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PHASIANA, a district of Armenia Major, through which the river Phasis or Araxes flows; whence the name of the region. The beautiful birds, which we call pheasants, still preserve in their name the traces of this their native country. (Vid. Araxes I.)

quities at Pharsalus. The name of Pharsa alone remains to show what it once was. Southwest of the town there is a hill surrounded with ancient walls, formed of large masses of a coarse kind of marble. Upon a lofty rock above the town to the south are other ruins of greater magnitude, showing a considerable portion of the walls of the Acropolis and remains of the Propyla. (Cramer's Anc. Gr., vol. 1, p. 398.) PHARUSI, a people of Africa, beyond Mauritania, PHASIS, I. a river of Asia, falling into the Euxine situate perhaps to the east of the Autololes, which lat- after passing through parts of Armenia, Iberia, and ter people occupied the Atlantic coast of Africa, op- Colchis. According to Strabo and Pliny, it rose in posite to the Insula Fortunate. (Mela, 1, 4, 23.--the southern portion of the Moschian mountains, which Vossius, ad loc.)

PHASIAS, a patronymic given to Medea, as being born in Colchis, on the banks of the Phasis. (Ovid, | A. A., 2, 381.)

(Vid. Araxes, I.)-The name Phasis would seem to have been a general appellation for rivers in early Oriental geography, and the root of it may be very fairly traced in the Indo-Germanic dialects. (Phas.- Was -German Wasser, "Water."-Consult Ritter, Vor halle, p. 466.)

were regarded as belonging to Armenia. (Strabo, PHASELIS, a town of Lycia, on the eastern coast, 498.-Plin., 6, 4.) Procopius states that in the early near the confines of Pamphylia. Livy remarks, that part of its course it was called Boas, but that, after it was a conspicuous point for those sailing from Cili-reaching the confines of Iberia, and becoming increased cia to Rhodes, since it advanced out towards the sea; in size by several tributaries, it took the name of Phaand, on the other hand, a fleet could easily be de- sis. (Procop., Pers., 2, 29.) Its modern name is scried from it (37, 23). Hence the epithet of veμó- Rion or Rioni, which would seem more properly to cooa applied to it by Dionysius Periegetes (v. 854). belong to the Rheon, one of its tributaries. The Turks We are informed by Herodotus (2, 178), that this call it the Fasch. The Phasis is famous in mythology town was colonized by some Dorians. Though united from Jason's having obtained in its vicinity the golden to Lycia, it did not form part of the Lycian confed fleece of Grecian fable. Arrian (Perip!., Mar. Eux.) eracy, but was governed by its own laws. (Strabo, says, that the colour of the water of the Phasis resem667) Phaselis, at a later period, having become the bled that of water impregnated with lead or tin; that haunt of pirates, was attacked and taken by Servilius is, it was of a bluish cast. It was said, also, not to inIsauricus. (Flor., 3, 6.—Eutrop., 6, 3.) Lucan termingle with the sea for some distance from land. speaks of it as nearly deserted when visited by Pom--For some general remarks on the name Phasis, conpey in his flight after the battle of Pharsalia (8, 251).sult remarks at the end of this article. (Mannert, Nevertheless, Strabo asserts that it was a considera- Geogr., vol. 4, p. 394, seqq.)-II. A city at the mouth ble town, and had three ports. He observes, also, of the Colchian Phasis, founded by a Milesian colony. that it was taken by Alexander, as an advantageous (Mela, 1, 85) It does not appear to have been post for the prosecution of his conquests into the inte- place of any great trade. In Hadrian's time it was a rior. (Strab., 666.-Compare Arrian, Exp. Al., 1, 24. mere fortress, with a garrison of 400 men. (Arrian, -Plut., Vit. Alex.) Phaselis, according to Athenæ- Peripl.-Ammian. Marcell, 22, 8.) The place is not us, was celebrated for the manufacture of rose perfume mentioned by Procopius. In the vicinity of this spot, (14, p. 688). Nicander certainly commends its roses the Turks, in former days, had the small fortress of (ap. Athen., p. 683.)—“ On a small peninsula, at the Potti. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 4, p. 396.)—III. A foot of Mount Takhtalu (the highest point of the Soly-river of Armenia Major, the same with the Araxes. mean mountains)," says Captain Beaufort, "are the remains of the city of Phaselis, with its three ports and lake as described by Strabo. The lake is now a mere swamp, occupying the middle of the isthmus, and was probably the source of those baneful exhalations which, according to Livy and Cicero, rendered Phaselis so unhealthy. The modern name of Phaselis is Tekrova." (Karamania, p. 56.) "The harbour and town of Phaselis," observes Mr. Fellows, "are both extremely well built and interesting, but very small. Its theatre, stadium, and temples may all be traced, and its numerous tombs on the hills show how long it must have existed." (Tour in Asia Minor, p. 211.)-Beyond Phaselis the mountains press in upon the shore, and leave a very narrow passage along the strand, which at low water is practicable, but, when storms prevail and the sea is high, it is extremely dangerous: in this case, travellers must pass the mountains, and proceed into the interior by a long circuit. The defile in question, as well as the mountains overhanging it, was called Climax, and it obtained celebrity from the fact that Alexander led his army along it, after the conquest of Caria, under circumstances of great difficulty and danger; for, though the wind blew violently, Alexander, impatient of delay, hurried his troops forward, along the shore, where they had the water up to their middle, and had great difficulty in making their way. (Strab., 666, seq.-Arrian, Exp. Al., 1, 26.- Plut., Vit. Alex.) Captain Beaufort remarks, that "the shore at present exhibits a remarkable coincidence with the account of Alexander's march from Phaselis. The road along the beach is, however, interrupted in some places by projecting cliffs, which would have been difficult to surmount, but round which the men could readily pass by wading through the water." (Karamania, p. 115, seq.-Compare Leake's Tour, p. 190.)

