and Christian writers, ancient and modern, follow one another as chance caused their works to fall into the hands of the author; thus we pass from a work of an erotic nature to one that treats of philosophy or theology, from an historian to an orator; the productions of the same writer are not even considered together. Generally speaking, the greater number of the productions of which Photius gives us critical notices and extracts, have reference to theology, to the decrees of councils, and to religious disputes; profane literature with him occupies only a secondary rank. Nevertheless, among the works of historians, philosophers, orators, grammarians, romancers, geographers, mathematicians, and physicians, that Photius has read, and on which he gives his opinion, or from which he favours us with extracts, there are between seventy and eighty that are lost, and of which we would know nothing or next to nothing without the aid of the Myriobiblon. In the case of some works, Photius contents himself with giving merely a short literary notice, while from others he makes extracts of greater or less size. He was the author, likewise, of a work called Nomocanon, or a collection of the canons of the church. He compiled also a glossary or Lexicon (Aéšɛwv ovvaywyń), which has only reached us in an imperfect and mutilated state. The various MSS. of this work in different libraries on the Continent are mere transcripts from each other, and originally from one, venerable for its antiquity, which was formerly in the possession of the celebrated Thomas Gale, and which is now deposited in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. This manuscript, which is on parchment, bears such evident marks of great antiquity, that it may not unreasonably be supposed to have been a transcript from the author's copy. The various transcripts from this ancient MS. were miserably faulty and corrupt, and it was natural that scholars, who wished for the publication of this lexicon, should be desirous of seeing it printed from the Galean MS. in preference to any other. Hermann, indeed, published an edition in 1818, from two transcripts, but he gives merely the naked text, with scarcely a single correction, or any attempt whatsoever towards the restitution of the text. At the end of the volume, however, are some ingenious and valuable observations of Schneider. Porson, meanwhile, had transcribed and corrected this lexicon for the press, from the Galean MS.; and when unfortunately his copy had been destroyed by fire, had, with incredible industry and patience, begun the task afresh, and completed another transcript in his own excellent handwriting. His death, however, for a time prevented the appearance of the work, until at length his labours were given to the world by Dobree, in 1822, Lond., 8vo. This edition, however, notwithstanding all the praise so justly bestowed upon it, is greatly injured by want of more editorial skill and labour, the Addenda and Corrigenda occupying 44 pages. Photius, who threw together his lexicon upon a much more confined plan than Hesychius, probably brought to his undertaking greater learning and judgment than the latter, and seems to have given most of his authorities from his own knowledge of the authors whom he cites. Yet even his work is little more than a compilation, of which many parts are copied verbatim from the scholia on Plato, the Lexicon of Harpocration, that of Pausanias, and, in all probability, from the Aeğika Kwμikà Kai Tрayıkά of Theo or Didymus, from which latter the grammarians derived most of their explanations of the scenic phrases of the Greeks. These Dramatic Lexicons are unfortunately lost; but there is in the royal library of Paris a MS., which seems to be an epitome of one of them. under the title of "Aλλoç 'Aλþúbηтoç. And, with a little care and discrimination, a very considerable part of them might be recovered from the pages of existing grammarians. Photius also enriched his work from the Lexica Rhetorica, and the Platonic Lexicon of Timæus; nor has he forgotten the Lexicon Technologicum of Philemon. The patriarch informs us, in his preface, that his dictionary is destined principally for the explanation of the remarkable words which occur in the Greek orators and historians, but occasionally to illustrate the phraseology of the poets. Several lacunæ occur in the MSS., the leaves being torn out from the Galean copy, from ȧdiakpirig to ἐπώνυμοι, and from φορητῶς to ψιλοδάπιδας - Photius has left also a collection of letters, in one of which, addressed to the Bulgarian prince Michael, there is a brief history of Seven Ecumenical Councils.