phico-apologetical and exegetical writings, the latter by his doctrinal works. The Arminian Church numbered also among its members many eminent men, who exerted a beneficial reaction upon Protestantism by their professed scientific attainments no less than by their milder principles.7

1 The founder of this sect was Arminius (Harmsen, or Hermann.) He was born A. D. 1560 at Oudewater, taught from the year 1603 theology in the university of Leyden, and died 1609. His theological works were published Lugd. Bat. 1629. 4. On the controversy between him and his colleague, Franciscus Gomarus, and its consequences, see the works on ecclesiastical history.

2 They were presented to the States of Holland and Westfriesland under the title: Remonstrantia, libellus supplex exhibitus Hallandiæ et Westfrisiæ Ordinibus; they are reprinted in Walch, Religionsstreitigkeiten ausser der lutherischen Kirche. iii. p. 540 ss.

3 Simon Episcopius (Bishop) was born A. D. 1583, and died 1643. Confessio seu declaratio sententiæ Pastorum, qui in fœderato Belgio Remonstrantes vocantur, super præcipuis articulis rel. chr. Harderov. 1622. 4. (in Sim. Episc. Opp. ii. 2. p. 69 ss.) It consists of 25 chapters. Concerning the different editions and translations of that confession see Clarisse, Encycl. theol. p. 443, and Winer, p. 23.-Episcopius wrote his Apologia pro confessione, etc. 1629. (30?) 4. Opp. p. 95 ss. in reply to the Censura in Confess. Remonstr. (Lugd. Bat. 1626), composed by J. Polyander, Andrew Rivetus, Anton Walous, and Ant. Thysius, all of them professors in the university of Leyden. As regards other controversial writings by the same author, comp. Episcopii verus theologus remonstrans. ibid. p. 208 ss. In addition Episcopius wrote Institutiones theologicæ libri iv. (incomplete) Opp. (Amst. 1650. 65. Tomi ii. fol.) Tom. i. On the catechisms composed by John Uytenbogard (?) and Bartholomew Prevostius, see Winer 1. c.

4 He was born A. D. 1583, and died 1645. To clear himself from the charge of Socinianism he wrote his defensio fide catho

licæ de satisfactione Christi. 1617. 8.-de veritate rel, christ. Lugd. Bat. 1627. 12.-Opp. theol. Amst. 1679. iii. f. 1697. iv. fol. Bas. 1731. iv. f. (the three first volumes contain writings of an exegetical character.) See Luden, Hugo Grotius nach seinen Schicksalen und Schriften. Berlin 1806.

*

5 He was born A. D. 1633, Professor in the Gymnasium of the Remonstrants at Amsterdam, and died 1712. His Theologia Christiana appeared Amst. 1686. Basilea 1735 fol. "The most complete exposition of the Armenian doctrine is the celebrated work by Philip of Limborch......a man distinguished for genius, learning, and modesty, whose literary labours are of great value. The very arrangement of his system displays originality. ......Admirable perspicuity and judicious selection of the material characterize the entire work." Stäudlin, Geschichte der theologischen Wissenschaften. i. p. 319.

6 The following were distinguished writers on dogmatic theology: Stephen Curcellæus, the successor of Episcopius; he was born A. D. 1586, and died 1659. He composed: Institutio rel chr. libb. 7. in Opp. theol. Amst. 1675 f. (incomplete.)—Andr. a Cattenburgh (he was born 1664, and died 1743. He wrote: Spicilegium theol. christ. Philippi a Limborch. Amst. 1726. f.— Bibl. Scriptor. remonstrantium.

7 The Arminian principle which renounced the authority of the symbolical books, gave such an impulse to exegetical investigations, to independent hermeneutical labours, and to the speculative treatment of theology, that in consequence of the influence exerted by the works of Episcopius and Hugo Grotius, it was introduced into the whole Evangelical Church. Thus a general desire manifested itself in the Protestant Church of Germany, to do away with the authority of the symbolical books." Schleiermacher, Kirchengeschichte, p. 620.

§ 236.

D. QUAKERS.

Crasii, H., historia Quakeriana. Amstel. 1695. ed. 2. 1703. 8. Quakerhistorie. Berlin. Sewel, W., Geschichte von dem Ursprunge des christlichen Volkes, so Quaker genannt werden. Tuke, H., die Religionsgrundsätze, zu welchen die Gesellschaft der Quaker sich bekennt. Transl. from the English, Leipz. 1828. Gurney, J. J., Observations on the peculiarities of the Society of Friends, Lond. 1824. [Penn, Summary of the history, doctrines, and discipline of the Society of Friends, Lond. 1694. ed. 6. 1707. Gough, History of the people called Quakers. Dubl. 1789. 4. T. Clarkson, F., Portraiture of Quakerism, Lond. 1806.]