PHAVORINUS (in Greek Habwpivos), a native of Arelate in Gaul, who lived at Rome during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian, and enjoyed a high degree of consideration. He wrote numerous works, but no part of them has reached us except a few fragments in Stobæus. Aulus Gellius, however, has preserved for us some of his dissertations in a Latin dress. (Nock Att., 12, 1; 14, 1, 2; 17, 10.) Phavorinus loved to write on topics out of the common path, and more or less whimsical; he composed, for example, a eulogium on Thersites, another on Quartan Fever, &c. Having had the misfortune to offend the Emperor Hadrian, his statues, which the Athenians had raised to him, were thrown down by that same people. He bequeathed his library and mansion at Rome to Herodes Atticus. Phavorinus was a friend of Plutarch's, who dedicated a work to him. For farther particulars relating to this individual, consult Philostratus (Vit. Sophist., 1, 8, 1), and Lucian (Eunuch., c. 7.-Demon., c. 12, seq.Schöll, Gesch. Gr. Lit., vol. 2, p. 607.)

PHAZANIA, a region of Africa, lying to the south of Tripolis. It is now Fezzan. (Plin., 5, 3.)

PHENEUS (PEVEoç), a city in the northern part of Arcadia, at the foot of Mount Cyllene. It was a town of great antiquity, since Hercules is said to have resided there after his departure from Tiryns, and Homer has mentioned it among the principal Arcadian cities. (Il., 2, 605.) The place was surrounded by some extensive marshes, which are said to have once inundated the whole country, and to have destroyed the ancient town. They are more commonly called

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the Lake of Pheneus, and were principally formed by | the river Aroanius or Olbius, which descends from the mountains to the north of Pheneus, and usually finds a vent in some natural caverns or katabathra at the extremity of the plain; but when, by accident, these happened to be blocked up, the waters filled the whole valley, and, communicating with the Ladon and Alpheus, overflowed the beds of those rivers as far as Olympia. (Eratosth, ap. Strab., 389.) Pausanias reports, that vestiges of some great works undertaken to drain the Phenean marshes, and ascribed by the natives to Hercules, were to be seen near the city 8, 14). The vestiges of the town itself are visible, according to Dodwell, near the village of Phonia, upon an insulated rock. The lake is said to be very small, and to vary according to the season of the year. (Dodwell, vol. 2, p. 436.-Cramer's Anc. Gr., vol. 3, p. 321.)

PHEREUS, a surname of Jason, as being a native of Pheræ. (Vid. Jason, II.)

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PHERECRATES, a comic poet of Athens, contemporary with Plato, Phrynichus, Aristophanes, and Eupolis. (Suid., s. v. Пhárov.-Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. xl.) Little is known of him. He is said to have written 21 comedies, of which a few fragments remain. The following are the titles of some of his pieces: "The Deserters," Chiron," "The Old Women," "The Painters," "The False Hercules," &c. Such was the license which prevailed at this period on the Greek stage, that Phere crates was particularly commended for having abstained entirely in his pieces from any personal attacks. He was also the inventor of a species of verse, which was called from him the Pherecratean or Pherecratic. The Pherecratic verse is the Glyconic deprived of the final syllable, and consists of a spondee, a choriambus, and a catalectic syllable. The first foot was sometimes a trochee or an anapæst, rarely an iambus. When this species of verse has a spondee in the first station, it may then be scanned as a dactylic trimeter. It has been conjectured that the trochee was originally the only foot admissible in the first place of the Pherecratic. (Ramsay, Lat. Pros., p. 192.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 90.) The fragments of Pherecrates were given with those of Eupolis, by Runkel, Lips., 1829, 8vo.