-The best edition of the Myriobiblon or Bibliotheca is that of Bekker, Berol., 1824, 2 vols. 4to. The text is corrected from a Venice manuscript, and also three Paris ones. The previous editions are accompanied by a Latin version of Schott's, which is far from accurate. Bekker's edition gives the Greek text without a version.-The Nomocanon was first printed in 1615, Paris, 4to, with the commentaries of Balsamon, patriarch of Antioch. A second edition appeared in 1661, with a Latin version, and with additions and corrections. It is much superior to the previous one. The Epistles were edited by Montague, bishop of Norwich, Lond., 1651, fol.; but he has given only 248 letters, whereas a much greater number exists. A curious and rare edition was also published in 1705, fol., under the care of Dositheus, patriarch of Jerusalem, and Anthimus, a Greek bishop. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. 285.-Id. ib., p. 301.—Id. ib., vol. 7, p. 31.-Id. ib., p. 238.-Edinburgh Review, No. 42, p. 329, seqq.- Weiss, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 34, p 218, seqq.-Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliogr., vol. 3, p. 246, seqq.) PHRAATES, a name common to several Parthian kings. (Vid. Parthia.) PHRAHATES, the same as Phraates. (Vid. Phraates.) PHRAORTES, Son and successor of Dejoces, on the throne of Media. He reigned from B.C. 657 to 635, greatly extended the Median empire, subdued the Persians, and many other nations, but fell in an expedi tion against the Assyrians of Ninus or Nineveh. (Herod., 1, 102.-Vid. Media.) PHRICONIS, a surname given to Cyma in Æolis. (Vid. Cyma.) PHRIXUS, son of Athamas, king of Orchomenus in Boeotia, and Nephele. (Consult the commencement of the article Argonautæ.) PHRYGIA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Paphlagonia and Bithynia, on the south by the range of Taurus and Pisidia, on the west by Caria and Lydia, and on the east by Cappadocia and Pontus.-Herodotus relates (2, 2), that Psammitichus, king of Egypt, having made an experiment to discover which was the most ancient nation in the world, ascertained that the Phrygians surpassed all other people in priority of existence. (Vid. Psammitichus.) The story itself is childishly absurd; but the fact that the Egyptians allowed the highest degree of antiquity to this nation is important, and deserves attention. What the Greeks knew of the origin of the Phrygians does not accord, however, with the Egyptian hypothesis. Herodotus has elsewhere reported that they came originally from Macedonia, where they lived under the name of Briges (or Bryges), and that, when they crossed over into Asia, this was changed to Phryges (7, 73). This account has been generally followed by subsequent writers, especially Strabo (295), who appears to quote Xanthus, and Menecrates of Elæa, Artemidorus, and others, who made the origin of nations and cities the object of their inquiries. (Strab., 572.— Id., 680.-Compare Plin., 5, 32-Steph. Byz., s. v. Bpiyes.) It is certain, indeed, that there was a people named Briges or Bryges, of Thracian origin, living in Macedonia at the time that Herodotus was writing (6, 45; 7, 185); and tradition had long fixed wards the Mysian Olympus, and those of the Hermus the abode of the Phrygian Midas, who was a chief or monarch of this people, near Mount Bermius, in Macedonia. (Herod., 8, 138.- Compare Nicand., ap Athen., 15, p. 683.-Bion, ap. eund., 2, p. 45.) Again, the strong affinity which was allowed to exist between the Phrygians, Lydians, Carians, and Mysians, who were all supposed to have crossed from Thrace into Asia Minor, serves to corroborate the hypothesis which regards the Phrygian migration in particular; but, while there seems no reasonable doubt of the Thracian origin of this people, it is not so easy to establish the period of their settling in Asia. Xanthus is represented by. Strabo (680) as fixing their arrival in that country somewhat after the Trojan war; but the geographer justly observes, that, according to Homer, the Phrygians were already settled on the banks of the Sangarius before that era, and were engaged in a war with the Amazons (Il., 3, 187); and, if mythological accounts are to have any