In the beginning of the 14th century they made their appearance also in Italy.36 Other sects passed quickly away. As the universal discontent at the advancing tyranny of the hierarchy aroused isolated cases of revolt in England3 and in France, 38 so the ill usage of the Hohenstaufen family gave rise to a sect in Hall, in Suabia (about 1248), 39 which declared that the hierarchy had forfeited all eccle sicut est illud: Venite, benedicti, caet. Item, quod magis homines debent credere humanis conceptibus, qui procedunt ex corde, quam doctrinae evangelicae. Item dicunt, aliquos ex eis posse meliores libros reparare omnibus libris catholicae fidei, si fuerint destructi. Item, quod pro illis, qui sunt in purgatorio, non sit orandum. Septimo et ultimo contra sanctos viros errando dicunt, se credere, quod perfecti homines communiter transcendere possint, et perfectiores sunt gloriosa Virgine, et quosdam eam transcendisse in tribus virtutibus. Item, quod communiter aliqui inter eos perfectiores sunt s. Paulo. Item, quod quidam ex eis adeo sunt perfecti, ut non possint deficere, nec proficere in sanctitate. Item, quod perfectus homo non indigeat in hac vita virtutibus theologicis, sicut fide, spe, et caritate. 36 Clemens V. epist. ad Episc. Cremonensem in Raynaldus, ad ann. 1311, no. 66, writes, in nonnullis Italiae partibus, tam Spoletanae provinciae, quam etiam aliarum circumjacentium regionum, nonnullos ecclesiasticos et mundanos, religiosos et saeculares utriusque sexus-versari, qui -novum ritum - introducere moliantur, quem libertatis spiritum nominant, h. e. ut quicquid eis libet liceat. 37 Matth. Paris ad ann. 1240, p. 533: Diebus illis quidam quasi honestae vitae ac severae vir, habitum et gestum praetendens Ordinis Carthusiensis, captus est apud Cantabrigiam, nolens intrare Ecclesiam aliquam. He was handed over to the Papal legate in London. Palam enim asseruit, dicens: Gregorius non est Papa, non est caput Ecclesiae: sed aliud est caput Ecclesiae. Ecclesia profanata est, nec debent in ea divina celebrari, nisi rededicata fuerit. Vasa et vestimenta ejus reconsecranda sunt. Diabolus solutus est: Papa haereticus. Polluit Ecclesiam, imo mundum, Gregorius, qui Papa dicitur. When the legate reminded him of the Pope's privilege, ut vices b. Petri exequatur in terris, he answered, Quomodo possem credere, quod cuidam Symoniali et usurario, et forte majoribus facinoribus involuto, concedatur talis potestas, qualis concessa fuit b. Petro, qui immediate factus est Apostolus, sequutus est Dominum, non tantum incessu pedum, sed virtutum claritate? Ad quod verbum erubuit Legatus, et ait quidam de circumsedentibus: Stulto rixandum non est, furno nec hiandum. " Comp. above, § 63, note 28, § 86, note 8. Besides the rising of the Pastorelli, see Vita Innocentii P. IV. ex ms, Bernardi Guidonis (in Muratorii scriptt. rer. Ital. iii. i. 591) Eodem tempore quo Rex Ludovicus captus et detentus fuit sub anno MCCLI. quibusdam Trutannis (wandering beggars, see Mosheim de Beghardis, p. 35) machinantibus facta est subito crucesignatio Pastorellorum, et puerorum multorum ac puellarum in regno Franciae, quorum aliqui pestiferi inventores istius fraudis fingebant aliquos ex eis pueris, se visionem Angelorum vidisse, miracula facere, et ad ulciscendum Regem a Deo missos esse. Inter quos erant, qui se magistros vocabant, quibus caeteri obediebant, qui per vias, et villas, et civitates more Episcoporum signabant, aquam etiam benedictam Gregorianam in ipsa civitate Parisiensi fecerunt, matrimonia conjunxerunt, Religiosos et Clericos ubicumque poterant gravabant, alios spoliantes, alios verberantes, alios occidentes ; nec erat qui compesceret malignantes, aut resisteret in virtute. autem populus eis favebat, aliqui quia haec fieri, et ad bonum finem perventura spectabant (l. sperabant), plurimi autem et paene universi, quia de persecutione clericorum gaudebant. Sed postquam coepit detegi fraus interiorum (the inward, unseen relation), infra breve tempus sicut fumus evanuerunt. More in detail, Matth. Paris, ann. 1251, p. 822 ss. 39 Albertus Stadensis, ad h. a. Anno Dom. 1248, coeperunt in Ecclesia Dei mirabiles VOL. II.