geance of his father, but he soon obtained pardon and sequent results were shown in the reduction of almost returned. He afterward accompanied Philip on an the whole of that country. A dangerous sickness, expedition against the Triballi, and saved his life in a however, brought on by bathing in the Cydnus, checkbattle. Philip, having been elected chief commandered for a time his career. He received a letter from of the Greeks, was preparing for a war against Persia, Parmenio, saying that Philip, his physician, had been when he was assassinated, B.C. 336. This occur- bribed by Darius to poison him. Alexander gave the rence, at an eventful crisis, excited some suspicion letter to the physician, and at the same time drank the against Alexander and Olympias; but as it was one potion which the latter had prepared for him. Scarcely of his first acts to execute justice on those of his fa- was he restored to health when he advanced towards ther's assassins who fell into his hands, several of the the defiles of Cilicia, whither Darius had imprudently nobility being implicated in the plot, this imputation betaken himself with an immense army, instead of rests on little beyond surmise. It is more than prob- awaiting his adversary on the plains of Assyria. The able that the conspirators were in correspondence with second battle took place near Issus, between the sea the Persian court, and that ample promises of protec- and the mountains, and victory again declared for the tion and support were given to men undertaking to Macedonian monarch. The Macedonians conquered deliver the empire from the impending invasion of the on this day, not the Persians alone, but the united efcaptain-general of Greece. Alexander, who succeed-forts of southern Greece and Persia; for the army of ed without opposition, was at this time in his twentieth Darius, besides its eastern troops, contained thirty year; and his youth, in the first instance, excited sev- thousand Greek mercenaries, the largest Greek force eral of the states of Greece to endeavour to set aside of that denomination mentioned in history. It was the Macedonian ascendency. By a sudden march into this galling truth that, among other causes, rendered Thessaly he, however, soon overawed the most active; the republican Greeks so hostile to Alexander. All and when, on a report of his death, chiefly at the in- the active partisans of that faction were at Issus, nor stigation of Demosthenes and his party, the various were the survivers dispirited by their defeat. Agis, states were excited to great commotion, he punished king of Sparta, gathered eight thousand who had rethe open revolt of Thebes with a severity which ef- turned to Greece by various ways, and fought with fectually prevented any imitation of its example. In- them a bloody battle against Antipater, who with difduced to stand a siege, that unhappy city, after being ficulty defeated the Spartans and their allies. Withmastered with dreadful slaughter, was razed to the out taking these facts into consideration, it is imposground, with the ostentatious exception of the house sible duly to estimate the difficulties surmounted by of the poet Pindar alone; while the unfortunate sur- Alexander. After the defeat at Issus, the treasures viving inhabitants were stripped of all their posses- and family of Darius fell into the hands of the consions and sold indiscriminately into slavery. Intimi- queror. The latter were treated most magnanimousdating by this cruel policy, the Macedonian party ly. Alexander did not pursue the Persian monarch, gained the ascendency in every state throughout Greece, and Athens particularly disgraced itself by the meanness of its submission. Alexander then proceeded to Corinth, where, in a general assembly of the states, his office of superior commander was recognised and defined; and in the twenty-second year of his age, leaving Antipater, his viceroy, in Macedon, he passed the Hellespont, to overturn the Persian empire, with an army not exceeding four thousand five hundred horse and thirty thousand foot. To secure the protection of Minerva, he sacrificed to her on the plain of Ilium, crowned the tomb of Achilles, and congratulated this hero, from whom he was descended through his mother, on his good fortune in having had such a friend as Patroclus, and such a poet as Homer to celebrate his fame. The rapid movements of Alexander had evidently taken the Persian satraps by sur-tarnished by his cruel severity towards the conquered, prise. They had, without making a single attempt to molest his passage, allowed him, with a far inferior fleet, to convey his troops into Asia. They now resolved to advance and contest the passage of the river Granicus. A force of twenty thousand cavalry was drawn up on the right bank of the stream, while an equal number of Greek mercenaries crowned the hills in the rear. Unintimidated, however, by this array, Alexander led his army across, and, after a severe conflict, gained a decisive victory. The loss on the Persian side was heavy, on that of their conquerors so extremely slight (only eighty-five horsemen and thirty foot-soldiers) as to lead at once to the belief, that the general, who wrote the account of Alexander's campaigns, mentioned the loss of only the native-born Macedonians. Splendid funeral obsequies were performed in honour of those of his army who had fallen; various privileges were granted to their fathers and children; and as twenty-five of the cavalry that had been slain on the Macedonian side belonged to the royal troop of the "Companions," these were honoured with monumental statues of bronze, the workmanship of the celebrated Lysippus. The immediate consequence of this victory was the freedom and restoration of all the Greek cities in Asia Minor, and its sub