weight, the existence of a Midas in Asia Minor, long before the period alluded to, would prove that there had been a Phrygian migration in times to which authentic history does not extend. (Compare Conon, Narrat., ap. Phot., cod. 186.) Great as was the ascendancy, however, of the Thracian stock, produced by so many tribes of that vast family pouring in at various times, there must have entered into the composition of the Phrygian nation some other element besides the one which formed its leading feature. It has been conjectured, and with great show of probability, that the Thracian Bryges found the country, which from them took the name of Phrygia, occupied by some earlier possessors, but who were too weak to resist the invaders. What name this people bore cannot now be ascertained; but there can be little doubt that they were of Asiatic origin; probably Leuco-Syrians or Cappadocians. Herodotus, indeed, has stated a cir-made offerings to the god at Delphi. He dedicated cumstance, which, if true, would go far to overthrow his throne of justice, the workmanship of which, as the the theory of a Thracian origin for the Phrygian people. historian affirms, was worthy of admiration (1, 14). In the muster which he makes of Xerxes' myriads, he At this period the Phrygians were independent, but informs us that the Phrygians and Armenians were under the reign of Croesus the Lydian we hear of their armed alike; the latter being, as he observes, colonists being subject to that sovereign (1, 28). The conof the former. (Herod., 7, 73.) Herodotus, how- queror was probably content with exacting from the ever, is quite singular in this statement, which is, Phrygian ruler an avowal of his inferiority, in the shape moreover, at variance with all received notions on the of a tribute or tax; for the tragic tale of the Phrygian subject. The Armenians are a people of the highest Adrastus affords evidence that the ancient dynasty of antiquity, and we must not seek for their primitive that country still held dominion, as the vassals of Crocstock beyond the upper valleys of the Tigris and Eu- sus. (Herod., 1, 35.) Adrastus is said to have been phrates; in other words, they are a purely Asiatic the son of Gordius, who was himself the son of Midas. people; and if there existed any resemblance between The latter was probably the grandson of the Midas them and the Phrygians, we ought rather to account who dedicated his throne to the shrine at Delphi, and for it by supposing that the latter were not altogether is called son of Gordius; so that we have a regular Europeans, but mingled with an indigenous race of alternation of monarchs, bearing those two names from Asia, whose stock was also common to the Arme- father to son, for seven generations. Indeed, these nians. -The political history of the Phrygians is two names are so common, that they would seem to neither so brilliant nor so interesting as that of their have been appellatives rather than proper names. neighbours the Lydians. What we gather respecting first Gordius is probably the one who is indebted for a them from ancient writers is, generally, that they cross-place in history to the puzzle which he invented; but ed over from Europe into Asia, under the conduct of their leader Midas, nearly a hundred years before the Trojan war. (Conon, ap. Phot., cod., 186.) That they settled first on the shores of the Hellespont and around Mount Ida, whence they gradually extended themselves to the shores of the Ascanian lake and the valley of the Sangarius. It is probable that the Doliones, Mygdones, and Bebryces, who held originally the coasts of Mysia and Bithynia, were Phrygians. The Mygdones were contiguous to the Bryges in Macedonian Thrace, and they are often classed with the Phrygians by the poets. Driven afterward from the Hellespont and the coast of the Propontis by the Teucri, Mysi, and Bithyni, the Phrygians took up a more central position in what may be called the great basin of Asia Minor. Still preserving the line of the Sangarius, they occupied, to the southwest of that great river, the upper valleys of the Macestus and Rhyndacus, to The which, if it had not fallen into the way of Alexander, would probably never have given rise to the proverbial expression of "the Gordian knot." (Arrian, Exp. Al., 2, 3.) After the overthrow of the Lydian monarchy by Cyrus, Phrygia was annexed to the Persian empire, and, under the division made by Darius, formed