PHERECYDES, I. a Grecian philosopher, contemporary with Terpander and Thales, who flourished about 600 B.C., and was a native of the island of Scyros. The particulars which remain of the life of Pherecydes are few and imperfect. Marvellous circumstances have been related of him, which only deserve to be mentioned in order to show, that what has been deemed supernatural by ignorant spectators may be easily conceived to have happened from natural causes. A ship in full sail was, at a distance, approaching its harbour; Pherecydes predicted that it would never come into the haven, and it happened accordingly, for a stormn arose which sunk the vessel. After drinking water from a well, he predicted an earthquake, which happened three days afterward. It is easy to suppose that these predictions might have been the result of a careful observation of those phenomena which commonly precede storms or earthquakes, in a climate where they frequently happen. Pherecydes is said to have been the first among the Greeks who wrote concerning the nature of the gods; but this can only mean that he was the first who ventured to write upon these subjects in prose. For, before his time, Orpheus, Musæus, and others, had written theogonies in verse. Some have ascribed to him the invention of the sundial; but the instrument was of a more ancient date,

PHERE. I. a city of Pelasgiotis, in Thessaly, one of the most ancient and important places in the country. It was the capital of Admetus and Eumelus, as we learn from Homer (Пl., 2, 711, seq.) and Apollonius. (Arg., 1, 49.-Compare Hom., Od., 4, 798.) Phere was famed at a later period as the native place of Jason, who, having raised himself to the head of affairs by his talents and ability, became master not only of his own city, but of nearly the whole of Thessaly. (Vid. Jason, II.) After the death of Jason, Pheræ was ruled over by Polydorus and Polyrophon, his two brothers. The latter of these was succeeded by Alexander, who continued for eleven years the scourge of his native city and of the whole of Thessaly. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 5.) His evil designs were for a time checked by the brave Pelopidas, who entered that province at the head of a Baotian force, and occupied the citadel of Larissa; but, on his falling into the hands of the tyrant, the Boeotian army was placed in a most perilous situation, and was only saved by the presence of mind and ability of Epaminondas, then serving as a volunteer. The Thebans subsequently rescued Pelopidas, and, under his command, made war upon Alexander of Phere, whom they defeated, but at the expense of the life of their gallant leader, who fell In the action. (Plut., Vit. Pelop.-Polyb., 8, 1, 6, seqq.) Alexander was not long after assassinated by his wife and her brothers, who continued to tyrannize over this country until it was liberated by Philip of Macedon. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 4.- Diod. Sic., 16, 38.) Many years after, Cassander, as we are informed by Diodorus, fortified Phere, but Demetrius Poliorcetes contrived, by secret negotiations, to obtain possession of both the town and citadel. (Diod. Sic., 20, 110.) In the invasion of Thessaly by Antiochus, Pheræ was forced to surrender to the troops of that mon-being mentioned in the Jewish history of Hezekiah, arch after some resistance. (Liv., 36, 9.) It afterward fell into the hands of the Roman consul Acilius. (Id., 36, 14.) Strabo observes, that the constant tyranny under which this city laboured had hastened its decay. (Strab, 436.) Its territory was most fertile, and the suburbs, as we collect from Polybius, were surrounded by gardens and walled enclosures (18, 2). Stephanus Byzantinus speaks of an old and new town of Pheræ, distant about eight stadia from each other. Pheræ, according to Strabo, was ninety stadia from Pagase, its emporium. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 393.)--II. A town of Ætolia. (Steph. Byz., s. v. ɛpaí.)-III. A town of Messenia, to the east of the river Pamisus.