who fled towards the Euphrates, but, in order to cut him off from the sea, turned towards Cole-Syria and Phoenicia. Here he received a letter from Darius, proposing peace. Alexander answered, that if he would come to him he would restore, not only his mother, wife, and children, without ransom, but also his empire. This reply produced no effect. The victory at Issus had opened the whole country to the Macedonians. Alexander took possession of Damascus, which contained a large portion of the royal treasures, and secured all the towns along the Mediterranean Sea. Tyre, imboldened by the strength of its insular situation, resisted, but was taken, after seven months of incredible exertion, and destroyed. The capture of Tyre was perhaps the greatest military achievement of the Macedonian monarch; but it was

thirty thousand of the inhabitants having been sold by him as slaves. Some excuse, however, may be found in the excited feelings of the Macedonian army, occasioned by numerous insults on the part of the Tyrians; by acts of cruelty towards some of their Macedonian captives; and also by the length and obstinacy of the siege; for more men were slain in winning Tyre, than in achieving the three great victories over Darius. Alexander continued his victorious march through Palestine, where all the towns surrendered except Gaza, which shared the fate of Tyre. Egypt, wearied of the Persian yoke, received him as a deliverer. In order to confirm his power, he restored the former customs and religious rites, and founded Alexandrea, which became one of the first cities of ancient times. Hence he went through the desert of Libya, to consult the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, an adventure resembling more the wildness of romance than the soberness of history, and which has on this very account been regarded by some with an eye of incredulity. It rests, however, on too firm a basis to be invalidated. After having been acknowledged, say the ancient writers, as the son of the god (vid. Ammon), Alexander, at the return of spring, marched against Darius, who in the mean time had collected an army in Assyria,