part of the Hellespontine or Bithynian satrapy. (Herod., 3, 91.) In the partition of Alexander's dominions, it fell at first into the hands of Antigonus, then of the Seleucidæ, and, after the defeat of Antiochus, was ceded to Eumenes, king of Pergamus, but finally reverted to the Romans. (Polyb., 22, 27. — Lin., 37, 56.) At that time Phrygia had sustained a considerable diminution of territorial extent, owing to the migration of a large body of Gauls into Asia, where they settled in the very centre of the province; and, having succeeded in appropriating to themselves a considerable tract of country, formed a new province and people, named Galatia and Galatæ, or Gallo-Græci.-tom of introducing grumbling slaves on the stage. The Phrygians are generally stigmatized by the ancients as a slavish nation, destitute of courage or energy, and possessing but little skill in anything save music and dancing. (Athenæus, 1, p. 27.— Virg., En., 12, 99.-Eurip., Alcest, 678.-Id., Orest., 1447. -Athenæus, 14, p. 624, seqq.)-Phrygia, considered with respect to the territory once occupied by the people from whence it obtained its appellation, was divided into the Great and Less. The latter, which was also called the Hellespontine Phrygia, still retained that name, even when the Phrygians had long retired from that part of Asia Minor, to make way for the Mysians, Teucrians, and Dardanians; and it would be hazardous to pronounce how much of what is included under Mysia and Troas belonged to what was evidently only a political division. Besides this ancient classification, we find in the Lower Empire the province divided into Phrygia Pacatiana and Phrygia Salutaris. The name Epictetus, or "the Acquired," was given to that portion of the province which was annexed by the Romans to the kingdom of Pergamus. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 1, seqq.) gen The names of ten of his pieces are known to us. PHRYNICHUS, I. an Athenian tragic poet, a scholar of Thespis. The dates of his birth and death are alike unknown it seems probable that he died in Sicily. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 2, p. xxxi., note (t).) He gained a tragic victory in 511 B.C., and another in 476, when Themistocles was his choragus. (Plut., Vit. Themist.) The play which he produced on this occasion was probably the Phonissæ, and schylus is charged with having made use of this tragedy in the composition of his Perse, which appeared four years after (Arg. ad Pers.), a charge which Eschylus seems to rebut in “the Frogs” of Aristophanes (v. 1294, seqq.). In 494 B.C., Miletus was taken by the Persians, and Phrynichus, unfortunately for himself, selected the capture of that city as the subject of an historical tragedy. The skill of the dramatist, and the recent occurrence PHTHIOTIS, a district of Thessaly, including, acof the event, affected the audience even to tears, and cording to Strabo, all the southern portion of that counPhrynichus was fined 1000 drachmæ for having recall- try, as far as Mount Eta and the Maliac Gulf. To ed so forcibly a painful recollection of the misfortunes the west it bordered on Dolopia, and on the east reachof an ally. (Herod., 6, 21.) According to Suidas, ed the confines of Magnesia. Referring to the geoPhrynichus was the first who introduced a female graphical arrangement adopted by Homer, we shall mask on the stage, that is, who brought in female find, that he comprised within this extent of territory characters; for, on the ancient stage, the characters of the districts of Phthia and Hellas properly so called, females were always sustained by males in appropriate and, generally speaking, the dominions of Achilles, dress. Bentley is thought to have purposely mistrans- together with those of Protesilaus and Eurypylus. lated this passage of Suidas, in his Dissertation on (Strab., 432, seqq.) Many of his commentators have Phalaris (vol. 1, p. 291, ed. Dyce.-Donaldson, The-imagined that Phthia was not to be distinguished from atre of the Greeks, p. 47). Phrynichus seems to have been chiefly remarkable for the sweetness of his melodies, and the great variety and cleverness of his figuredances. (Aristoph., Av., 748.-Id., Vesp., 269.-Id. ib., 219-Plutarch, Symp., 3, 9.) The Aristophanic Agathon speaks generally of the beauty of his dramas (Thesmoph., 164, seqq.), though, of course, they fell far short of the grandeur of Eschylus, and the perfect art of Sophocles. The names of seventeen tragedies attributed to him have come down to us, but it is probable that some of these belonged to two other writers, who bore the same name. (Theatre of the Greeks, ed. 4, p. 59, seq.)