king of Judea. (2 Kings, 20., 11.) Concerning the manner in which he died, nothing certain is known; for, as to the story of his having been gradually consumed for his impiety by the loathsome disease called morbus pedicularis, this must doubtless be set down in the long list of idle tales by which the ignorant and superstitious have always endeavoured to bring philosophy into contempt. He lived to the age of eightyfive years.-It is difficult to give, in any degree, an accurate account of the doctrines of Pherecydes; both because he delivered them, after the manner of the times, under the concealment of symbols, and because a very few memoirs of this philosopher remain. At this place Homer makes Tele-It is most probable, that he taught those opinions conmachus and the son of Nestor to have been entertain- cerning the gods and the origin of the world which ed by Diocles, on their way from Pylos to Sparta. the ancient theogonists borrowed from Egypt. An(Od., 15, 186.) It is also alluded to in the Iliad other tenet, which is, by the universal consent of the (5, 543). Phere was one of the seven towns offered ancients, ascribed to Pherecydes, is that of the immorby Agamemnon to Achilles. (I., 9, 151.) It was tality of the soul, for which he was, perhaps, indebted annexed by Augustus to Laconia, after the battle of to the Egyptians. Cicero says (Tusc. Quæst., 1, 16) Actium. (Pausan., 4, 30.--Cramer's Ancient Greece, that he was the first philosopher in whose writings vol. 3, p. 141.) this doctrine appeared. He is also said, and not im

probably, to have taught the doctrine of the transmi- | fession a knowledge of all the finer parts of science gration of the soul; for this was a tenet commonly received among the Egyptians, and afterward taught by Pythagoras. Whether it was that Pherecydes instituted no sect; or that his writings fell into disuse through their obscurity; or that Pythagoras designedly suppressed them, that he might appear the original author of the doctrines which he had learned from his master; or whatever else might be the cause, we are left without farther information concerning his philosophy. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 362, seqq.) There are extant some fragments of a Theogony composed by him, which bear a strange character, and have a much closer resemblance to the Orphic poems than to those of Hesiod. They show that, by this time, the characteristic of the theogonic poetry had been changed, and that Orphic ideas were in vogue. (Müller, Hist. Gr. Lit., p. 234.) The fragments of Pherecydes, together with those of his namesake of Leros, were edited by Sturz, Gera, 1789, 8vo, and a new edition appeared in 1824, Lips., 8vo, with additional fragments, and more enlarged explanations. The preface to this latter edition contains the greater part of Matthia's dissertation, which Sturz undertakes to refute. The dissertation just mentioned was published by Matthia, in 1814, Altenb., 8vo, and was reprinted in Wolf's Analekten, vol. 1, p. 321, seqq.-Pherecydes, and Cadmus of Miletus, are said to have been the first of the Greeks that wrote in prose. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 212. Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliogr., vol. 3, p. 219.)—ÎI. A native of Leros, one of the Sporades, and a contemporary with Herodotus. He was the last of the Logographers, or compilers in prose of historical traditions (Zóyou, and ypáp). After him the regular historians begin. Pherecydes, among other works, made a collection of traditions relative to the early history of Athens. The fragments of this writer have been edited, along with those of Pherecydes of Scyros, by Sturz, Gere, 1789, 8vo, republished at Leipsic in 1824. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 140.)

PHERES, son of Cretheus, and of Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus. He founded Phere in Thessaly, where he reigned, and became the father of Admetus, and of Lycurgus, king of Nemea. (Apollod., 1, 9, 11. -Id., 1, 9, 13.)

which could tend to dignify and enhance it. With the most exquisite harmonies of poetry, and the most gorgeous fictions of mythology, he was no less familiar than with geometry, optics, and history. From Homer, whose works he must have deeply studied, he drew those images of greatness, which he afterward moulded in earthly materials with a kindred spirit. The circumstance which, by a singular felicity, not often accorded to genius, elicited the powers of Phidias, was the coincidence, in point of time, of the full maturity of his talents with the munificent administration of Pericles. Intent on his great national design of adorning Athens with the choicest specimens of art, this statesman saw with eagerness, in the genius of Phidias, the means of giving form, shape, and completeness to the most glorious of his conceptions. He accordingly appointed this great sculptor the general superintendent of all the public works then in progress, both of architecture and statuary (Plut., Vit. Pericl., 13), and well did the event sanction the choice which was thus made by him. The buildings reared under the direction of Phidias, though finished within a comparatively short period, seemed built for ages, and, as ob served by Plutarch, had the venerable air of antiquity when newly completed, and retained all the freshness of youth after they had stood for ages. The beauti ful sculptures on the frieze of the Parthenon were the work of Phidias and his scholars, while the statue of the goddess within the temple was his entire production. This was, indeed, the most celebrated of all his works, if we except the Olympian Jupiter at Elis. Independently of the workmanship, the statue was of noble dimensions and of the most costly materials. It was twenty-six cubits, or thirty-nine feet in height, and formed of ivory and gold; being most probably composed originally of the former, and overlaid, in part, by the latter. The goddess was represented in a noble attitude, erect, clothed in a tunic reaching to her feet. On her head was a casque: in one hand she held a spear; in the other, which was stretched out, an ivory figure of Victory, four cubits high; while ai her feet was a buckler, exquisitely carved, the concave representing the war of the giants, the convex the battle between the Athenians and Amazons, and portraits of the artist and his patron were introduced among the Athenian combatants, one cause of the future misfortunes which envy brought upon the author. On the middle of her helmet a sphinx was carved, and on each of its sides a griffon. On the ægis or breastplate was displayed a head of Medusa. The golden sandals were sculptured with the conflict between the Centaurs and Lapith, and are described as a perfect gem of minute art. On the base of the statue was repre