and rejected the proposals of Alexander for peace. tiful virgins of Asia, was among the prisoners. AlA battle was fought at Gaugamela, not far from Arbe- exander fell in love with and married her. Upon the la, B.C. 331. Arrian estimates the army of Darius at news of this, Oxyantes thought it best to submit, and 1,000,000 of infantry and 40,000 cavalry; while that came to Bactria, where Alexander received him with of Alexander consisted of only 40,000 infantry and distinction. Here a new conspiracy was discovered, 7000 horse. On the Persian side, moreover, were at the head of which was Hermolaus, and among the some of the bravest and hardiest tribes of upper Asia. accomplices Callisthenes. All the conspirators were Notwithstanding the immense numerical superiority of condemned to death except Callisthenes, who was his enemy, Alexander was not a moment doubtful of mutilated and carried about with the army in an iron victory. At the head of his cavalry he attacked the cage, until he terminated his torments by poison. AlPersians, and routed them after a short conflict. One exander now formed the idea of conquering India, the great object of his ambition was to capture the Per- name of which was scarcely known. He passed the sian monarch on the field of battle; and that object Indus, and formed an alliance with Taxilus, the ruler was at one time apparently within his grasp, when he of the region beyond this river, who assisted him with received, at the instant, a message from Parmenio that troops and 130 elephants. Conducted by Taxilus, he the left wing, which that general commanded, was hard marched towards the river Hydaspes, the passage of pressed by the Sacæ, Albanians, and Parthians, and he which, Porus, another king, defended at the head of was compelled, of course, to hasten to its relief. Dari- his army. Alexander conquered him in a bloody batus fled from the field of battle, leaving his army, bag- tle, took him prisoner, but restored him to his kinggage, and immense treasures to the victor. Babylon dom. He then marched victoriously on, established and Susa, where the riches of the East lay accumula- Greek colonies, and built, according to Plutarch, ted, opened their gates to Alexander, who directed his seventy towns, one of which he called Bucephala, after march to Persepolis, the capital of Persia. The only his horse, which had been killed on the Hydaspes. passage thither was defended by 40,000 men under Intoxicated by success, he intended to advance as far Ariobarzanes. Alexander attacked them in the rear, as the Ganges, and was preparing to pass the Hypharouted them, and entered Persepolis triumphant. sis, when the discontent of his army obliged him to From this time the glory of Alexander began to decline. terminate his progress and return. Previous to turnMaster of the greatest empire in the world, he became ing back, however, he erected on the banks of the a slave to his own passions; gave himself up to arro- Hyphasis twelve towers, in the shape of altars; mongance and dissipation; showed himself ungrateful and uments of the extent of his career, and testimonials of cruel, and in the arms of pleasure shed the blood of his gratitude towards the gods. On these gigantic alhis bravest generals. Hitherto sober and moderate, tars he offered sacrifices with all due solemnity, and this hero, who strove to equal the gods, and called horse-races and gymnastic contests closed the festivhimself a god, sunk to the level of vulgar men. Per-ities. When he had reached the Hydaspes, he built sepolis, the wonder of the world, he burned in a fit of intoxication. Ashamed of this act, he set out with his cavalry to pursue Darius. Learning that Bessus, satrap of Bactriana, kept the king prisoner, he hastened his march with the hope of saving him. But Bessus, when he saw himself closely pursued, caused Darius to be assassinated (B.C. 330), because he was an impediment to his flight. Alexander beheld on the frontiers of Bactriana a dying man, covered with wounds, lying on a chariot. It was Darius. The Macedonian hero could not restrain his tears. After interring him with all the honours usual among the Persians, he took possession of Hyrcania and Bactriana, and caused himself to be proclaimed King of Asia. He was forming still more gigantic plans, when a conspiracy broke out in his own camp. Philotas, the son of Parmenio, was implicated. Alexander, not satisfied with the blood of the son, caused the father also to be put to death. This act of injustice excited general displeasure. At the same time, his power in Greece was threatened; and it required all the energy of Antipater to dissolve, by force of arms, the league formed by the Greeks against the Macedonian authority. In the mean time, Alexander marched in the winter through the north of Asia as far as it was then known, check-ed, and effected his purpose. Soon after, his favoured neither by Mount Caucasus nor the Oxus, and ite, Hephaestion, died. His grief was unbounded, and reached the Caspian Sea, hitherto unknown to the he buried his body with royal splendour. On his return Greeks. Insatiable of glory and thirsting for conquest, from Ecbatana to Babylon, the magicians are said to he spared not even the hordes of the Scythians. Re- have predicted that this city would be fatal to him. turning to Bactriana, he hoped to gain the affections of The representations of his friends induced him to dethe Persians by assuming their dress and manners; but spise these warnings. He went to Babylon, where this hope was not realized. The discontent of the many foreign ambassadors waited for him, and was army gave occasion to the scene which ended in the engaged in extensive plans for the future, when he death of Clitus. Alexander, whose pride he had offend- became suddenly sick after a banquet, and died in a ed, killed him with his own hand at a banquet. Clitus few days, B.C. 323. Such was the end of this conhad been one of his most faithful friends and brave of- queror, in his 32d year, after a reign of 12 years and ficers, and Alexander was afterward a prey to the 8 months. He left behind him an immense empire, keenest remorse. In the following year he subdued which became the scene of continual wars. He had the whole of Sogdiana. Oxyantes, one of the leaders designated no heir, and being asked by his friends to of the enemy, had secured his family in a castle built whom he left the empire, answered, "To the worthion a lofty rock. The Macedonians stormed it. Rox- est." After many disturbances, the generals acknowlana, the daughter of Oxyantes, one of the most beau-edged Aridæus, a man of a very weak mind, the son

a fleet, in which he sent a part of his troops down the river, while the rest of the army proceeded along the banks. On his march he encountered several Indian princes, and, during the siege of a town belonging to the Malli, was severely wounded. Having recovered, he continued his course down the Indus, and thus reached the sea. Having entered the Indian Ocean and performed some rites in honour of Neptune, he left his fleet; and, after ordering Nearchus, as soon as the season would permit, to sail to the Persian Gulf, and thence up the Tigris, he himself prepared to march to Babylon. He had to wander through immense deserts, in which the greater part of his army, destitute of water and food, perished in the sand. Only the fourth part of the troops with which he had set out returned to Persia. On his route he quelled several mutinies, and placed governors over various provinces. In Susa he married two Persian princesses, and rewarded those of his Macedonians who had married Persian women; because it was his intention to unite the two nations as closely as possible. He distributed rich rewards among his troops. At Opis, on the Tigris, he declared his intention of sending the invalids home with presents. The rest of the army mutinied; but he persist

