of their party, to attempt the overthrow of this superstructure in science.

1. In the present condition of man, the brain is the organ of the mind, in all its operations. Without the aid of that organ, the mind can no more perform a single action, than the organ can, without the co-operation and aid of the mind.

2. The brain is not a single organ, but an aggregate of many organs, each being the seat or instrument of a special faculty. And these organs, though intimately connected, and influencing each other, as parts of the same whole, perform each its own function, without mutual interference, hindrance, or control.

3. As are the size and configuration of the brain, so are the size and configuration of the skull. By a skilful examination of the head, therefore, the form and dimensions of the brain may be ascer tained.

4. Other things being alike, the size of a single cerebral organ is the correct measure of its strength; and the size of the whole brain is a measure equally correct of the strength of the brain as an aggre. gate and consequently of the scope and power of the mind, which it subserves.

5. The positions of the several cerebral organs, and the mental faculties connected with them as instruments, are known.

6. The brain consists of two hemispheres, each containing the same number of separate organs, and each organ resembling its corresponding one, in faculty and function. In case, therefore, an organ in one hemisphere be injured or destroyed, the function may still be performed, by its correlative organ in the other hemisphere; in like manner, as when one eye is injured or destroyed, we see with the other; while the same is true of the nostrils and ears.

Such, we say, are some of the propositions on which phrenology essentially rests; and should all or either of them be overthrown and demolished, the science must be surrendered. We again, therefore, invite Dr. Roget, Dr. Prichard, or Dr. D-, the editor, or all of them united, to select at option one or more of these propositions as points of attack. Let the assault by those chieftains be fair and philosophical; free alike from outbreaks of temper, exceptionable language, groundless and unworthy insinuations, efforts to deceive and mislead by misrepresentations and stratagems, and all other forms of discourtesy, sinister dealing, and disrespect; let this invitation be accepted by our opponents, (with the privilege, if they please, to enlist, as auxiliaries, Dr. Sewall and his retainers, the Hon. John Q. Adams, the Hon. Judge M'Lean, and company,) and

they will not fail to be met by an antagonist, prepared to maintain the truth of phrenology in a spirit and manner alike unexceptionAnd let an enlightened and impartial public be judge of the issue the refusal of either party to engage in the tourney, to be regarded as a defeat.

ARTICLE II.

ORGAN OF MUSCULAR MOTION.

For the American Phrenological Journal.

The experiments which have been made by Flourens, Bouillaud, Magendie, and others, have induced many persons to suspect that muscular motion might have some direct connection with the cerebellum; and upon this point, Mr. Combe has arrived at conclusions which I can now demonstrate to be true. He says—

"The great size of the cerebellum, the circumstance of its lateral portions not bearing the same relation to the middle part in all animals, and also the results of some late experiments, have sug. gested the notion that it may not be a single organ, but that, although Amativeness is unquestionably connected with the largest portion of it, other functions may be connected with the other part. This seems not improbable; but as we have no direct evidence in proof of the fact, or in illustration of the nature of these supposed functions, it is unnecessary to do more than announce the proposi tion as one worthy of investigation. If I might hazard a conjecture, founded on such facts as are known, I would presume the middle portion to be the organ of Amativeness, and the two lateral portions to be those of motion. The middle portion springs from the same roots as the organs of the other propensities, while the latter portion, by means of the pons varolii, are placed in connection with the corpora pyramidalia, from which originate the organs of the intellect that preside over motion."

It has been so generally believed that a large cerebellum, indicated by great breadth between the mastoid processes and a large neck, gave evidence of a large organ of Amativeness, that I was greatly surprised, four years since, to find the space between said processes and the neck to be quite small, (the former measuring only 3 inches,) in a boy, fifteen years of age, who died, in the charity hospital of New Orleans, of the consequences of onanism.

The middle portions of the cerebellum were greatly developed downwards, measuring 14 inches below the inferior margin of the crucial ridge. A similar developement of the cerebellum obtains in the skull of a Mr. Kennedy, who was executed for the perpetration of a rape. As the facts in this case are interesting, and as my examination of the skull may have a happy influence on some, I have extracted both from the Southern Democrat, as reported by Dr. Johnson, of Claiborne, Ala.

"In May, 1837, the well-known phrenologist, Dr. W. Byrd Powell, came to Claiborne, and having heard much of phrenology, and the astonishing precision with which Dr. P. is said to delineate character from an examination of the skull, and being prevented by professional duties from having examined the claims of the science upon our belief, I determined to test the skill of the doctor, by submitting to his inspection the skull of a man whose character was well known to me. After attentively regarding the skull for a few minutes, he proceeded to describe the temperament and complexion of the man, and then entered upon the leading traits of his character. "His Amativeness, said he, is enormously developed, and although he was cautious and timid, he thought his moral powers were too small to enable him to restrain its improper manifestation. This he regarded as the leading trait of his character. He considered him to be base and cowardly in his disposition, and greatly deficient in every species of moral refinement. Intellectually, he regarded him as strongly marked with mathematical and mechanical powers, and qualified for their practical manifestation.

