and who admired no warriors but those who, like Leonidas and Washington, fought for freedom.

Byron had long flourished his lash above the Prince Regent's head, and many a telling stroke had fallen upon that royal personage's fat body:-"Though Ireland starve, great George weighs twenty stone." "Charles to his people, Henry to his wife," &c. Now he took the country itself to task. His lash falls upon everything false and objectionable, from the legend of the Virgin Queen, "our own halfchaste Elizabeth," as he calls her in Don Juan (ix. 81), down to the latest requirements of public opinion (Don Juan, vii. 22):

"Then there were Frenchmen, gallant, young, and gay ;

But I'm too great a patriot to record
Their Gallic names upon a glorious day;

I'd rather tell ten lies than say a word
Of truth ;-such truths are treason."

He is daring enough to attribute great part of the honour of Waterloo to the Prussians; to call (in imitation of Béranger) Wellington "Villainton," and to tell him that he has obtained great pensions and much praise for doing nothing but "repairing Legitimacy's crutch." And with a feeling and fervour far surpassing that displayed by Moore in his satirical letters, he tells England of the hatred of herself which she has aroused in other nations by her Tory politics. "I've no great cause," he writes (Don Juan, x. 66):

"I've no great cause to love that spot of earth,

Which holds what might have been the noblest nation;
But though I owe it little but my birth,

I feel a mix'd regret and veneration

For its decaying fame and former worth.

Alas! could she but fully, truly know

How her great name is now throughout abhorr'd;

How eager all the earth is for the blow

Which shall lay bare her bosom to the sword;

How all the nations deem her their worst foe,

That worse than worst of foes, the once adored
False friend, who held out freedom to mankind,
And now would chain them, to the very mind ;—

Would she be proud, or boast herself the free,
Who is but first of slaves? The nations are
In prison, but the gaoler, what is he?

No less a victim to the bolt and bar.

Is the poor privilege to turn the key

Upon the captive, freedom? He's as far
From the enjoyment of the earth and air

Who watches o'er the chain, as they who wear.”

Byron had now reached the altitude at which all ordinary conventions lost their hold upon him. He pursued the "Ministry of Mediocrities," as he called it, with his satire even after the death of its members. He would not let Castlereagh rest quietly in his grave, because, as he says in one of the prefaces to Don Juan, the system of oppression and hypocrisy with which that statesman's name is synonymous, endured long after his death. The watchword of the day, sovereignty "by the grace of God," was obnoxious to him, as was also the perpetual recurrence of the phrases: Britannia's rule of the waves, the glorious British constitution, the noble Emperors, and the pious Russian people. On the coins of gold appear once more, he writes after the fall of Napoleon, faces with the old "sterling, stupid stamp." The universal idolisation of the most uncivilised nation of

Europe disgusted him. One could not go anywhere at that time without hearing the sentimental Cossack's song of farewell to his sweetheart, the first words of which, "Schöne Minka," are not yet forgotten.

Thus it was Byron who, towards the middle of the twenties, inaugurated the Radical campaign against political Romanticism and that Holy Alliance which was nothing but a systematisation of the political hypocrisy of Europe. Byron called it :

"An earthly trinity! which wears the shape
Of heaven's, as man is mimick'd by the ape.

A pious unity! in purpose one

To melt three fools to a Napoleon.'

He jeered at "the coxcomb Czar, the autocrat of waltzes and of war."

He ridiculed the "twenty fools" at Laybach,

who imagined that their hypocritical proceedings could determine the destiny of the human race. He cried:

"O Wilberforce ! thou man of black renown,
Whose merit none enough can sing or say,
Thou hast struck one immense Colossus down,
Thou moral Washington of Africa !
But there's another little thing, I own,

Which you should perpetrate some summer's day,

And set the other half of earth to rights;

You have freed the blacks-now pray shut up the whites.

Shut up the bald-coot bully Alexander !

Ship off the Holy Three to Senegal ;

Teach them that 'sauce for goose is sauce for gander,'
And ask them how they like to be in thrall?"

What language! What tones breaking the death-like silence of oppressed Europe! The political air rang with the shrill notes; for no word uttered by Lord Byron fell unheard to the ground. The legions of the fugitives, the banished, the oppressed, the conspirators, of every nation, kept their eyes fixed upon the one man who, amidst the universal debasement of intelligences and characters to a low standard, stood upright, beautiful as an Apollo, brave as an Achilles, prouder than all the kings of Europe together. Free, in his quality of English peer, from molestation everywhere, he made himself the mouthpiece of the dumb revolutionary indignation which was seething in the breasts of the best friends and lovers of liberty in Europe.

He himself had defined poetry as passion;1 and inspired passion was what his own became. Listen to some of the thunders that pealed over Europe:

You hardly will believe such things were true

As now occur, I thought that I would pen you 'em;

And when you hear historians talk of thrones
And those that sate upon them, let it be
As we now gaze upon the mammoth's bones,
And wonder what old world such things could see."
(Don Juan, viii. 136, 137).

1 "Poetry, which is but passion." Don Juan, iv. 106.

"Think if then George the Fourth should be dug up! How the new worldlings of the then new East Will wonder where such animals could sup!"

(Don Juan, ix.

"But never mind;-'God save the king !' and kings! For if he don't, I doubt if men will longer

I think I hear a little bird, who sings

The people by and by will be the stronger :
The veriest jade will wince whose harness wrings
So much into the raw as quite to wrong her
Beyond the rules of posting,—and the mob
At last fall sick of imitating Job.

At first it grumbles, then it swears, and then,

Like David, flings smooth pebbles 'gainst a giant

At last it takes to weapons such as men

Snatch when despair makes human hearts less pliant
Then comes 'the tug of war;'-'twill come again,
I rather doubt; and I would fain say 'fie on't,'

If I had not perceived that revolution
Alone can save the earth from hell's pollution."

(Don Juan, viii. 50, 51).

"And I will war, at least in words (and-should

My chance so happen-deeds), with all who war

With Thought;-and of Thought's foes by far most rude,
Tyrants and sycophants have been and are.

I know not who may conquer: if I could
Have such a prescience, it should be no bar
To this my plain, sworn, downright detestation
Of every despotism in every nation."

(Don Juan, x 24).

XXIII

BYRON'S DEATH

HE had prophesied revolution; he had sorrowfully witnessed the failure of the plans laid by the Carbonari; but now at last the expected revolution had begun.

"On Andes' and on Athos' peaks unfurl'd,

The self-same standard streams o'er either world."

It had long

He had been expelled from the ranks of literature in England. He had been driven from town to town in Italy. been a saying with him that a man ought to do more for his fellow-men than write poetry, and over and over again had he talked of art with the contempt of a Hotspur. Now everything conspired to urge him to action. Consideration. for the Countess Guiccioli alone restrained him. He had thoughts of taking part in the Creoles' struggle for liberty; he made careful inquiries into the condition of matters in South America. His Ode on Venice ends with the words:

"Better be

Where the extinguish'd Spartans still are free,

In their proud charnel of Thermopylæ,

Than stagnate in our marsh,—or o'er the deep
Fly, and one current to the ocean add,

One spirit to the souls our fathers had,
One freeman more, America, to thee!"

The attraction to the country which had first inspired him to song proved the strongest. He tore himself away from the Countess Guiccioli, who was anxious to accompany him, but whom he dared not expose to the dangers and hardships of a campaign. The Committee of the English friends of Greece had elected him their representative, and supplied him amply with funds.

On the day of his departure from