pressly of a violent fever having been the cause of his decease) was contracted very probably in his visit to the marshes of Assyria. The thirst which subsequently compelled him, on a public day, to quit his military duties, proves that this fever was raging in his

of Philip and the dancer Philinna, and Alexander the posthumous son of Alexander and Roxana, as kings, and divided the provinces among themselves, under the name of satrapies. They appointed Perdiccas, to whom Alexander, on his deathbed, had given his ring, prime minister of the two kings. The body of Alex-veins before it absolutely overcame him. The carouander was interred by Ptolemy in Alexandrea, in a sals in which he afterward indulged must have serigolden coffin, and divine honours were paid to him, ously increased the disease. Strong men like Alexnot only in Egypt, but also in other countries. The ander have often warded off attacks of illness by insarcophagus in which the coffin was enclosed has been creased excitement; but, if this fail to produce the dein the British Museum since 1802. The English na- sired effect, the reaction is terrible. It is curious to tion owe the acquisition of this relic to the exertions observe, in Arrian's account of Alexander's last illness, of Dr. Clarke, the celebrated traveller, who found it in that no physician is mentioned. The king seems to the possession of the French troops in Egypt, and was have trusted to two simple remedies, abstinence and the means of its being surrendered to the English bathing. His removal to a summer-house, close to the army. In 1805, the same individual published a dis- large cold bath, shows how much he confided in the sertation on this sarcophagus, fully establishing its iden- latter remedy. But the extraordinary fatigues which tity. No character in history has afforded matter for he had undergone, the exposure within the last three more discussion than that of Alexander; and the ex-years to the rains of the Pendjab, the marshes of the act quality of his ambition is to this day a subject of Indus, the burning sands of Gedrosia, the hot vapours dispute. By some he is regarded as little more than of Susiana, and the marsh miasma of the Babylonian a heroic madman, actuated by the mere desire of per- Lakes, proved too much even for his iron constitution. sonal glory; others give him the honour of vast and The numerous wounds by which his body had been enlightened views of policy, embracing the consolida- perforated, and especially the serious injury done to his tion and establishment of an empire, in which com- lungs by an arrow among the Malli, must in some demerce, learning, and the arts should flourish in com- gree have impaired the vital functions, and enfeebled mon with energy and enterprise of every description. the powers of healthy reaction. (Plut., Vit. Alex.— Each class of reasoners find facts to countenance their Arrian, Exp. Alex.-Quintus Curtius.-Diod. Sic., opinion of the mixed character and actions of Alexan- 17 et 18-Encyclop. Americ., vol. 1, p. 151, segg.der. The former quote the wildness of his personal Biogr. Univ., vol. 1, p. 195.- Williams's Life of Aldaring, the barren nature of much of his transient mas-exander the Great, p. 346, &c., Am. ed.)-After many tery, and his remorseless and unnecessary cruelty to dissensions and bloody wars among themselves, the the vanquished on some occasions, and capricious generals of Alexander laid the foundations of several magnanimity and lenity on others. The latter advert great empires in the three quarters of the globe Ptol to facts like the foundation of Alexandrea, and other emy seized Egypt, where he firmly established himacts indicative of large and prospective views of true self, and where his successors were called Ptolemies, policy; and regard his expeditions rather as schemes in honour of the founder of their empire, which subof discovery and exploration than mere enterprises for sisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his fruitless conquest. The truth appears to embrace a posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus portion of both these opinions. Alexander was too at first established himself in Asia Minor, and Antipamuch smitten with military glory, and the common self-ter in Macedonia. The descendants of Antipater were engrossment of the mere conqueror, to be a great and consistent politician; while such was the strength of his intellect, and the light opened to him by success, that a glimpse of the genuine sources of lasting greatness could not but break in upon him. The fate of a not very dissimilar character in our days shows the nature of this mixture of lofty intellect and personal ambition, which has seldom effected much permanent good for mankind in any age. The fine qualities and defects of the man were, in Alexander, very similar to those of the ruler. His treatment of Parmenio and of Clitus, and various acts of capricious cruelty and ingratitude, are contrasted by many instances of extraordinary greatness of mind. He was also a lover and favourer of the arts and literature, and carried with him a train of poets, orators, and philosophers, although his choice of his attendants of this description did not always do honour to his judgment. He, however, encouraged and patronised the artists Praxiteles, Lysippus, and Apelles; and his munificent presents to Aristotle, to enable him to pursue his inquiries in natural history, were very serviceable to science. Alexander also exhibited that unequivocal test of strong intellect, a disposition to employ and reward men of talents in every department of knowledge. In person this extraordinary individual was of the middle size, with a neck somewhat awry, but possessed of a fierce and majestic countenance. It may not be amiss, before concluding this sketch, to consider for a moment the circumstances connected with the death of this celebrated leader. His decease has usually been ascribed either to excess in drinking or to poison. Neither of these suppositions appears to be correct. The fever to which he fell a victim (for the Royal Diary whence Arrian has copied his account of the last illness of Alexander, speaks ex

conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of King Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by his rival Antigonus, and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of them dared to assume the title of king.

ALEXANDER IV., son of Alexander the Great and Roxana. He was born after his father's death, and was proclaimed king while yet an infant, along with Philip Aridæus, an illegitimate brother of Alexander the Great. Soon after, however, he was put to death, together with Roxana, by Cassander, who thereupon assumed the sovereign power. (Justin, 15, 2.)

ALEXANDER V., son of Cassander. He ascended the throne of Macedonia along with his brother Antipater, B.C. 298. Antipater, however, having put to death Thessalonica, their mother, Alexander, in order to avenge his parent, called in the aid of Demetrius, son of Antigonus. A reconciliation, however, having taken place between the brothers, Demetrius, who was apprehensive lest this might thwart his own views on the crown of Macedon, slew Alexander and seized upon the royal authority. (Justin, 16, 1.)

2. Kings of Epirus.

ALEXANDER I., surnamed Molossus, was brother of Olympias, and successor to Arybas. He came into Italy to aid the Tarentines against the Romans, and used to say, that while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was warring against women (meaning the ef

feminate nations of the east), he was fighting against men. (Justin, 17, 3.-Liv, 8, 17, et 27.) As regards the circumstances connected with his death, vid. Acheron, II.

6. Individuals.

ALEXANDER, I. tyrant of Phere in Thessaly, who seized upon the sovereign power, B.C. 368. He was of a warlike spirit, but, at the same time, cruel and vindictive, and his oppressed subjects were induced to supplicate the aid of the Thebans, who sent Pelopidas with an army. The tyrant was compelled to yield, but, having subsequently escaped from the power of the Theban commander, he reassembled an army, and Pelopidas having been imprudent enough to come to him without an escort, the tyrant seized and threw him into prison, whence he was only released on the ap

ALEXANDER II., son of the celebrated Pyrrhus. To avenge the death of his father, who had been slain at Argos, fighting against Antigonus, he seized upon Macedonia, of which the latter was king. He was soon, however, driven out, not only from Macedonia, but also from his own dominions, by Demetrius, son of Antigonus. Taking refuge, on this, among the Acarnanians, he succeeded, by their aid, in regaining the throne of Epirus. (Justin, 26, 3.—Id., 28, 1.-pearance of Epaminondas at the head of an armed Plut., Vit. Pyrr., 34.)

3. Kings of Syria.

ALEXANDER I., surnamed Bala or Balas, a man of low origin, but of great talents and still greater audacity, who claimed to be the son of Antiochus Epiphanes, assumed the name of Alexander, and being acknowledged by Ptolemy Philometor, Ariarathes, and Attalus, seized upon the throne of Syria. He was afterward defeated and driven out by Demetrius Nicator, the lawful heir; and, having taken refuge with an Arabian prince, was put to death by the latter. (Justin, 35, 1, seq.)

