Mr. Law, district judge, expressed doubts as to Isaac Williams was also indicted before this court the legal operation of the evidence, and gave it as for having on the 23d of September, 1787, in a hoshis opinion, that the evidence and operation of law tile manner, with a privateer commissioned by the thereon be left to the consideration of the jury. French republic, attacked and captured a British The chief justice of the United States, gave his ship and crew on the high seas, contrary to the, opinion on the question nearly to the following ef- twenty-first article of the treaty between the Unit fect: ed States and Great Britain; said Williams being, "The common law of this country remains the then a citizen of the United States, the French resame as it was before the revolution. The present public being then at war with the king of Great question is to be decided by two great principles: Britain, and said king being in amity with the Unione is, that all the members of civil community are ted States. Bonaparte and the Pope. bound to each other by compact; the other is, that Williams' defence on the first indictment being of one of the parties to this compact cannot dissolve no avail, and having no other defence to this; he it by his own act. The compact between our com- pleaded guilty. The court sentenced him to pay a munity and its members is, that the community fine of 1000 dollars, and to suffer a further impri shail protect its members, and on the part of the sonment of four months. members, that they will at all times be obedient to the laws of the community and faithful in its defence. This compact distinguishes our government from those which are founded in violence or PARIS, February 13.-His serene highness the 'fraud. It necessarily results that the member canprince arch chancellor of the empire [Cambaceres] not dissolve this compact, without the consent or this day took his seat as president of the senate, default of the community. There has been no con- and directed one of the secretaries to read the fol sent; no default. Default is not pretended, Ex- lowing concordat, which was signed at Fontanbleau press consent is not claimed; but it has been argu- the 25th January, between his majesty the emperor ed that the consent of the community is implied by and king, and his holiness Pius VII. its policy-its condition and its acts. In countries CONCORDAT. so crowded with inhabitants, that the means of subsistence are difficult to be obtained; it is reason and His majesty the emperor and king, and his Holi policy to permit emigration. But our policy is difness, desirous to terminate the differences which ferent: for our country is but scarcely settled, and have existed between them, and to remove the diffiwe have no inhabitants to spare. culties which have arisen in several affairs of "Consent has been argued from the condition of the church, have agreed to the following arti the country; because we are in a state of peace.cles to serve as the basis of a definitive arrange, But though we were in peace, the war had commenc ment. ed in Europe. We wished to have nothing to do Article 1. His Holiness shall exercise the pontifi with the war; but the war would have something to cate in France and in the kingdom of Italy, in the do with us. It has been extremely difficult for us same manner, and with the same forms as his preto keep out of this war; the progress of it has decessors. threatened to involve us. It has been necessary for 2. The ambassadors, ministers, charge d'affairs of our government to be vigilant in restraining our citi-powers near the Holy Father, and the ambassadors, zuns from those acts which would involve us in ministers, or charge d'affairs of the Pope with fo hostilities. The most visionary writers on this sub-reign powers, shall enjoy the immunities and priject do not contend for the principle in the unlimit-villeges which are enjoyed by every other member ed extent that a citizen may at any and at all times, of the corps diplomatique. renounce his own, and join himself to a foreign 3. The dominions which were possessed by the country, Holy Father, and which have not been alienated shall "Consent has been argued, from the acts of our be exempt from every species of impost; and shall own government, permitting, the naturalization of be administered by his agent or charge d'affairs.foreigners, When a foreigner presents himself Those which have been alienated shall be restored, here, and proves himself to be of a good moral cha-paying a composition of two millions of franks reracter, well affected to the constitution and govern-venue. ment of the United States, and a friend to the good 4. Within six months following the usual notifiorder and happiness of civil society, if he has resid-cation of the nomination by the emperor, of the arch ed here the time prescribed by law, we grant him bishops and bishops of the empire and of the kingthe privileges of a citizen. We do not enquire what dom of Italy, the Pope shall ordain them agreeably his relations is to his own country-we have not to the concordats, and in virtue of the present indult. the means of knowing, and the enquiry would be in- Previous information of which shall be given by the delicate, we leave him to judge of that. If he em- metropolitan archbishop. If at the expiration of barrasses himself by contracting contradictory obli- six months, the Pope shall not have given the or gations, the fault and the folly are his own. But dination, the metropolitan shall proceed to the orthis implies no consent of the government that our dination of the bishop named in the usual manner. own citizens should expatriate themselves. 