-38 Universus siastical authority in consequence of its moral corruption. After the extermination of the Hohenstaufen family, the detestation caused by this deed of the hierarchy was maintained for centuries by the expectation that at some time an Emperor Frederick would wreak vengeance in blood on the Papacy.40 This expectation also et miserabiles haeretici pullulare, qui pulsatis campanis, et convocatis Baronibus et Dominis terrae in Hallis Suevorum sic praedicarunt in publica statione. Primo quod Papa esset haereticus, omnes Episcopi et Praelati simoniaci et haeretici, inferiores quoque Prelati cum Sacerdotibus, quia in vitiis ac peccatis mortalibus non haberent auctoritatem ligandi ac solvendi, et omnes isti seducerent et subduxissent homines. Item quod Sacerdotes in peccatis mortalibus constituti non possint conficere. Item quod nullus vivens, nec Papa, nec Episcopi, nec aliqui possint interdicere divina, et qui prohiberent, essent haeretici et seductores: et licentiaverunt in civitatibus interdictis, ut Missas audirent super animas ipsorum et Sacramenta ecclesiastica libere perciperent, qui ipsis perceptis mundificarentur a peccatis. Item quod Praedicatores, et Fratres Minores perverterent Ecclesiam falsis praedicationibus, et quod omnes Praedicatores, et Fratres Minores, Cistercienses quoque, et omnes alii pravam vitam ducerent et injustam. Item quod nullus esset, qui veritatem diceret, et qui veram fidem opere servaret, nisi ipsi et eorum socii, et si ipsi non venissent antequam Deus in periculo demisisset suam Ecclesiam, prius ipsos de lapidibus suscitasset, vel alios, qui Ecclesiam Dei vera doctrina illuminassent. Praedicaverunt etiam: Hucusque vestri praedicatores sepeliverunt veritatem, et praedicaverunt falsitatem; nos sepelimus falsitatem, et praedicamus veritatem. Et porro indulgentiam, quam damus vobis, non damus fictam vel compositam ab Apostolico vel Episcopis, sed de solo Deo et Ordine nostro. Et sic non audemus habere memoriam Papae, quia ita perversae vitae est, et tam mali exempli homo, quod eum tacere oportet. Et blasphemando adjecit idem praedicator: Orate, inquit, pro domino Friderico Imperatore, et Conrado, filio ejus, qui perfecti et justi sunt. Item dixit, quod Papa non haberet auctoritatem ligandi et absolvendi, quia non haberet vitam apostolicam, et hoc probare vellet per quandam glossulam. Istos haereticos fovit et defendit Conradus, filius Friderici, Imperatoris quondam, et patrem suum per talia venena credidit defensare. Sed res lapsa est in contrarium, quia catholicis praedicatoribus audacter resistentibus, et fideles exhortantibus, liberi et ministeriales a Conrado cesserunt, ita quod quasi exul et profugus de Suevia in Bavaria moraretur. Krantz, Metrop. lib. viii. c. 18, and Saxon. lib. viii. c. 16, quotes only this passage. Fuessli, ii. 14, considers these preachers to be Waldenses, not without probability. 