PHIDIAS, a celebrated statuary, son of Charmidas, and a native of Athens. Nothing authentic is related concerning his earlier years, except that he was instructed in statuary by Hippias and Ageladas, and that, when quite a youth, he practised painting, and made a picture of Jupiter Olympius. (Plin., 35, 8, 34.-Siebel., Indic. Winkelm., p. 324.-Jacobs, Amalth, vol. 2, p. 247.) Respecting Hippias we have little information. In what period Phidias was a pupil of Agela-sented the legend of Pandora's creation, together with das is likewise uncertain; but as Pausanias makes the images of twenty deities. (Pausan., 1, 24, 5.— Ageladas a contemporary of Onatas, who flourished Siebelis, ad loc. - Max. Tyr., Diss. 14.— Plin., 36, about the 78th Olympiad (Pausan., 8, 42, 4), and as 5, 4.) It was from this statue that Philorgus took in this period Ageladas was both distinguished by his away the golden head of Medusa (Isocrat. ad Callim., own productions as an artist, and was at the head of a 57, ed. Bekk.), in the place of which an ivory figure of very celebrated school of statuary, we may properly this head was afterward introduced, which was seen assume this as the time in which Phidias was under by Pausanias. (Böckh, Corp. Inscript., 1, 242.) his tuition. Between the date just mentioned and the This magnificent statue was repaired by Aristocles, in third year of the 85th Olympiad, there is an interval of Olymp. 95.3 (Böckh, Corp. Inscript., 237); and that 30 years. If with these conclusions we attempt to it might not be without the necessary moisture, as it ascertain the time of the birth of Phidias, it is by no was placed on the dry ground, they were accustomed means an improbable conjecture that he was about to sprinkle water on the ivory. (Pausan., 5, 11, 5.) 20 years of age when he received the instructions of According to the account of an ancient writer named Ageladas, and, therefore, was born in the first year of Philochorus (ap. Schol. ad Aristoph. Pac., 604). Phidthe 73d Olympiad, or B.C. 488, a date very nearly ac-ias, soon after completing this statue, was charged with cording with that given by Müller. This computation will explain the fact, that in B.C. 438, Phidias, then 50 years of age, represented himself as bald on the shield of the Athenian Minerva. He must also have been about 56 years of age at the time of his death. 'Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)-Phidias brought to his pro

having embezzled a portion of the materials intended for the work, and, in consequence, fled to Elis, where he was employed in making the famous statue of Jupiter; but here again he was accused of similar embezzlement, and was put to death by the Elians The best critics, however, consider this whole story