4. Princes of Judæa.

force. By dint of negotiation, he now obtained a truce, but renewed his acts of violence and cruelty as soon as the Thebans had departed. Pelopidas marched against and defeated him, but lost his own life in the action. Stripped upon this of all his conquests, and restricted to the city of Phere, he no longer dared to carry on war by land, but turned his attention to piracy, and had even the audacity to pillage the Piraus or main harbour of Athens. He was assassinated at last by his wife Thebe. (Val. Max., 9, 13.-Corn. Nep., Vit. Pelop-Pausan., 6, 5.)-II. Lyncestes, was accused of being one of the conspirators in the plot against Philip of Macedon, which resulted in the death ALEXANDER II., surnamed Zabina the Slave, a of that monarch. He was pardoned on account of his usurper of the throne of Syria. He was the son of a having been the first to salute Alexander, Philip's son, petty trader in Alexandrea, but claimed, at the instiga as king. Not long after, however, he was detected in tion of Ptolemy VII., to have been adopted by Anti- a treacherous correspondence with Darius, and put to ochus VIII. Ptolemy aided him with troops, and De- death. (Justin, 11, 2.)—III. Son of Polysperchon, metrius Nicator was defeated at Damascus, and driven at first a general on the side of Antigonus, after the out of his kingdom. A few years after, however, death of Alexander the Great, and very active in driAlexander was himself defeated by Antiochus Grypus,ving out for him, from the Peloponnesus, the garrisons ided in his turn by the same Ptolemy, and put to death. of Cassander. He afterward went over to CassanGrypus was son of Demetrius Nicator. (Justin, 39, der, but was assassinated by some Sicyonians, after 1, seq.) no long interval of time, at the siege of Dymæ.-IV. A famous impostor of Paphlagonia, who lived in the time of Lucian, under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. ALEXANDER I., Jannæus, monarch of Judæa, son of By his artifices he succeeded in passing himself for a Hyrcanus, and brother of Aristobulus, to whom he suc-person sent by Esculapius, and prevailed upon the ceeded, B.C. 106. He was a warlike prince, and dis- Paphlagonians to erect a temple to this deity. As the played great ability in the different wars in which he priest and prophet of the god, he ran a long career of dewas engaged during his reign. Driven from his king- ception, a full account of which is given in the Supdom by his subjects, who detested him, he took up plement.-V. Severus, a Roman emperor. (Vid. Searms against them, and waged a cruel warfare for the verus.)-VI. An Athenian painter, whose portrait apspace of six years, slaying upward of 50,000 of his pears on a marble tablet found at Resina in 1746, and foes. Having at last re-entered Jerusalem, he cruci- stating the name and country of the artist. The age fied, for the amusement of his concubines, 800 of his in which he lived is not known.-VII. A native of Acarrevolted subjects, and at the same time caused their nania. (Vid. Supplement.)-VIII. Ætolus. (Vid. wives and children to be massacred before their eyes. Supplement.)-IX. A commander of horse in the army Being re-established on the throne, he made various of Antigonus Doson. (Vid. Supplement.)-X. A son conquests in Syria, Arabia, and Idumea, and finally of Marc Antony and Cleopatra. (Vid. Supplement.) died of intemperance at Jerusalem, B.C. 76, after a-XI. Brother of Molo. (Vid. Supplement.)-XII. reign of 27 years. (Josephus, Ant Jud., 17, 22, &c.) A native of Cotyæum, in Phrygia, or, according to ALEXANDER II., son of Aristobulus II., was made prisoner, along with his father, by Pompey, but managed to escape while being conducted to Rome, raised an army, and made some conquests. Hyrcanus, son of Alexander Jannæus, being then on the throne, solicited the aid of the Romans, and Marc Antony being sent by Gabinius, defeated Alexander near Jerusalem. After standing a siege for some time in the fortress Alexandreion, he obtained terms of peace; but not long after, having taken up arms for Casar, who had released his father, he fell into the hands of Metellus Scipio, and was beheaded at Antioch. (Josephus, Antiq. Jud., 14, 13)

