Marks of quotation (" ") are used to indicate that the exact words of another are introduced; as, "In my first parliament," said James, "I was a novice."

When a quotation is introduced within a quotation, it is usually distinguished by single inverted commas ; as, "I was not only a ship-boy on the 'high and giddy mast,' but also in the cabin, where every menial office fell to my lot." If both quotations commence or terminate together, this commencement or termination is indicated by the use of three commas; as, "In the course of this polite attention, he pointed in a certain direction, and exclaimed, That is Mr. Bradley, of York, a man, whose benevolence is proverbial.'

When a point is inserted immediately after a quotation, it should be placed within the quotation marks.

A mark of accent (') is sometimes placed over a syllable to denote that it requires particular stress in pronunciation.

A diaeresis () is sometimes placed over the latter of two successive vowels to show that they do not form a diphthong; as, coöperate, aërial.

The cedilla (,) is a mark, which is sometimes placed under the letter c to show that it has the sound of s; as in "façade."

The paragraph (T) is used in the Old and New Testaments to denote the beginning of a new subject. In other books, paragraphs are distinguished by commencing a new line further from the margin than the beginning of the other lines. This is called indenting.

FIGURES OF SPEECH.

A figure of speech is a departure from the ordinary form of words, from their regular construction, or from their literal signification.

Departures from the usual form of words are called figures of Etymology.

Departures from the regular construction of words are called figures of Syntax.

Departures from the literal signification of words are called figures of Rhetoric.

Figures of Etymology.

The figures of Etymology are Aphaéresis, Syncope, Apócope, Prósthesis, Paragóge, Synaéresis, Diaéresis, and Tmésis.

1. Aphaeresis is the taking of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word; as, 'neath for beneath; 'gainst for against.

"But his courage 'gan fail,

For no arts could avail."

2. Syncope is the elision of one or more letters from the middle of a word; as, ling'ring for lingering; lov'd for loved.

3. Apocope is the elision of one or more letters from the end of a word; as, thro' for through; th' for the.

4. Prosthesis is the addition of one or more letters to the beginning of a word; as, beloved for loved; enchain for chain; adown for down.

5. Paragoge is the addition of one or more letters

to the end of a word; as, awaken for awake; bounden for bound; deary for dear.

6. Synaeresis is the contraction of two syllables into one; as, seest for se-est; alienate for a-li-ën-ate.

N.B. Alienate in three syllables, as if written al-yen-ate.

7. Diaeresis is the separation of two vowels standing together, so as to connect them with different syllables; as, coöperate, aërial.

8. Tmesis is the separation of a compound word into two parts, by introducing another word between them; as, "Thy thoughts, which are to us ward" for "Thy thoughts, which are toward us;-" How high " for "Howsoever high."

soever

Figures of Syntax.

The principal figures of Syntax are Ellipsis, Pléonasm, Enállage, and Hypérbaton.

1. Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words, which are necessary to complete the grammatical construction. The following examples will serve to illustrate this figure

:

1. Nouns; as, "St. Peter's" [church];—“The twelve " [apostles].

2. Adjectives; as, " Every day and [every] hour;" -"A gentleman and [a] lady."

3. Pronouns; as, "I am monarch of all [which] I survey;"—"He left in the morning, and [he] returned the same day."

4. Verbs; as, "To whom the angel" [spoke] ;[Let] "No man eat fruit of thee."

5. Adverbs; as, "He spoke [wisely] and acted wisely."

6. Prepositions; as, "He was banished [from] England;"-" He lived like [to] a prince."

7. Conjunctions; as, "I came, [and] I saw, [and] I conquered."

8. Phrases and entire clauses; as, “I love you for nothing more than [I love you] for the just esteem you have for all the sons of Adam.”—Swift.

2. Pleonasm is the use of more words to express ideas than are necessary; as, "I know thee who thou art."-N. Test. "What we have seen with our eyes, and heard with our ears."

The repetition of a conjunction is termed Polysyndeton; as, "We have ships and men and money

and stores."

3. Enallage is the use of one part of speech for another; as,

"Slow rises merit, when by poverty depressed." "Sure some disaster has befell.”—Gay.

4. Hyperbaton is the transposition of words; as, "All price beyond" for "Beyond all price." "He wanders earth around" for "He wanders around the earth."

Figures of Rhetoric.

The principal figures of Rhetoric are Símile, Méta

* Deviations of this kind are, in general, to be considered solecisms; otherwise, the rules of grammar would be of no use or authority. There are, however, some changes of this kind, which the grammarian is not competent to condemn, though they do not accord with the ordinary principles of construction.

phor, Allegory, Antithesis, Hypérbole, Irony, Metónymy, Synecdoche, Personificâtion, Apóstrophe, Interrogátion, Exclamation, Vision, and Climax.

1. A Simile is a direct and formal comparison; as, "He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water."

As, down in the sunless retreats of the ocean,
Sweet flowrets are springing no mortal can see;
So, deep in my bosom, the prayer of devotion,
Unheard by the world, rises silent to thee."

Moore.

2. A Metaphor is an implied comparison; as, "Wild fancies in his moody brain

Gambol'd unbridled and unbound." - Hogg.

3. An Allegory is a continued metaphor. In the following beautiful example, found in the 80th Psalm, the people of Israel are represented under the symbol of a vine :

"Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the heathen, and planted it. Thou preparedst room before it, and didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the land. The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. She sent out her boughs unto the sea, and her branches unto the river. Why hast thou then broken down her hedges, so that all they, which pass by the way, do pluck her? The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it."