to be false. Heyne, though he errs in maintaining that | repose, the simple majesty of form and expression, this statue was dedicated before that of Minerva, yet which constitute the true sublimity of sculptural reprehas very properly observed that, had Phidias been sentation. (Memes, History of the Fine Arts, p. 52.) guilty of embezzlement in relation to it, the Elians-In the time of Pausanias, there was still shown, at would never have allowed him to inscribe his name Olympia, the building in which this statue of Jupiter on it, nor would they have intrusted its preservation was made, and the posterity of Phidias had the charge to his descendants." (Antiq. Aufs., vol. 1, p. 201.) of keeping the image free from whatever might sully Müller, too, examines the whole subject with great its beauty, and were, on this account, styled Paidpvvimpartiality, and comes to the conclusion, that the fame rai. (Pausan., 5, 14, 5.)-We have already remarkwhich Phidias had acquired by his Minerva induced ed that, according to the best critics, this statue was the Elians to invite him to their country, in connexion executed subsequently to that in the Parthenon, and with his relations and pupils; and that this journey was not, as the common accounts have it, before this. It undertaken by him in the most honourable circum- was on his return to Athens, after completing the stances. (Müller, de Phidia Vita, p. 25, seqq.)—The Olympian Jove, that Phidias became involved in the statue of the Olympian Jupiter graced the temple of that difficulty, which many erroneously suppose to have god at Olympia in Elis, and was chryselephantine preceded his visit to Elis. According to Plutarch, his (made of gold and ivory), like that of Minerva. Like friendship and influence with Pericles exposed the arit, too, the size was colossal, being sixty feet high. tist to envy, and procured him many enemies, who, The god was represented as sitting on his throne: in wishing, through him, to try what judgment the people his right hand he held a figure of Victory, also made might pass upon Pericles himself, persuaded Menon, of gold and ivory, in his left a sceptre beautifully one of his workmen, to place himself as a suppliant in the adorned with all kinds of metals, and having on the forum, and to entreat the protection of the state while top of it a golden eagle. His brows were encircled he lodged an information against Phidias. The peowith a crown, made to imitate leaves of olive; his ple granting his request, Menon charged the artist with robe was of massive gold, curiously adorned, by a kind having embezzled a portion of the forty talents of gold of encaustic work probably, with various figures of an- with which he had been furnished for the decoration of imals, and also with lilies. The sandals, too, were of the statue in the Parthenon. The allegation, however, gold. The throne was inlaid with all kinds of precious was disproved in the most satisfactory manner; for materials, ebony, ivory, and gems, and was adorned Phidias, by the advice of Pericles, had put on the goldwith sculptures of exquisite beauty. On the base was en decorations in such a way that they could be easian inscription recording the name of the artist. (Pau- ly removed without injury to the statue. They were san., 5, 11-Compare Quatremère de Quincy, Jup accordingly taken off, and, at the order of Pericles, Olymp., p. 310.-Siebelis ad Pausan., l. c.) Lucian weighed by the accusers; and the result established informs us, that, in order to render this celebrated work the perfect innocence of the artist. His enemies, howas perfect in detail as it was noble in conception and ever, were not to be daunted by this defeat, and a new outline, Phidias, when he exposed it for the first time charge was, in consequence, soon prepared against after its completion to public view, placed himself be- him. It was alleged that, in his representation of the hind the door of the temple, and listened attentively battle of the Amazons upon the shield of Minerva, he to every criticism made by the spectators: when the had introduced his own effigy, as a bald old man tacrowd had withdrawn and the temple gates were closed, king up a large stone with both hands, and a highlyhe revised and corrected his work, wherever the ob- finished picture of Pericles contending with an Amajections he had just heard appeared to him to be well- zon. This was regarded as an act of impiety, and grounded ones. (Lucian, pro Imag., 14.) It is also Phidias was cast into prison, to await his trial for the said, that when the artist himself was asked, by his rela- offence; but he died in confinement before his cause tion Pananus, the Athenian painter, who, it seems, aid- could be heard. (Plut., Vit. Pericl.-Müller, de Vit. ed him in the work, whence he had derived the idea of Phid., p. 33, seqq.-Schömann, de Comit., p. 219.this his grandest effort, he replied, from the well-known Platner, der Process, und die Klagen, vol. 1, p. 353.) passage in Homer, where Jove is represented as causing -The numerous works of Phidias belong to three disOlympus to tremble on its base by the mere move-tinct classes: Toreutic, or statues of mixed materials, ment of his sable brow. (Il., 1, 528.) The lines in question, with the exception of their reference to the "ambrosial curls," and the brow of the god, contain no allusion whatever to external form, and yet they carry with them the noble idea of the Supreme Being nodding benignant assent with so much trae majesty as to cause even Olympus to tremble. (Strab., 354.-Polyb., Exc. L., xxx., 15, 4, 3.—Müller, de Phid. Vit., p. 62.)-Of the whole work Quintilian remarks, that it even added new feelings to the religion of Greece (Inst. Or., 12, 10, 9), and yet, when judged according to the principles of genuine art, neither this nor the Minerva in the Parthenon possessed any strong claims to legitimate beauty. It does not excite surprise, therefore, to learn that Phidias himself disapproved of the mixed effect produced by such a combination of different circumstances, nor will it appear presumptuous in us to condemn these splendid representations. In these compositions, exposed, as they were, to the dim light of the ancient temple, and from their very magnitude imperfectly comprehended, the effects of variously reflecting substances, now gloom, now glowing with unearthly lustre, must have been rendered doubly imposing. But this influence, though well calculated to increase superstitious devotion, or to impress mysterious terror on the bewildered sense, was meretricious, and altogether diverse from the solemn

