Von ganz hervorragendem interesse sind:

fol. 60 v 13 Batū unde cficić ceruifia

Auch im Epinal v1 Bratizapo. herba que admisce folgen auf einÌ ander bratium malt und bradızabo felduuop. 1) Im Cod. Oxon. Auct. F. 1. 16 heifst es nach Ahd. Gl. IV 24512-45 Bratium malt

Bracinarium bro.hus

Bouellium faled

Bradigabo feldhoppo.

v 1o Bratíonarıū . ubi brationt

Die Trierglosse im verein mit der Oxforder glosse zeigt, dafs die überlieferung im Epinal nicht korrekt sein kann, sondern verdorben mufs sein aus feldhop. Die überlieferung des Epinal und Cod. Harl. 3376 (WW. 19623) Bradigatio deutet darauf hin, dafs verderb aus bratigalio d. h. bratii galio vorliegt, was entweder dativ oder ablativ von bratii galium sein dürfte, das der würze beigefügte bitterkraut d. h. hopfen. Der lat. zusatz im Harl. 3376, ploratio campi ist von mir schon als übersetzung des verderbten feldwop gekennzeichnet worden. Ähnlich wird im Cod. Eremit. 32 fol. 204 Spiathio. matta mifsverständlich durch id qd uno tractu falcis in pratis agit klärt, als ob es sich um Mahd und nicht um Matte handelte (siehe Glogger Ld.3 p. 47). Von nicht geringerem interesse für die erklärung dunkler Epinalglossen sind die folgenden, über die ich später ausführlicher zu handeln gedenke:

1) Sweet stellt es so dar, als ob nach e eine rasur wäre; ich sche davon nichts; es ist vielmehr einer jener überflüssigen striche, die er 'tags' nennt, dicht an e herangerückt.

154

SCHLUTTER, AE.-ALTHOCHDEUTSCHES AUS CODEX ETC.

fol. 104 r25 Osmum.faporem.

fol. 107 v 25 Pituita . humectatio ğ abocuł, fit .

fol. 115 r26 Ricinul . vermis canınus .

fol. 113 v 113 Ratiocinatio. disputatio.

fol. 115 r 127 Reuma. Z. eruptio. I fluo2 lat

fol. 125 r223 Testudo. fcutorů čtexatio.

fol. 129 r 214 Vermiculum rubrum

fiue coccinum

fol. 130 r117 Vıtıcılla . herba quae | sicut uitil pxima queq;

uinciendo circūlizat.

BASEL (SCHWEIZ), März 1911.

ОTTо B. SCHLUTTER

THE PREPOSITION SINCE.

§ 1. After having dealt with the word since as a conjunction, 1) and as an adverb, 2) I am now going to give an exposition of the syntactic phenomena connected with the same word as a preposition. Of these phenomena the tense-question is of the first importance. We find that in sentences containing this preposition the tense is mostly present-perfect, sometimes past, and in a not inconsiderable number of instances, present; and in almost every instance a logical explanation can be found for the tense used. As before, it should be borne in mind in the present investigation, that the presence of the adverbs ever and never tends to obscure matters, seeing that these words are found with past and present-perfect tense without the least difference in meaning. Again, the past tense in Modern English, often stands for the pluperfect in a far greater number of instances than is commonly supposed. And lastly, the tense-question is again frequently determined by the perfective or imperfective Actionsart of the verb.

§ 2. Old English does not know since as a preposition, though the word does occur as a conjunction and as an adverb. As a preposition it does not make its appearance before Middle-English times.3) The noun which it governs "wird als der zeitliche ausgangspunkt betrachtet, von welchem ab sich die tätigkeit andauernd ausdehnt". 4) The tense

1) See Englische Studien 32. 3.

2) See Anglia N. F. XXI.

3) The earliest instance quoted by Mätzner (Gramm. II. 293) is taken from Alisoun.

4) Mätzner, Gramm. II. 293.

expressing this continuance is, of course, the present perfect: I find this construction from the days of John Maundeville down to the present time. A few examples must suffice:

thei seye that it hathe ben there sithe the beginnynge of the world. (Maundeville. Ed. Halliwell p. 68.) Since his exile 1) she has despised me most (Two Gentlemen III. 2. 3). Your poor gamekeeper with all his large family, ever since your discarding him, have been perishing with ... cold and hunger (Tom Jones. Tauchn. I. 110). The town, ladies, has languished since your absence 1) (Evelina. Rivington. 151). Since the accession of our sovereign ... we have seen a system of government which may well be called a reign of experiments (Junius. Letter 14. To the Duke of Grafton). But since that ill-starred day at Regensburg a gloomy, uncompanionable spirit has possessed him (Coleridge. Death of Wallenstein I. 3). The title of Mr. K.'s Magazine has been a puzzle to us since its adoption (Punch 10/12. 1902).

....

§ 3. Continuance from a moment in the past down to the present may be graphically expressed by a straight line. Now, just as a succession of points makes on the eye the impression of a line, so a succession of detached events will make upon the mind the impression of continuance. Hence the use of the present perfect tense:

lyke as myn elders have alway don syth the tyme that we fyrst understode reson (Reynard the Fox. Arber. 96). - A most miraculous work in this good king, which often, since my here-remain 2) in England, I have seen him do (Macbeth IV. 3). So hath man ever fallen, even since the days of Sultan Adam (Scott. Talismen Ch. XIV). Day by day, since Shamleghdown, I have stolen strength from thee (Kipling. Kim).

1) For the twofold function of such words as exile, absence, possession, knowledge, death etc. see my paper on After in Englische Studien. December 1905.

§ 4. The present perfect tense is also found when we state that an event has taken place after a given point of time, without, however, definitely stating the time when it happened. As in all cases when no time is mentioned, Modern English uses the present perfect:

Since the mortal jars .... It hath in solemn synod been decreed (Errors I. 1. 11). - Great quarrels that have happened since the death of the late Lord Strutt. (Arbuthnot. John Bull. Cassell's Nat. Lib. 17). Since the commencement of the war I have seen still greater contradictions reconciled (Junius. Letter 50. To the Duke of Grafton). Since then, when have I altered my feelings towards thee? (Coleridge. Death of Wallenstein II. 6). — It is the first bit of writing that Kipling has signed since his illness, which can be described as verse (Rev. of Reviews. Febr. 1902. 147/a).

Middle English and early Modern English used a past tense is this case. See § 7.

§ 5. In a considerable number of instances we have a construction with the present perfect tense, of which the following quotation may serve as the type:

and

Since when have you become so greedy for it? (Pris-
cilla's Fortnight. Tauchn. 189).

This construction is evidently a compromise between:
Since when have you been so greedy for it?

When did you become so greedy for it?

The verb is in every instance a perfective, denoting a momentary action; but in our construction regard is had not so much to this momentary action, but rather to the state of things resulting from it; in other words, though a perfective verb is used, it is in reality the imperfective aktionsart that floats before the speaker's mind. The construction is therefore due to the fact that the distinction between the aktionsarten is no longer clearly felt.