40 At first there was a hope in Germany that Frederick II. yet lived, and would appear again (Jo. Vitoduranus in Eccard corpus histor. medii aevi i. 1741): hence arose from 20 to 30 pretended Fredericks. Compare the opinion of the people on one such impostor, who was burned to death at Wetslar in the year 1283, in Greg. Hagen's osterreich Chronik (Pezii scriptt. rer. Austr. T. i. p. 1105): Nu hub sich unter dem Volk ain groszer widertail. Etleich sprachen, er wer gewesen ain Nigromanticus; die andern sprachen, sie funden in dem Fewr nicht seines Gebaines, und chem her von Gotes chraft, daz Cheiser Friderich lebte, und solt die Pfaffen vertreiben. Then the prophecy, attributed to the Abbot of Joachim, spread more and more for centuries, that an Emperor Frederick III. should take this vengeance. In one of its simplest forms, even in the 13th century, it runs thus: Veniet aquila, de cujus volatu delebitur leo. Veniet pullus aquilae et nidificabit in domo leonis. De radice aquilae surget alius aquila cujus nomen Fridericus, qui egnans regnabit exten. detque alas suas usque ad fines terrae. Cujus sub tempore summus Pontifex et Clerus dilapidabitur et dispergetur. On the accretions to this prophecy, see Mosheim's Versuch einer unpart. u. gründl. Ketzergeschichte, 2te Aufl. s. 342 ff. Sibylline prophecies in German verse may be seen in Grimm's deutsche Mythologie, 2te Ausg. II. 909. With this agree the popular legends, that the Emperor Frederick (generally Barbarossa, Frederick 1. and II. are confounded in the legends) is sleeping in a mountain (Kifhäuser, a hill near Salzburg, etc.), Grimm, ii 906. found place among the manifold superstitions, chiefly borrowed from the Fratricelli, with which the Apostolic Brothers,"1 from 1260 to 1307, disquieted the north of Italy. The Principal sources: Historia Dulcini, and Additamentum ad hist. Dulcini in Muratori scriptt. rer. Ital. ix. 425.-J. L. v. Mosheim's Gesch. des Apostelordens, in his Versuch einer unparteiischen und gründl. Ketzergesch. 2te Aufl. Helmst. 1748. 4. s. 193 ff. There are some additions on the after fate of the party in his work, de Beghardis et Beguinabus comm. p. 221. Frà Dolcino und die Patarener von Jul. Krone, Leipzig, 1844. -The founder, Gerhard Segarelii, began about 1260 in Parma, as Francis had done before him, but he with his apostles zealously denounced the secularized hierarchy. Honorius IV. in 1286 prohibited the new order (the bull may be seen in Bullar. Rom. i. 158, and in Mosheim's Gesch. d. Apostelord. s. 391): during the persecutions which now began, Gerhard suffered death by fire in 1300 at Parma; the more intelligent Dulcinus became the head of the society, and increased their superstition by apocalyptic prophecies to an indescribable fanaticism. Extracts from his two prophetical official epistles, from the years 1300 and 1303, may be found in the Additamentum ad hist. F. Dulcini in Muratori scriptt. rer. Ital. ix. 450. He announced in the first, that in the year 1303 a period should be inaugurated, in quo ipse et sui publice apparebunt, et publice praedicabunt, omnibus suis adversariis exterminatis. He taught further, quatuor status Sanctorum fuisse in propriis modis vivendi, which at first were good in their kind, but afterward degenerated, and were displaced by a new state. In primo fuerunt Patres veteris Testamenti.-In the second, Christ and the apostles. Tertius status coepit a s. Sylvestro tempore Constantini Imp. in quo Gentiles coeperunt magis ac magis converti ad fidem Christi generaliter. Et dum sic convertebantur, et non refrigerabantur in amore Dei et proximi, melius fuit s. Silvestro Papae et aliis successoribus suis possessiones terrenas et divitias suscipere, quam paupertas apostolica; et melius fuit regere populum, quam non regere, ad tenendum ipsum sic et conservandum. Sed quando inceperunt populi refrigerari a caritate Dei et proximi, et declinare a modo vivendi s. Silvestri, tunc melior fuit modus vivendi b. Benedicti.