties of com- deavouring to obtain a verdict of acquittal: he ended missary of supplies during a time of scarcity. In the with inveighing against Clodius. While he was hamean time, he secretly fomented the disorders of the ranguing, the rest of the tribunes, and that part of the state, and the abuses practised in the filling up the populace which had not been bribed, rushed into the magistracies, many of which remained vacant for eight forum armed: Milo and Cæcilius put on slaves' habits months, and others were supplied by insufficient and and escaped; but a bloody, indiscriminate assault was ignorant persons, through the disgust of those who made on the other citizens, of which the friends of Milo were capable of sustaining them with ability and hon- were not alone the objects, but all who passed by or our.. The friends of Pompey whispered about the ne- fell in the way of the rioters, especially those who were cessity of a dictator, and pointed to him as the man splendidly dressed and wore gold rings. The tumult whose great services, and whose devotion to the sen- continued several days, during which there was a susate and the people, entitled him to expect the general pension of all government; stones were thrown and suffrage; while he himself appeared to decline the sta- weapons drawn in the streets, and houses set on fire. tion, and even made a show of being indignant at the The slaves armed themselves, and, breaking into dwellproposal. His position at Rome, while Cæsar was ings under pretence of searching for Milo, carried off absent in his province, was singularly advantageous to everything of value that was portable. The senate his pretensions: he had, in fact, always kept himself assembled in a state of great terror, and, turning their in the public eye; and in the triumvirate division of eyes upon Pompey, proposed to him the acceptance of power, which he had himself planned (B.C. 50), in or- the dictatorship. But, by the persuasion of Cato, they der to strengthen his own influence by the rising tal-invested him with the same power under the title of ents and activity of Caesar, and the high birth and riches of Crassus, he had taken care to reserve to himself Rome, where he continued to reside, governing the Spains by his lieutenants, while he despatched Crassus to Asia and Cæsar to the Gauls. He had also acquired a popularity by rescinding, under one of his consulships, the law which Sylla, for his own purposes, had enacted, to restrain the power of the tribunes of the commons. At this time he gratified both senate and people by procuring, through the agency of the tribune Milo (B.C. 57), the recall of Cicero from the banishment into which he had been driven by the tribune Clodius, on a charge of having executed Cethegus and Lentulus (implicated in the Catilinarian conspiracy) without the forms of law. Cicero had

Sole Consul. This was probably with the secret understanding of Pompey himself, as the title of dictator had become odious since the tyranny of Sylla. That Pompey and Cato were in agreement, appears from this: that the vote of the latter was recompensed by the appointment of quæstor to Cyprus; the senate having decreed the reduction of that island to a Roman province, and the confiscation of the treasures of King Ptolemy, on account of the exorbitant ransom demauded for Clodius when taken by pirates. Pompey proceeded to restore order and to pass popular acts. He condemned Milo for murder. He framed a law against bribery and corruption, and instigated an inquiry into the acts of administration of all who had held magis tracies from the time of his own first consulship