The principles of the Quakers are in some points allied to those of the Anabaptists (as regards e. g. the relation of the internal to the external revelation, etc.) After the fire of enthusiasm kindled by George Fox, the founder of this sect, had gradually subsided, the Society of Friends, under their leader William Penn,2 obtained (A. D. 1689) the confidence of the English government. But it was especially in the United States (Pennsylvania) that this sect gained numerous adherents, though it also spread in other countries.3 Robert Barclay, a Scotchman, represented their doctrines, if we may so term them, in a scientific form, and drew up a confession of faith.*

1 He was a shoemaker, born in the county of Leicester, held fanatical notions, and died 1691. He founded the Society of Friends (to whom the nickname Quaker was given), A. D. 1649, amidst the commotions of the English revolution.

2 He was a son of the celebrated admiral of the same name, entertained more moderate opinions than Fox, and died A. D. 1718. See the memoirs of his life by Marsillac, Par. 1791. 8., transl. into German Strassb. 1793. 8. Th. Clarkson, memoirs of the private and public life of W. Penn. Lond. 1813. ii. 8. Penn himself wrote: a Summary of the history, doctrine, and

discipline of Friends. Ed. 6. Lond. 1707. 8. (transl. into German by Seebohm Pyrmont 1792.)

3 Their first settlement in the United States took place A. D. 1681. From the year 1686 they enjoyed toleration in England. But it was not till the 18th century that they gained any adherents on the Continent (the community existing in Pyrmont was founded 1791.) See Seebohm, Ludw. kurze Nachr. von dem Entstehen und dem Forgang der christlichen Gesellschaft der Freunde. Pyrmont 1792.

4 1. Theologiæ vere christiana Apologia. Amsterdam 1676. 4o. German translations of it appeared 1648. 1740. 8. 2. Catechismus et fidei confessio approbata et confirmata communi consensu et consilio patriarcharum, prophetarum et apostolorum, Christo ipso inter eos præsidente et prosequente. Rot. 1676. 8. It was originally written in English.

§ 237.

ATTEMPTS AT UNION (SYNCRETISM.)

Hering, C. W., Geschichte der Kirchlichen Unionsversuche, seit der Reformation bis auf unsere Zeit. Leipz. 1836-38. ii. [Comp. also § 218. note 2.]

Though the different religious parties were at that time strongly opposed to each other, we read, nevertheless, of attempts to effect a union between the Lutherans and Calvinists1 on the one side, and between Protestants and Roman Catholics on the other.2 These efforts led to the adoption of more moderate views, but required great caution, inasmuch as the characteristic differences of the several denominations were sometimes lost sight of. The sects also exerted a reacting influence on the greater ecclesiastical bodies, since the mystics who still belonged to the Church agreed in essential points with the Anabaptists and Quakers; and

Arminianism, as well as Socinianism, so influenced the friends of a stiff and narrow-minded orthodoxy, as to dispose them to the adoption of less rigid principles. *

4

1 As early as the time of the conflicts to which the Reformation had given rise, Martin Bucer and Philip Landgrave of Hesse, endeavoured to allay the spirit of dissension. [In the year 1614, the Calvinist, David Pereus, took steps towards the effectual establishment of such a union. His work, "Irenicon," in which he made use of the word Syncretism, may be regarded as the forerunner of the writings of Calixt on the same subject. Comp. Jass, in the work quoted § 218. note 2. p. 8.] Among the Lutherans it was Calixt who endeavoured, in the course of the 17th century, to reconcile the separate parties, and thus gave rise to what is called the Syncretistic controversy; among Calvinists, John Duraeus, a Scotchman, laboured from the year 1630 for the same object. The conference of Leipsic, A. D. 1631. The conference of Thorn, 1648. (Colloquium charitativum.) [The consensus Sandomiriensis; see the "Historical Account of the Consensus Sandomiriensis, or Agreement of Sandomir, formed among the three orthodox bodies of Protestants in Poland, in the year 1570," in the Continental Echo for 1846. p. 84 ss. 110 ss. 139 ss.]

2 Bossuet (see § 227. note 14.) Rojas de Spinola (bishop of Tina in Croatia from the year 1668, and bishop of Wienerisch Neustadt from the year 1685; he died 1695) entered into negotiations with Molanus, abbot of Loccum in Hanover. Leibnitz took part in the negotiations.

3 Especially in the doctrines concerning internal revelation, justification, etc. (thus they contributed, at least, to modify the direct opposition to the Romish Church.)

4 Comp. § 235. note 7.