Suidas, of Miletus, who flourished in the second century of our era. He took the name of Cornelius Alexander, from his having been a slave of Cornelius Lentulus, who gave him his freedom, and made him the instructer to his children. He was surnamed Polyhistor, from the variety and multiplicity of his knowledge. The ancient writers cite one of his works in forty books, each one of which appears to have contained the description of some particular country, and to have had a separate title, such as Alyurтiakú. Kapiakά, &c. Pliny often refers to him. It is probable that he was the author of a work entitled Θαυμασίων συναγωγή, “ A collection of wonderful things," of which Photius speaks as the production of an individual named Alexander, without designating him any farther. This work contained accounts of animals, plants, rivers, &c. (Schöll, Hist. Latt. Gr.. vol. 5, p. 276, seq.)-XIII. A native of Egm in Achaia, the disciple of Xenocrates, and, as is thought, of Sosigenes. He was one of the instructers of the Emperor ALEXANDER I., II., III., vid. Ptolemæi Y, X., XI. Nero. Some critics regard him as the author of the

ALEXANDER III., son of Herod the Great, put to death by his father, along with Aristobulus his brother, on false charges brought against them by Pheroras their uncle, and Salome their aunt. (Josephus, Antiq. Jud., 16, 17.)

5. Kings of Egypt.

commentary on Aristotle, which commonly passes un- 1548; a Latin edition among the "Medicæ artis der the name of Alexander of Aphrodisia. (Schöll, Principes," fol., Paris, 1567, &c. Alexander TralliHist. Litt. Gr., vol. 5, p. 156.)-XIV. A native of anus is a most judicious, elegant, and original author. Aphrodisia in Caria, who flourished in the beginning No medical writer, whether of ancient or modern times, of the third century. He is regarded as the restorer has treated of diseases more methodically than he has of the true doctrine of Aristotle, and he is the princi- done; for, after all the Nosological systems which pal peripatetic, after the founder of this school, who have been proposed and tried, we can name none adopted the system of the latter in all its purity, with- more advantageous to the student than the method out intermingling along with it, as Alexander of Ege adopted by him, of treating of diseases according to and his disciples did, the precepts of other schools. the part of the body which they affect, beginning with He was surnamed, by way of compliment, 'Enynths, the head and proceeding downward. The same plan Exegetes ("the interpreter,' or "expounder"), and is pursued in the third book of Paulus Ægineta, who became the head of a particular class of Aristotelian has copied freely from Alexander. Of the ancient commentators, styled "Alexandreans." He wrote, 1. medical writers subsequent to Galen, Alexander shows A treatise on Destiny and Free Agency (IIepi Eiuap- the least of that blind deference to his authority for μévns kai tov ¿o' nuiv), a work held in high estima- which all have been censured: nay, in many instances tion, and which the author addressed to the emperors he ventures to differ from him; not, however, appaSeptimius Severus and Antoninus Caracalla. In it rently from a spirit of rivalship, but from a commendahe combats the Stoic dogma, as hostile to free agency, ble love of truth. In his eleventh book, he has given and destructive, in consequence, of all morality. The the fullest account of the causes, symptoms, and treat best edition of this work is that printed at London, in ment of gout which is to be met with in any ancient 1658, 12mo. It is inserted also, with new corrections, writer; and as it contains many things not to be met in the 3d vol. of Grotius's Theological Works, Amst., with elsewhere, it deserves to be carefully studied. 1679, fol. 2. A commentary on the first book of the He judiciously suits the treatment to the circumstances first Analytics of Aristotle, Gr., fol., Venet., 1489, and of the case, but his general plan of cure appears to 4to., Florent., 1521. Translated into Latin by Feli- have consisted in the administration of purgative cianus, fol., Venet., 1542, 1546, and 1560. 3. A com- medicines, either cathartic salts or drastic purgatives, mentary on the eight books of the Topica, fol., Venet., such as scammony, aloes, and hermodactylus. The 1513 and 1526. A Latin translation by Dorotheus, last-mentioned medicine was most probably a species which appeared for the first time in 1524, fol., Venet., of Colchicum Autumnale, which forms the active inhas been often reprinted. In 1563, a translation by gredient of a French patent medicine called L'Eau Rasarius appeared, fol, Venet., which is preferable to Medicinale d'Hyssop, much celebrated some years the other. 