-II. A comic poet, who must be carefully distinguished from the tragedian of the same name. He exhibited his first piece in the year 435 B.C., and was attacked as a plagiarist in the Popμodopo of Hermippus, which was written before the death of Sitalces, or, in other words, before 424 B.C. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 2, p. 67.) In 414 B.C., when Ameipsias was first with the Kwuaoral, and Aristophanes second with the 'Opvibeç, Phrynichus was third with the Movóтроrоs. (Arg., Av.) In 405 B.C., Philonides was first with the Bárpaxot of Aristophanes, Phrynichus second with the Mouoat, and Plato third with the Κλεοφῶν. (Arg., Ran.) He is ridiculed by Aristophanes in the Búrpaxoi for his cus the divisions of Hellas and Achaia, also mentioned by him. But other critics, as Strabo observes, were of a different opinion, and the expressions of the poet certainly lead us to adopt that notion in preference to the other. (Il., 2, 683.—Il., 1, 478.-Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 397.) PHURNUTUS. Vid. Cornutus. PHYA, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica, whom Pisistratus, when he wished to re-establish himself in his usurped power, arrayed like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city in a chariot, making the populace believe that the goddess herself came to restore him to power. Such is the account of Herodotus (1, 59). Consult, however, remarks under the article Pisistratus. PHYCUS (gen. -untis: in Greek, Puкovç, gen. -ourToç), a promontory of Cyrenaica, northwest of Apollonia, and now Ras Sem. PHYLACE, I. a town of Macedonia, in the interior of Pieria, according to Ptolemy (p. 84), and of which Pliny (4, 10) makes mention. Some similarity to the ancient name is discoverable in that of Phili, situate on the Haliacmon, somewhat to the west of Servitza. II. A town of Epirus, supposed to correspond with the vestiges observed by Hughes (vol. 2, p. 483) near the village of Velchista, on the western side of the lake ol loanina.-III. A town of Thessaly, in the Magnesian district, near Phthiotic Thebes, and on the river Sperchius. It was the native place of Protesilaus, who is hence sometimes called Phylacides. There was a temple here consecrated to him. (Pind, Isth., 1, 83.-Compare Hom., Il., 2, 698.) Sir W. Gell is inclined to place the ruins of this town near the village of Agios Theodoros, "on a high situation, which, with its position, as a sort of guard (ovλaký) to the entrance of the gulf, suggests the probability of its being Phylace." (Itin., p. 255.) But Strabo asserts that Phylace was near Thebes, consequently it could not have been so much to the south as Agios Theodoros. Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 407) PHYLE, a place celebrated in the history of Athens as the scene of Thrasybulus's first exploit in behalf of his oppressed country. It was situate about 100 stadia from Athens, to the northwest, according to Diodorus (41, p. 415); but Demosthenes estimates the distance at more than 120 stadia. (Pseph., in Or. de Cor., p. 238.-Compare Xen., Hist. Gr., 2, 4, 2.— Strabo, 396.) The fortress of Phyle, according to Sir W. Gell (Itin., p. 52), is now Bigla Castro. It is situated on a lofty precipice, and, though small, must have been almost impregnable, as it can only be approached by an isthmus on the east. Hence is a most magnificent view of the plain of Athens, with the Acropolis and Hymettus, and the sea in the distance." Dodwell, however, maintains, that its modern name is Argiro Castro. The town of Phyle was placed at the foot of the castle or acropolis; some traces of it still remain. (Tour, vol. 1, p. 502.