ivory being the chief; statues of bronze; and sculptures in marble. In this enumeration are included only capital performances; for exercises in wood, plaster, clay, and minute labours in carving, are recorded to have occasionally occupied his attention. Of the first class of works we have already mentioned the two most remarkable ones, the statues of Minerva and Jupiter. Among his works in bronze may be enumerated the following: 1. The celebrated statue of Minerva Promachus, to which we have alluded in a previous article. (Vid. Parthenon.)—2. A statue of Minerva, placed, like the previous one, in the Athenian Acropolis, and highly praised by Pliny (34, 8, 19). Lucian prefers it to every other work of the artist's. (Imag., 4.)-3. Another statue of Minerva, removed to Rome in B.C. 168, and placed by Paulus Æmilius in the temple of Fortune. (Plin., l. c)-4. Thirteen brazen statues, dedicated at Delphi, by the Athenians, out of the spoils taken at Marathon. (Pausan., 10, 30, 1.)-The following were among the productions of Phidias in marble. 1. A statue of Venus Urania, placed in a temple dedicated to this goddess, not far from the Ceramicus at Athens. It was of Farian marble. (Pausan., 1, 24, 8)-2. Another statue of Venus, of exquisite beauty, which was in the collection of Octavia at Rome. (Plin, 36, 5, 4.)—3. A statue of Mercury, placed in the vicinity of Thebes. (Pau