"The subject of the above remarks was named George Kennedy, born in Annapolis, Md. He was a good practical surveyor, and a carpenter by trade-an ingenious mechanic. In illustration of his Amativeness, which the doctor regarded as his ruling passion, we have the following facts. At the age of fourteen years, he was known to attempt the violation of a girl seven years of age. At the age of eighteen, he attempted the same offence upon a girl nine years of age. At the age of twenty-two, he married an amiable and respectable girl, with whom he lived four years. Shortly after his marriage, his wife detected him in making a similar attempt upon a servant girl in his chamber. At the age of twenty-five, he violated a girl ten years of age, in the state of Virginia, for which he was hanged. A few minutes before his death, he confessed that his greatest desire through life was such an intercourse with female children. He was such a coward, that the boys bullied over him in the streets. As a phrenological illustration, I have presented the skull to Dr. Powell.

"The prompt and off-hand manner in which he gave the temperament, complexion, and character of Kennedy, by an examination of his skull, and the startling truths he disclosed, during a subsequent examination of my own head, removed all doubts from my mind, and left me impressed with the belief that phrenology will ultimately triumph over every obstacle, and maintain a high rank in the circle of science. "R. JOHNSON, M. D."

The breadth between the mastoid processes of Kennedy is 39 inches, and the depth of the central portions of the cerebellum is 12 inches. These two cases satisfied me that, although a broad cerebellum and a large neck might always be regarded as indicative of a large organ of Amativeness, still this organ may be large with a narrow cere. bellum and small neck. They furthermore taught me to regard the central portions of the cerebellum as the amative organs, which, when well developed, cause the cunical muscles to have a backward developement.

Last summer, I obtained the skull of a Chickasaw Indian, who had, but a few weeks before he died, played ball successfully against three good players, upon a wager of $500. His cerebellum is parrow, measuring between the mastoid processes 3 inches; but the lateral portions are greatly developed downwards and outwards, while the middle portions are as remarkably defective, presenting, with the preceding crania, a complete contrast.

Guided by these well-marked cases, I have made many observations, and now feel quite confirmed in the independent existence of an organ which produces a desire for muscular motion.

I have discovered that those persons who have a large endowment of this organ, are much adverse to confined or sedentary habits— they desire to be in constant motion. If Concentrativeness be well developed, they can fix their attention and confine themselves for a certain purpose, but this accomplished, they are again in action. This power exerts a powerful influence upon the entire character. I have seen persons with a large, well, and industriously formed head, and a good temperament, who were exceedingly lazy. I would have failed in giving the result of one man's organisation, but for this discovery. He was frequently known to sit all day on the bank of a river, with a fishing-line in his hand, without one small nibble to excite hope. He was a biped sloth-he walked as though he was a clumsy apparatus of human invention.

I am acquainted with a legal gentleman of very extensive acquirements and ambitious desires, who confesses that he has the greatest possible aversion to muscular exertion, but he brooks any amount of

labour at his desk. The organ under consideration is quite small with him.

I am satisfied. from observation, that an importunate condition of Amativeness, and a restless one of muscular motion, depend upon a downward developement of these organs, which may obtain without much breadth of the cerebellum; but more durable abilities depend upon a broad developement of these organs. Both conditions are sometimes combined.

It is not my opinion that precision in the exercise of the muscles depends, in the least, upon the organ of muscular motion, but on the

intellectual organs. Nevertheless as persons, having that organ large, will exercise much, it may be safely presumed, other things being equal, that they will have the most thorough command of their muscles.

The phrenologist, in contemplating the function of this organ, must conclude that ignorance is the only apology that can be offered in justification of solitary and sedentary confinement for penal offences.

W. BYRD POWELL.

ARTICLE III.

PREDOMINANCE OF CERTAIN ORGANS IN THE BRITISH POETS.

For the American Phrenological Journal.

One of the most delightful, though not, perhaps, the most useful, of the thousand applications of which phrenology is susceptible, is the peculiar pleasure which may be derived from a perusal of the finer productions of literature. "The thoughts that breathe, and words that burn," to the initiated, have an interest philosophical as well as poetical. After exhausting the beauties of a poem, a new and strange interest springs up in the mind of the reader, and he is soon found deeply investigating the actual causes of the distinguishing features of the work; he turns from the enjoyment of the well sustained image, to a fancy sketch of the head of its author, in whom he beholds a large developement, united with activity of the organ of Comparison; and if the simile is also elevated and brilliant, he superadds that worshipper of pure beauty-Ideality. The student of belles lettres will discover that when Comparison is equally large in two poets, but in one Ideality is very large, and the perceptive