-Et quando Clerici et Monachi quasi ex toto a caritate Dei et proximi refrigerati fuerunt, et declinaverunt a priori statu suo, tunc melior fuit modus vivendi s. Francisci et s. Dominici: et quia modo est tempus, in quo omnes tam Praelati, quam Clerici et Religiosi a caritate Dei et proximi et refrigerati sunt, et declinaverunt,-est reformare modum vivendi proprium apostolicum :-et istum modum vivendi apostolicum incoepit Fr. Gerardus, et durabit et perseverabit usque ad finem saeculi.-Et iste est quartus et ultimus status,— et differt a modo vivendi s. Francisci et s. Dominici, quia vita illorum fuit, multas habere domus, et illuc mendicata deferre. Sed nos nec domus habemus, nec etiam mendicata portare debemus. Et propter hoc vita nostra est major, et ultima omnibus medicina. Afterward he prophesied: Fredericus Rex Siciliae debet relevari in Imperatorem, et facere Reges novos, et Bonifacium Papam pugnando habere, et facere occidi cum aliis occidendis.-Tunc omnes Christiani erunt positi in pace, et tunc erit unus Papa sanctus a Deo missus mirabiliter et electus,-et sub illo Papa erunt illi, qui sunt de statu apostolico, et etiam alii de Clericis et Religiosis, qui unientur eis,-et tunc accipient Spiritus sancti gratiam, sicut acceperunt Apostoli in Ecclesia primitiva. Since these prophecies were not fulfilled in the year 1303, he extended them in the second brief to the year 1304. The third epistle is lost. The sources of these prophecies were undoubtedly the works of Joachim (see above, § 70, note 8), see Mosheim, s. 261 ff. The open warfare which the Apostolic brothers, after the year 1304, waged against the Roman Church was brought to an end in 1308 by the conquest of Mount Zebello, in the bishopric of Vercelli. EIGHTH CHAPTER. EXTENSION OF CHRISTIANITY. Schröckh's Kirchengesch. xxv. 186. Schmidt's Kirchengesch. fortg. v. Rettberg, vii. 166. § 91. CONTINUED CONVERSION OF THE WENDS. As the Church of this age in general relied more upon secular than spiritual weapons, so she was accustomed to convert unbelieving nations with the sword instead of the Word. The efforts of the Polish dukes, ever since the first subjugation of Lower Pomerania, about the year 997, to establish Christianity together with their dominion in this country,' were brought to a successful issue by Boleslav III. (Krzivousti), by his victory over the rebels in 1121.2 In the same year, Boleslav wrung from the West Pomeranians also, and their Duke Wartislav, the promise to recognize Polish supremacy, and become Christians.3 Otto, bishop of Bamberg, who was invited to undertake the conversion of the country, had under these circumstances an easy task. In a few months of the year 1124, the greater portion of West Pomerania 'Martini Galli chron. (the most ancient Polish work on history about 1130) ed. J. V. Bandtkie. Varsav. 1824. 8. Prooem. p. 15: Ad mare autem septemtrionale tres habet (Polonia) affines Barbarorum gentilium ferocissimas nationes, Seleuciam (i. e. Luticiam s. Leuticiam), Pomeraniam et Prussiam, contra quas regiones Polonorum Dux assidue pugnat, ut eas ad fidem convertat. Sed nec gladio praedicationis cor eorum a perfidia potuit revocari, nec gladio jugulationis eorum penitus viperalis progenies aboleri: saepe tamen Principes eorum a Duce Poloniae proelio superati ad baptismum confugerunt, itemque collectis viribus fidem christianam abnegantes, contra Christianos bellum denuo paraverunt. P. F. Kanngiesser's Geschichte v. Pommern. Bd. 1 (Greifswald, 1824), s. 290. F. W. Barthold, Gesch. v. Rügen u. Pommern, Thl. 2. Hamburg, 1840. C. Giesebrecht's wendische Geschichte, v. 780-1182. Th. 2. Berlin, 1843. [R. Milman, Mitzlar, the Conversion of Pomerania, 8. Lond. 1854.] * For Boleslav's wars against the Lower Pomeranians, see Kanngiesser, i. 363. Kanngiesser, i. 508. Libb. iii. de vita b. Ottonis by an anonymous writer shortly after his time, in Cani. sius-Basnage III. ii. 35. Andreae Abb. Bambergensis (1483-1502) de vita s. Ottonis libb. iv. editi, cum libris comitis cujusdam s. Ottonis, quem Sifridum esse putant, collati a Valer. Jaschio, Colberg. 