san., 9, 10, 2.)-Phidias not only practised statuary, conquests upon his claim to the possessions of his the art in which he was pre-eminent, but also engra- progenitor. (Müller, p. 52.) Phidon is described by ving, as we learn from Martial (Epigr., 3, 35), and Herodotus (6, 127) and Pausanias (6, 22) as having from Julian (Epist, 8, p. 377, ed. Spanh.). The pu- exercised his authority in the most arbitrary manner pils of this most distinguished artist were, Agoracritus, of any of the Greeks. Among other acts of highAlcamenes, and Colotes. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.-handed power was his driving out the Elian agonoJunius, Catal. Artific., p. 151, seqq. Müller, de thetæ, or presidents of the games, and presiding himPhid. Vit., p. 37, seqq.)-The sublime style perfected self in their stead. (Herod., 1. c.-Pausan., l. c.) by Phidias seems almost to have expired with himself; Phidon is said to have been the first who established not that the art declined, but a predilection for sub- a common standard of weights and measures for the jects of beauty and the softer graces, in preference to Peloponnesians. Not that, as some maintain, he was more heroic and masculine character, with the excep- the inventor of weights and measures, for these were tion of the grand relievos on the temple at Olympia, in existence long before (Salmas, de Usur., p. 429.— may be traced even among his immediate disciples. Heyne, ad. Hom., vol. 5, p. 389), but he caused one In the era and labours of Phidias, we discover the ut- uniform kind of weights and measures to be used by most excellence to which Grecian genius attained in those of the Peloponnesians whom he had reduced bethe arts; and in the marbles of the British Museum, neath his sway. `(Herod., l. c.—Müller, p. 56.) He the former ornaments of the Parthenon, we certainly is reported also to have been the first that stamped behold the conceptions, and, in some measure, the very money, or, in other words, introduced among the practice of the great Athenian sculptor. Of the intel- Greeks a regular coinage. This can only mean, not, lectual character of these admirable performances, as Salmasius thinks, that he merely stamped a certain grandeur is the prevailing principle; the grandeur of mark on silver and brass lamine, which had before simplicity and nature, devoid of all parade or ostenta- been estimated by weight, but that he abolished the tion of art; and their author, to use the language of use of metallic bars or spits, and brought in stamped antiquity, united the three characteristics, of truth, laminæ for the first time. (Müller, Æginet., p. 57.— grandeur, and minute refinement; exhibiting majesty, Id., Dorians, vol. 2, p. 386, Eng. transl.-Etymol. gravity, breadth, and magnificence of composition, with Mag., s. v. 'Obελíoкos.) This early mint was estaba practice scrupulous in detail, and with truth of indi- lished in the island of Ægina, at that time subject to vidual representation, yet in the handling rapid, broad, his sway, and the very place for one, since its inhabiand firm. This harmonious assemblage of qualities, in tants were famed for their industrious and commercial themselves dissimilar, in their result the same, gives habits. (Strab., 376.—Eustath. ad I, 2, p. 604.— to the productions of this master an ease, a grace, a Marmor. Par., p. 25, ep. 31.) The scholiast on Pinvitality, resembling more the spontaneous overflow- dar (Ol., 13, 27) makes Phidon to have been a Corinings of inspiration than the laborious offspring of thian; ἐπειδὴ Φείδων τις, Κορίνθιος ἀνὴρ, εύρε μέτρα thought and science. (Memes, History of the Fine Kai Oralμia.. This, however, can only mean, that Arts, p. 52, seqq.)-In the course of this article, we Phidon, on the conquest of Corinth, introduced there have frequently referred to the Life of Phidias by Mül- the same weights and measures, and the same stamped ler. We will end with a brief account of it, which money as at Egina. Hence the more correct remark may also serve, in some degree, as a recapitulation of of Didymus (ad v. 36), ôrɩ Þɛídwv, ó πpŵτos kópas what has here been advanced. Müller published, in Kopivious to μéтpov, 'Apуetos v. (Müller, Æginet., 1827, three dissertations relative to Phidias, read be- p. 55.) But what are we to do with the authority of fore the Royal Society of Sciences at Göttingen. The Aristotle, who speaks of Phidon as a Corinthian, and first is a biographical sketch of Phidias, and establishes very early legislator (Polit., 2, 3, 7, ed. Schn.), .while beyond doubt that Phidias began to embellish Athens elsewhere he makes mention of Phidon, the tyrant with his works of sculpture in Olympiad 82 or 83, πεрì 'Apуoç (Polit., 5, 8, 4, p. 218, Schn.)? The when Pericles was έπLOTάτηs; that he finished, in the best answer is that contained in the words of Müller: third year of Olympiad 85, the statue of Minerva for the Potest Aristoteles, de instituto vetere Corinthiorum, Parthenon; that the Elians, when the name of Phid-quod ad Phidonem legislatorem referebant, certior facias had become known over all Greece for the splen- tus, quis ille Phido fuerit ipse dubitasse." (Eginet., did works he had executed at Athens, induced him to p. 56.) The question, however, still remains open to come to Elis, and that he made there the statue of the discussion, and Heyne, among others, expressly disOlympian Jove between Olympiads 85.3, and 86.3; tinguishes the Corinthian from the Argive Phidon. and, finally, that after his return to Athens, he was (Opusc. Acad., vol. 2, p. 255, in notis.) In a fragthrown into prison by the enemies of Pericles, on a chargement also of Heraclides Ponticus (p. 22), mention is of impiety, and that he died in prison, in the first year made of a Cumaan Phidon, who hetoot μetédwкe of Olympiad 87, in which year the last work of Peri-Ts Tohireías. So that the name appears to have be cles, the Propylæa, had been finished. The second longed to more than one legislator.-The power of shows the state of the fine arts before Phidias, and to the Argive Phidon is said to have been overthrown what height they were carried by his genius.-The by the Lacedæmonians about the 11th Olympiad, when third gives a new explanation of the statues on the leisure was allowed them to attend to the affairs of the western front of the Parthenon at Athens. The work Peloponnesus, the first Messenian war having been is in Latin, and has the following title: "C. Odofr. brought to a close. The chronology of Phidon's reign Muelleri de Phidia Vita et Operibus Commentationes has been satisfactorily settled by Müller, in his "Egitres, &c." (Götting., 1827, 4to.) netica," a work to which we have already more than once referred, and in the course of the discussion he examines critically the computation of the Parian Marble, and also that of Eusebius. The same scholar has likewise explained away the difficulty in the text of Herodotus (6, 127), by supposing that the historian confounded a later Phidon with the ruler of Argos. There is no need, therefore, of any of the emendations proposed by Gronovius, Reitz, and others, although the correction suggested by Gronovius meets with the approbation of Larcher, Porson, and Gaisford. (Lar cher, ad Herod., 1. c.-Porson, Tracts, p. 325.-Gaisford ad Herod., l. c.-Compare Musgrave, Disserta

PHIDON, I. a king of Argos, of the race of the Heraclidæ, who, breaking through the constitutional checks by which his power was restrained, made himself absolute in his native city. He soon became possessed of extensive rule by various conquests, reducing, about the 3d Olympiad, the city of Corinth under his sway, and subsequently, about the 8th Olympiad, the greater part of the Peloponnesus. (Muller, Eginet., p. 51, eqq.) The Lacedæmonians were at this time too much occupied with the first Messenian war to be able to check his progress, while he himself, as the descendant of Temenus, one of the Heraclidæ, founded his

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