RULE 19. Generally construe every word in any clause you have entered on after the nom. case, before you proceed to another clause; beginning each clause, as you pass from one to another, with the nom. case and verb, if there be such in it, and finishing it according to Rule 1. In other words, finish one clause generally before you go to another; and construe each clause in the order prescribed by Rule 1. Note. A clause is a part of a sentence contained between two stops. EXAMPLES. Here the words in Italics must be construed first in the clause. 1. Verum illud verbum est, vulgò quod dici solet, Omnes sibi malle melius esse, quàm alteri. Ter. 2. Omnia priùs verbis experiri, quàm armis, sapientem decet. Id. 3. Nulla est tam facilis res, quin difficilis fiet, Quam invitus facias. Id. Improbus, et duris urgens in rebus egestas. Virg. 5. Continuo culpam ferro compesce, priusquam Dira per incautum serpant contagia vulgus. Id. Forsan et hæc olim meminisse juvabit; Durate; et vosmet rebus servate secundis. 7. Optima quæque dies miseris mortalibus avi 6. Id. Prima fugit; subeunt morbi, tristisque senectus 9. Spatio brevi Spem longam reseces: dum loquimur, fugerit invida 10. Est modus in rebus; sunt certi denique fines, Hor. Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum. Id. 11. At bona pars hominum, decepta cupidine cæcâ, Nil satis est, inquit. Id. 12. Qui fit, Mæcenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem Seu ratio dederit, seu fors objecerit, illâ Contentus vivat, laudet diversa sequentes? Id. RULE 20. An oblique case, unless it be an adjunct to the nom. should be construed after the verb; and when more oblique cases than one depend on the same word, construe accusatives before datives, datives before ablatives, and genitives immediately after the words, which govern them. Note.---By an oblique case is meant any case, except the nominative, which grammarians call the right case. 1. 2. 3. EXAMPLES. Trahit sua quemque voluptas. Virg. Id. An qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia fingunt? Id. 4. Omnia fert ætas, animum quoque. Id. 5. Omnia vincit amor : et nos cedamus amori. Id. · Labor omnia vincit 6. Improbus. Id. 7. Nec verò terræ ferre omnes omnia possunt. Id. 8. Præcipuum jam inde a teneris impende laborem. Id. Viamque insiste domandi, 9. 10. 11. Dum faciles animi juvenum; dum mobilis ætas. Id. Furor arma ministrat. Id. 12. Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. Id. RULE 21. When sum is put for habeo, the English nominative is expressed in Latin by a dative, and the accusative by a nominative; in this case construe the dative first like a nominative, then the verb, as if declined from habeo, and then the nom. after the verb, like an accusative. EXAMPLES. 1. Est mihi namque domi pater; est injusta noverca. Virg. Ego habeo patrem, &c. 2. Sunt nobis mitia poma, Castanea molles, et pressi copin lactis. Id. Nos habemus, &c. 3. Cui nunc cognomen Iulo. Id. Qui nunc habet, Sc. 4. Est mihi disparabus septem compacta cicutis Fistula. Id. Ego habeo fistulam compactam, &c. 5. Addam cerea pruna; et honos erit huic quoque pomo. Id. Et hoc pomum quoque habebit honorem. 6. Talis amor teneat ; nec sit mihi cura mederi. Nec ego habeam curam medendi. Virg. 7. Sunt mihi bis septem præstanti corpore nympha. Id. Ego habeo bis septem nymphas, &c. 8. En priamus! Sunt hìc etiam sua præmia laudi. Id. Hic etiam laus (virtus) habet sua præmia. 9. Dii! quibus imperium est animarum. O vos Dii! qui habetis imperium, &c. RULE 22. Id. By a very common ellipsis, the verb sum may be understood in any mood or tense; when it is so, it must be supplied in construing, as the sense requires. EXAMPLES. The verb to be supplied will sometimes follow the example; and the word, after which it is to be construed, will be in Italics. 5. Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibus aquor. Ov. 6. Errat Quisquis ab eventu facta notanda putat. Id. Esse. 7. Amicus Plato; amicus Socrates; sed magis amicus veritas. Adag. Est thrice implied. 8. Pol quidem, meo animo, ingrato animo nihil impen sius. Ter. Virg. Id. 9. Tantus amor laudum; tantæ est victoria curæ. 10. Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem. 11. Tantæne animis cælestibus iræ! Id. Sint nè, or Num possint esse tanta ira, &c. 12. Dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirit? Id. An sit dolus an virtus. 13. In tenui labor; at tenuis non gloria. 14. Viamque insiste domandi, Id. Dum faciles animi juvenum, dum mobilis atas. Id. RULE 23. By a most elegant ellipsis any finite verb may be understood, and inferred by reflection from another verb of like import actually expressed within the period. EXAMPLES. 1. Impius hæc tam culta novalia miles habebit ? Barbarus has segetes? Virg. From habebit expressed in the first question, it may be ascertained that habebit is implied in the next. 2. Te nostra, Vare, myrica ; The verb must necessarily be rendered twice in the construction, because of the repetition of te: and canet expressed in the second member shews that a like verb is to be supplied in the first, viz. canent, in the plu. number, because its nominative myricæ is so. 3. Cui non risere Parentes, Nec Deus hunc mensâ; Dea nec dignata cubili est. Id. After Deus is implied dignatus est, to agree with Deus, as may be inferred from dignata est, expressed in the last clause to agree with Dea. 4. Ipsa te, Tityre, pinus, Ipsi te fontes, ipsa hæc arbusta vocabant. Id. 5. Hunc socii morem sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto. Id. From teneto agreeing with its nom. ipse in the last clause is inferred teneant to agree with the nom socii in the clause preceding. 6. Hos tibi dant calamos (en accipe) Musæ ; Ascræo quos ante seni. Id. Here the verb is implied in the last member of the sentence. Dant shews that it may be derived from do, to give; and ente shews that it must be in the past tense.— Ascræo seni, to old Hesiod of Ascræa in Grecce. 7. Nymphæ, noster amor, Libethrides, aut mihi carmen, Quale meo Codro, concedite. Id. The verb implied after the accusative Quale must be inferred from concedite; and it must be in such a mood and tense as the sense requires.-Nympha Libethrides, O ye Libethrian Nymphs; the Muses so called from their fountain Libethra, in Greece. 8. Nec lupus insidias pecori; nec retia cervis Ulla dolum meditantur. Meditantur to agree with lupus. 9. Hæc nos, "Formosum Corydon ardebat Alexin :" Hæc eadem docuit, "Cujum pecus? An Melibæi ?” Hæc,i e. bæc cicute, this shepherd's reed. 10. Carmina, quæ vultis, cognoscite; Carmina vobis ; Huic aliud mercedis erit. Id. Here erit is an instance of sum used for habeo ; and from it must be supplied a proper verb for carmina vobis. RULE 24. Adjectives are often elegantly used as adverbs; and are then joined with verbs in the construction, and rendered adverbially. 1. EXAMPLES. Ostroque insignis et auro Stat sonipes, ac fræna ferox spumantia mandit. Virg. 2. Mnesthea, Sergestumque vocat, fortemq; Cloanthum, Classem aptent taciti, sociosque ad litora cogant. Id. Mnesthea the Greek accusative of Mnestheus -Before aptent supply the conj. ut. that which is often understood before subjunctive verbs, when it may be strongly inferred from the sense. 3. -Ocyus omnes Imperio lati parent, ac jussa facessunt. Id. 5. Fletibus ; aut voces ullas tractabilis audit. Id. 6. Tu secreta pyram tecto interiore sub auras Erige. Id. |