4. Commentaries on the Elenchi sophistici ago for the cure of gout and rheumatism. Dr. Haden of Aristotle, Gr., fol., Venet., 1520, and 4to, Florent., lately published a small pamphlet, wherein Colchicum 1552. Translated into Latin by Rasarius, Venet., was strongly recommended as an antiphlogistic remedy 1557. 5. A commentary on the twelve books of the of great powers. The writers, both Greek and Arametaphysics of Aristotle. The Greek text has never bian, subsequent to Alexander Trallianus, repeat the been printed, although there are many MS. copies in praises bestowed by him upon the virtues of hermothe Royal Library at Paris, and other libraries. A dactylus. Demetrius Pepagomenos has written a proLatin translation, however, by Sepulveda, appeared at fessed treatise to recommend this medicine in gout.— Rome, 1527, in fol., and has been often reprinted. 6. The style of Alexander, although less pointed than A commentary on Aristotle's work De Sensu, &c., Gr., that of Celsus, and less brilliant than that of Aretæus, at the end of Simplicius's commentary on the work is remarkable for perspicuity and elegance. It must of Aristotle respecting the Soul, fol., Venet., 1527. be mentioned with regret, however, as a lamentable 7. A commentary on the Meteorologica of Aristotle, instance of a sound judgment being blinded by superGr., fol., Venet., 1527, and in the Latin of Alex. Pi- stition, that our author had great confidence in charms colomini, fol., 1540, 1548, 1575. 8. A treatise Epì and amulets. Such weakness is to be bewailed, but uížɛç (De Mistione), directed against the dogma of need not be wondered at, when we recollect that Wisethe Stoics respecting the penetrability of bodies, Gr., man, one of the best English authorities on surgery, with the preceding. Two Latin translations have ap- had great confidence in the royal touch for the cure peared, one by Caninius, Venet., 1555, fol, and the of Scrofula.-XVII. Isius. (Vid. Supplement.)— other by Schegk, Tubing., 1540, 4to. 9. A treatise XVIII. Lychnus. (Vid. Supplement.)-XIX. Mynon the Soul, in two books, or, more correctly speak-dius. (Vid. Supplement.)-XX. Noumenius. (Vid. ing, two treatises on this subject, since there is little Supplement.)-XXI. A Greek rhetorician. (Vid. if any connexion between these books. Gr., at the Supplement.)-XXII. Philalethes. (Vid. Suppleend of Themistius; and in Latin by Donati, Venet., ment.)-XXIII. A Roman usurper. (Vid. Supple1502, fol. 10. Physica Scholia, &c. (voikov oxo-ment.)-XXIV. Tiberius. (Vid. Supplement.) λίων, ἀποριῶν, καὶ λύσεων, βιβλία δ'), Gr., fol., Ve- ALEXANDREA (less correctly Alexandria, Burmann, net., 1536, and in Latin by Bagolinus, Venet., 1541, ad Propert., 3, 9, 33-Ursin., ad Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 1549, 1555, 1589. 11. Problemata Medica, &c., the 4, 2, 10.-Fea, ad Horat., Od., 4, 14, 35), the name best Greek edition of which is in Sylburgius's works of eighteen cities, founded by Alexander during his of Aristotle; this is attributed by some to Alexander conquests in Asia, among which the most deserving of Trallianus. 12. A treatise on Fevers; never pub-mention are the following: I. The capital of Egypt, lished in Greek, but translated by Valla, and inserted in a collection of various works, Venet., 1488. For medical works Vid. Supplement. -XV. A native of Myndus, quoted by Athenæus. (Compare Meurs., Bibl., in Thes. Gronov., vol. 10, p. 1208, seqq.) He is supposed by some to be the same with the writer mentioned by Athenæus under the name of Alexon. (Schweigh., Index Auct. ad Athen-Op., vol. 9, p. 24, seqq.)-XVI. A native of Tralles, who lived in the sixth century, and distinguished himself as a physician. He wrote several treatises on medicine, some of which are extant, and have been published at different times; namely, a Greek edition, fol., Paris,

under the Ptolemies, built B.C. 332. It was situate about 12 miles to the west of the Canopic mouth of the Nile, between the Lake Mareotis and the beautiful harbour formed by the Isle of Pharos. It was the intention of its founder to make Alexandrea at once the seat of empire and the first commercial city in the world. The latter of these plans completely succeeded; and for a long period of years, from the time of the Ptolemies to the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, the capital of Egypt was the link of connexion between the commerce of the east and west. The goods and other articles of traffic were brought up the Red Sea, and landed at one of three different points