4. An Antithesis is an expression denoting opposition or contrast; as,

"Contrasted faults through all their manners reign ; Though poor, luxurious; though submissive, vain; Though grave, yet trifling; zealous, yet untrue; And e'en in penance, planning sins anew.”

Goldsmith. "The wicked flee when no man pursueth; but the righteous are bold as a lion."

5. An Hyperbole is an exaggeration in the use of language, representing objects as greater or less, better or worse, than they really are. Thus, David, speaking of Saul and Jonathan, says, "They were swifter than eagles; they were stronger than lions."

"The sky shrunk upward with unusual dread, And trembling Tiber div'd beneath his bed."

Dryden.

6. Irony is a mode of speech expressing a sense contrary to that, which the speaker or writer intends to convey. The Prophet Elijah employed this figure when he said to the priests of Baal, "Cry aloud, for he is a God; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked."

7. Metonymy is a figure, by which one thing is put for another; as, "I have been reading Milton;" that is, his poems or works." Gray hairs [old age] should be respected.""The sceptre [kingly power] shall not depart from Judah.”

8. Synecdoche is a figure, by which the whole is put for a part, or a part for the whole; as, "Man re

turneth to dust;"; that is, his body." This roof [house] shall be his protection."

9. Personificatiow, or Prosopopeia, is a figure, by which we attribute life and action to inanimate objects; or ascribe to irrational animals and objects without life the actions and qualities of rational beings; as,

See, Winter comes to rule the varied year,
Sullen and sad, with all his rising train."

Thomson.

“Vice is a monster of such frightful mien
That, to be hated, needs but to be seen:
But-seen too oft, familiar with her face,
We first endure-then pity-then embrace."
Pope.

10. Apostrophe is a figure, by which a speaker or writer turns from the party, to which his discourse is mainly directed, and addresses himself to some person or thing, present or absent; as, "Death is swallowed up in victory. O Death! where is thy sting? O Grave! where is thy victory?"- 1 Cor. xv. 54, 55.

"O gentle sleep,

Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee,
That thou no more wilt weigh my eye-lids down,
And steep my senses in forgetfulness ?"

In modern usage, the term Apostrophe is applied to any address made to an inanimate object, an irrational animal, or an absent person; as,

Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven, first-born!"

Milton.

"Sail on, thou lone, imperial bird,

Of quenchless eye, and tireless wing."

Mellen.

"Alas! my noble boy! that thou shouldst die!

Thou, who wert made so beautifully fair!
That death should settle in thy glorious eye,

And leave his stillness in this clustering hair!
How could he mark thee for the silent tomb!
My proud boy, Absalom!"-Willis.

11. Interrogation is a figure, by which a question is asked for the purpose of expressing an assertion more strongly; as, "Do we mean to submit to this measure? Do we mean to submit, and consent that we ourselves, our country and its rights, shall be trampled on? I know we do not mean to submit. We never will submit."-Webster.

12. Exclamation is a figure employed to express some strong emotion; as,

"O wretched state! O bosom, black as death!”

Shakspere.

"Ah! how unjust to nature and himself,

Is thoughtless, thankless, inconsistent man!"

Young.

"O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of GOD! How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out!"

13. Vision, or Imagery, is a figure, by which past or future events are represented as passing before our eyes; as,

"I see the dagger-crest of Mar!
I see the Moray's silver star

Wave o'er the cloud of Saxon war,

That up the lake comes winding far!"-Scott. 14. Climax is a figure, in which the ideas rise or sink in regular gradation; as, "Giving all diligence, add to your faith, virtue; and to virtue, knowledge; and to knowledge, temperance; and to temperance, patience; and to patience, godliness; and to godliness, brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness, charity."-2 Pet. i. 5, 7. "What a piece of work is man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving, how express and admirable! in action, how like an angel! in apprehension, how like a god!"-Shakspere. "What is every year of a wise man's life but a criticism on the past! Those, whose life is the shortest, live long enough to laugh at one half of it: the boy despises the infant, the man the boy, the sage both, and the Christian all."

EXPLANATION OF LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES OF FREQUENT OCCURRENCE.

Ab initio from the beginning.

:

Ad captandum vulgus: to catch the rabble.
Ad infinitum: to infinity, without end.
Ad libitum: at pleasure.

Ad referendum: for further consideration.
Ad valorem in proportion to the value.
Equo animo: with an unruffled mind.
A fortiori: with stronger reason.

Alias: otherwise; as, "Jones alias Brown."

Alibi: elsewhere.

Alma mater: a benign mother; applied generally to

the University.

A mensa et thoro: divorced from bed and board.
Amor patriae: the love of our country.

Anglice in English.

Anno Domini: [A.D.] in the year of our Lord.

Anno Mundi: [A.M.] in the year of the world.
Annus Mirabilis: the year of wonders.-A Poem of
Dryden's, so called in commemoration of the
great fire of London.

A posteriori: from the effect to the cause.

A priori: from the cause to the effect.

Arcanum: a secret.

Arcana imperii: state secrets.

Argumentum ad hominem: an appeal to the professed principles or practices of the adversary.