1681. 4. (reprinted in Ludewig scriptt. rer. Episcoporum Bamberg. i. 193). Much also is to be found on this head in the manuscripts of Bamberg, see Jack's Bericht in Oken's Isis, August, 1822, s. 827.—(J. J. Sell) Otto, bisch. v. Bamberg, der Pommern Bekehrer, Stettin, 1792. H. F. G. Kahlow de introductione religionis christ. in Pomeraniam diss. Goetting. 1806. 4. A. C. F. Busch memoria Othonis Ep. Bambergensis, Pomeranorum Apostoli. Jenae, 1824. Especially Kanngiesser, i. 522. Barthold, ii. 3. was won over to Christianity, not so much inwardly as outwardly, by the influence of circumstances and by Otto's winning and reverend presence in a second and still shorter visit, in the year 1128, Otto completed the conversion of the country. The newlyfounded bishopric of Julin or Wolin3 was meant to insure its continuance. After that the great kingdom of the Wends (see Part 1, § 39), upon the death of its last supreme ruler, Canute (1131), had fallen to pieces under the dominion of several princes, the neighboring Germans had an easier game to play against them. Albert the Bear, margrave of the North Saxons after the year 1133, vanquished the Lutizier or Wilzen, established the March of Branden. burg, restored the bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg, and drew the Knights of St. John and the Templars into the country," for the protection and extension of Christianity. Since the year 1121, Vicelin had labored among the Obotrites in a more apostolical manner: he could not, however, achieve the conversion of Wagria until Adolphus, count of Schaumburg-Holstein, had made himself master of the country. After Henry the Lion, in 1142, had strengthened himself in the possession of the dukedom of Saxony, German sway and Christianity continued to advance farther among the northern Wends. In the year 1149 the bishoprics of Oldenburg (transferred to Lubeck in 1160) and Mecklenburg (transferred to Schwerin in 1165),10 and in 1154 the bishopric Adelbert was appointed by Boleslav, in 1125, to be was the seat of this bishopric (Kanngiesser, 1. 681, 809. (Barthold, ii. 244). Bishop of Pomerania; in 1140 Julin Helmoldi († 1170) chron. Slavorum (ed. Bangert, Lubec. 1659. 4.) lib. i. c. 49, 50, 62 ss. 88. Gebhardi's Gesch. aller wendisch-slavischen Staaten, i. 150. Chr. W. Spieker's Kirchen- u. Reformationsgesch. d. Mark Brandenburg, Thl. i. (Berlin, 1839) s. 49.-The aversion of the Wends in Havelberg to Norbert, archbishop of Magdeburg, in the year 1128, may be seen in vita Ottonis, in Ludewig scriptt. Bamb. i. 495. Kanngiesser, i. 694 8. Spieker, i. 73. 7 Spieker, i. 95, 447. Concerning Vicelin, after 1149 Bishop of Oldenburg, see J. E. de Westphalen monumenta inedita rer. Germ. praecipue Cimbricarum et Megapolensium. ii. 234 ss. Praef. p. 33 ss. St. Vicelin, von F. Chr. Kruse, Altona, 1826. 8. Kirchengesch. Mecklenburgs v. J. Wiggers, Parchim u. Ludwigslust, 1840, s. 28. Vicelinus v. G. F. E. Crusius, in Lücke's u. Wieseler's Vierteljahrschrift, 1846, s. 357. Giesebrecht's wend. Gesch. ii. 241. On this transfer, see Dr. F. H. Grautoff's histor. Schriften, Bd. 1 (Lubeck, 1836), s. 119. 10 The documents are given in J. P. de Ludewig reliquiis manuscriptt. vi. 230: There is a critical edition of the documents of the bishopric of Schwerin in G. C. F. Lisch Mecklenburgische Urkunden, Bd. 3. Schwerin, 1841. |