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 405.) PHYLLIS, I. daughter of Sithon, king of Thrace, and betrothed to Demophoön, son of Theseus, who, on his return from Troy, had stopped on the Thracian coast, and there became acquainted with and enamoured of the princess. A day having been fixed for their union, Demophoon set sail for Athens, in order to arrange affairs at home, promising to return at an appointed time. He did not come, however, at the expiration of the period which he had fixed, and Phyllis, fancying herself deserted, put an end to her existence. The trees that sprang up around her tomb were said at a certain season to mourn her untimely fate, by their leaves withering and falling to the ground. (Hygin., fab., 59.) According to another account, Phyllis was changed after death into an almond-tree, destitute of leaves; and Demophoön having returned a few days subsequently, and having clasped the tree in his embrace, it put forth leaves, as if conscious of the presence of a once-beloved object. Hence, says the fable, eaves were called pú22a in Greck, from the name of Phyllis (22). (Serv. ad Virg., Eel., 5, 10.) Ovid has made the absence of Demophoön from Thrace the subject of one of his heroic epistles. It is said that Phyllis, when watching for the return of Demophoön, made nine journeys to the Thracian coast, whence the spot was called Ennea-Hodoi ('Evvéa 'Odoí) or "the Nine Ways." (Hygin., 1. c.) The true reason of the name, however, was the meeting here of as many roads from different parts of Thrace and Macedon. (Walpole's Collect. vol. 2, p. 510.)-Tzetzes gives a somewhat different account of the affair, especially as regards Demophoon, whom he calls Acamas, and whom he makes to have been thrown from his horse when hurrying back to Phyllis, and to have been transfixed by his own sword. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 496.)—II. A region of Thrace, forming part of Edonis, and situate to the north of Mount Pangaus. (Herod., 7, 114.) PHYSCCN, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt, from his great abdominal rotundity (púokov, "the paunch;" from púσkn, "the lower belly"). PHYSCOS, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes, and subject to that island. (Steph. Byz., s. v.) PICENTES, a people of Italy, occupying what was called Picenum. (Vid. Picenum.) PICENTIA, a city of Campania, about seven miles beyond Salernum, and once the capital of the Picentini. (Strabo, 251-Mela, 2, 4.—Pliny, 3, 5.) It is now Vicenza or Bicenza. PICENTINI, a people of Italy, south of Campania, occupying an inconsiderable extent of territory, from the promontory of Minerva to the mouth of the river Silarus. We are informed by Strabo, that these were a portion of the inhabitants of Picenum whom the Romans transplanted thither to people the shores of the Gulf of Posidonia or Pæstum. It is probable that their removal took place after the conquest of Picenum, and the complete subjugation of this portion of ancient Campania, then occupied by the Samnites. Cluver fixes the date at A.U.C. 463. (Ital. Ant., vol. 2, p. 1188.) According to the same writer, the Picentini were at a subsequent period compelled by the Romans to abandon the few towns which they possessed, and to reside in villages and hamlets, in consequence of having sided with Hannibal in the second Punic war. As a farther punishment, they were excluded from military service, and allowed only to perform the duties of couriers and messengers. (Strabo, 251. Plin., 3, 5.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 214.) PICĒNUM, a district of Italy, along the Adriatic, south and east of Umbria. Little has been ascertained respecting the Picentes, its inhabitants, except the fact that they were a colony of the Sabines, sent out in consequence of a vow of a sacred spring, and said to have been guided to this land by a woodpecker (picus), a bird sacred to Mars. (Strabo, 240.-Plin., 3, 13.) In this region they had to contend with the Umbrians, who had wrested it from the Liburni and Siculi. (Plin., l. c.) But the Sabines were not apparently the first or sole possessors of the country. The Siculi, Liburni, and Umbri, according to Pliny (3, 13), the Pelasgi, as Silius Italicus reports (8, 445), and the Tyrrheni, according to Strabo (241), all at different periods formed settlements in that part of Italy. The conquest of Picenum cost the Romans but little trouble. It was effected about 484 A.U.C., not long after the expedition of Pyrrhus into Italy (Liv., Epit., 15.-Florus, 1, 19), when 360,000 men, as Pliny assures us, submitted to the Roman authorities. From the same writer we learn, that Picenum constituted the fifth region in the division of Augustus. This province was considered one of the most fertile parts of Italy. (Liv., 22, 9-Strabo, 240.) The produce of its fruit-trees was particularly esteemed. (Hor., Sat., 2, 4, 70.-Id., Sat., 2, 3, 272.Jur., Sat., 11, 72.) It may be regarded as limited to the north by the river sis. To the west it was separated from Umbria and the Sabine country by the central chain of the Apennines. Its boundary to the south was the river Matrinus, if we include in this division the Prætutii, a small tribe confined between the Matrinus and Helvinus. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 279, seqq.) PICTI, a Caledonian race, first mentioned under this denomination in a panegyric of Eumenius, A.D. 297. Various derivations have been assigned for their name, among which the most common is that which deduces it from the Latin picti (" painted"), in reference to the custom which the ancient Britons had of painting their bodies of a blue colour. This etymology, however, can hardly be correct, since the custom to which we have just referred was common to all the Britons, not confined to one particular tribe. The simplest derivation, therefore, appears to be that which makes the name in question come from the Gaelic piclith, "robbers" or "plunderers," the Picts being famed for their marauding expeditions into the country to the south of them. According to Adelung, their true nationa name was Cruitnich, "corn-eaters," from their hav. ing devoted a part of their territory to the raising of grain. (Adelung, Mithradates, vol. 2, p. 96.) PICTONES, a people of Aquitanic Gaul, a short distance below the Ligeris or Loire. Their territory corresponds to the modern Poitou. Ptolemy assigns them two capitals, Augustoritum and Limonum, but the former in strictness belonged to the Lemovices. The city of Limonum, the true capital, answers to the modern Poitiers. Strabo gives the name of this people with the short penult, Ptolemy with the long one. The short quantity is followed by Lucan (1, 436). Ammianus Marcellinus uses the form Pictavi. (Amm. Marcell., 15, 11.) which was known to Homer (П, 14, 226), was derived apparently from the Pieres, a Thracian people, who were subsequently expelled by the Temenidæ, the conquerors of Macedonia, and driven north beyond the Strymon and Mount Pangaus, where they formed a new settlement. (Thucyd., 2, 99.-Herod., 7, 112.) The boundaries which historians and geographers have assigned to this province vary; for Strabo, or, rather, his epitomiser, includes it between the Haliacmon and Axius. (Strab., 330.) Livy also seems to place it | north of Dium (44, 9), while most authors ascribe that town to Pieria. Ptolemy gives the name of Pieria to all the country between the mouth of the Peneus and that of the Ludias. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 204.)-II. A district of Syria, bounded on the west by the Sinus Issicus, on the north by Mount Pierius (the southern continuation of Amanus), from which the region received its name. (Ptol.-Bischoff und Möller, Worterb. der Geogr., p. 851.) PIERIDES, I. a name given to the Muses, from the district of Pieria, their natal region. (Vid. Musa.)— II. The nine daughters of Pierus, who challenged the Muses to a contest of skill, and were overcome and changed into magpies. Some suppose that the victorious Muses took their name, just as Minerva, according to some authorities, assumed that of the giant Pallas after she had conquered him. (Ovid, Met., 5, 300.) PIERUS, a native of Thessaly, father of the Pierides who challenged the Muses. (Vid. Pierides, II.) PIGRUM MARE, an appellation given to the extreme Northern Ocean, from its being supposed to be in a semi-congealed or sluggish state. (Plin., 4, 13.— Tacit., Germ., 45.) PILUMNUS. Vid. Picumnus. PIMPLEA, a small town of Macedonia, not far from Dium and Libethra, where Orpheus was said by some to have been born. (Strab., Epit., 330.-Apollon. Rhod., 1, 23, et Schol. ad loc.-Lycophr., v. 273.) PICUMNUS and PILUMNUS, two deities of the Latins, presiding over nuptial auspices. (Non., c. 12, n. 36. Varro, ap. Non., 1. c) The new-born child, too, was placed by the midwife on the ground, and the favour of these deities was propitiated for it. Pilumnus was also one of the three deities who kept off Silvanus from lying-in women at night. (Varro, frag., p. 231.) The other two were Intercido and Deverra. Three men went by night round the house, to signify that these deities were watchful: they first struck the threshold with an axe, then with a pestle (pilum), and finally swept (deverrere) with brooms; because trees are not cut (caduntur) and pruned without an axe, corn bruised without a pestle, or heaped up without brooms. Hence the names of the deities, who prevented the wood-god Silvanus from molesting parturient females. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 537.) Servius, in place of Picumnus, uses the name Pithumnus, and makes this deity to have been the brother of Pilumnus, and to have discovered the art of manuring land; hence he was also called Stercutius and Sterquilinus, from stercus, manure. The same authority makes Pilumnus to have invented the art of pounding corn in a mortar (pilum), whence his name. (Serv. ad Virg., En., 9, 4.--Compare Plin., 3, 18.) Some of the ancient grammarians regarded these two deities as identical with Castor and Pollux, than which PINARII and POTITII, two distinguished families nothing can be more erroneous. Piso, one of this among the subjects of Evander, at the time when Herclass of writers, deduced the name Pilumnus from cules visited Italy on his return from Spain. A sacpello, "to drive away" or "avert," because he avert-rifice having been offered to the hero by Evander, the ed the evils that are incident to infancy, "quia pellit Potitii and Pinarii were invited to assist in the ceremala infantia." (Spangenberg, Vet. Lat. Relig. Do- monies and share the entertainment. It happened mest., p. 65.) that the Potitii attended in time, and the entrails were PICUS, a fabulous king of Latium, son of Saturn, served up to them; the Pinarii, arriving after the enand celebrated for his beauty and his love of steeds. trails were eaten, came in for the rest of the feast; He married Canens, the daughter of Janus and Venil- hence it continued a rule, as long as the Pinarian famia, renowned for the sweetness and power of her ily existed, that they should not eat of the entrails. voice. One day Picus went forth to the chase clad The Potitii, instructed by Evander, were directors of in a purple cloak, bound round his neck with gold. that solemnity for many ages, until the solemn office He entered the wood where Circe happened to be at of the family was delegated to public servants, on that time gathering magic herbs. She was instantly which the whole race of the Potitii became extinct. struck with love, and implored the prince to respond This desecration of the rites of Hercules was brought to her passion. Picus, faithful to his beloved Canens, about, it is said, by the censor Appius Claudius, who indignantly spurned her advances, and Circe, in re-induced the Potitii by means of a large sum of money venge, struck him with her wand, and instantly he was changed into a bird with purple plumage and a yellow ring around its neck. This bird was called by his name Picus, " the woodpecker." (Ovid, Met., 14, 320, seqq.-Plut., Quæst. Rom., 21.) Servius says that Picus was married to Pomona (ad En., 7, 190). This legend seems to have been devised to give an origin for the woodpecker after the manner of the Greeks. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 538.-Compare Spangenberg, Vet. Lat. Rel. Dom, p. 62.) PIERIA, I. & region of Macedonia, directly north of Thessaly, and extending along the Thermaïc Gulf. it formed one of the most interesting parts of Macedonia, both in consideration of the traditions to which it has given birth, as being the first seat of the Muses, and the birthplace of Orpheus; and also of the important events which occurred there at a later period, involving the destiny of the Macedonian empire, and many other parts of Greece. The name of Pieria, to teach the manner of performing these rites to the public slaves mentioned above. (Liv., 1, 7.—Id., 9, 29.--Festus, s. v. Potitium.-Serv. ad En., 8, 269.) PINĀRUS, a river of Cilicia Campestris, rising in Mount Amanus, and falling into the Sinus Issicus near Issus. The Greek and Persian armies were at first drawn up on opposite banks of this stream: Darius on the side of Issus, Alexander towards Syria. The modern name of the Pinarus is the Deli-sou. (French Strabo, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 384.) PINDARUS, a celebrated lyric poet of Thebes, in Baotia, born, according to Böckh, in the spring of 522 B.C. (Olympiad 64.3), and who died, according to a probable statement, at the age of eighty. (Pindar, ed. Bockh, vol. 3, p. 12.-Compare Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 17, who makes his birth-year 518 B.C.) He was, therefore, nearly in the prime of life at the time when Xerxes invaded Greece, and when the battles of Thermopyla and Salamis were fought, |