5. The Pope shall nominate, in France or in Italy, "Therefore, it is my opinion, that these facts to ten bishoprics, as shall ultimately be agreed upwhich the prisoner offers to prove in his defence on in concert. totally ineveland, they can have no operation in law; 6. The six suburbicaire bishoprics are re-establishand the jury ought not to be embarrassed or troued. They shall be nominated by the Pope. Their bled with them: but by the constitution of the remaining effects shall be restored; and they shall court the evidence must go to the jury," are The cause and the evidence were accordingly committed to the jury. The jury soon agreed on verdict and found the prisoner GUILTY. a The court sentenced him to pay a fine of 1000 dollars, and to suffer four months imprisonment, take measures respecting those which have been Rieti, their dioceses shall be united to the six bishold. On the death of the bishops of d'Anague and prics' agreeably to an agreement between his majesty and the Holy Father, 7. In regard to the bishops of the Roman states, absent from their diocesses from circumstances, the Fuel and water is to be prepared at proper atagés to supply the engine. duce my improvements on steam-boats and carriages, my discovery I claim as my original discovery, and as being necessary to pro of the true theory or scientific rule for ascertaining the power exthe thickness of the metal necessary to hold elastic steam of any erted by elastic steam to bursta boiler of any given dianetre, and Holy Father shall exercise in their favor the privilege he has a right to bestow on bis hops inpartibus. He shall bestow on them salaries equal to those which they have formerly enjoyed, and they shall be nominated to places as they become vacant in the empire or in the kingdom of Italy. given power, in a boiler of any given diametre; as laid down and 8. His majesty and Holiness shall concert mea-demonstrated in my work or book entitled, "The Abortion of the sures at a suitable time for the reduction to be true scientific rule, no engineer can arrange a steam-engine on Young Steam-Engineers' Guide." Without a knowledge of which made, if necessary, in the b shoprics in Tuscany my principles, of any given size and power, with safety or cer and the Genoese countries, as also for the bishoptainty. rics to be established in Holland and the Hanseatic departments. taining the power of the engine, necessary or required to propel Also, my discovery of the true scientific theory or rule, for ascer any given boat, with any given velocity. 9. The propagande, the penetenciere, and the arch-velocity multiplied into the velocity, gives the power that gave that ives shall be established in the place where Iloly Father shall sojourn. 10. His majesty grants a free pardon to all the cardinals, bishops, priests, laics, who have incurred censure in consequence of events. I have discoverd that the resistance, which is as the squares of the velocity; that the power required to give any given boat any given velocity, is as the section of the water displaced by the boat and as times the power is required, instead of four times, as heretofore the cubes of the velocity. Or to give a boat double velocity, eight believed and taught. Without a knowledge of which true theory no engineer could with certainty arrange a steam-boat. The various modes heretofore used to apply the power of steam 11. The Holy Father agrees to the foreging dis-engines to propel boats or carriages, are, perhaps to me unknown; positions in consequence of the existing state of the can only specify and describe the various modes by me contern church; and in the confidence which his majesty in-gine with a cylinder and piston, I apply the power by means of a plated, prior to the year 1786. Firstly, when I use my steam-enspires him, that he will give powerful protection connecting rod or rods (or pitman, as it is called when applied in to the numerous wants of religion in the times in saw-milis) connecting the lever-beam or slider that is moved by which we live. the piston rod of the engine to a double crank in the middle or NAPOLEON. PIUS VII. near the ends of the main shaft of the boat or carriage, to which FONTANBLEAU, January 25, 1813. is attached the sins of the paddle wheels, or carriage wheels, (one on each side of the boat or carriage-thus while in motion, the wheels) the boat, carriage and load, all operate as a fly, to move the crank past the dead points, in its revolution. But for the convenience of starting, and further to regulate the motion, I ap ply a light fly wheel, geered by cog-wheels and straps, so that the SPECIFICATION.-I, Oliver Evans, of the city of Philadel-strap may slip rather than creak, cogs or shafts, or otherwise, to phia, have by these presents (in compliance with the acts of conmove with great velocity, to give a man power by taking hold of the gress passed for the promotion of science and the useful arts) y, to move the whole machine, and to give the fly power to aswhich secures to my heirs patents for my inventions in case of sist the machine over any obstacle, and to regulate its motion de my death, specified my inventions, discoveries and improvements, scending declivities, by contriving that the fly shall take hold of in or on steam-boats and land carriages invented or discovered the air, or by applying friction to its rim or to any other moving by me prior to the year 1786. In which year I petitioned the le-part. New Patent. gislatures of Pennsylvania and Maryland states for the exclusive Or, secondly-for slow motions, a cog-wheel or wheels, may be A Fight to my improvements in steam carriages, Maryland granting set on the axle of the carriage, to geer into corresponding cog for 14 years only. And afterwards the state of New Hampshire wheels, alternately, on the shaft of the crank, in such manner that granted for 7 years. by changing the geer, the motion of the carriage may be varied at pleasure, to suit the different roads, to give the engine more power a over the load, to ascend hills with less velocity and less power, to descend or move on levels with greater velocity; which is easily understood by every master millwright or steam engineer. The fly wheel applied as above. My discovery, invention or improvements, consists principally in the steam engine, to render it much more powerful, in proportion to its size and weight, than other steam-engines heretofore known and used, and more applicable and useful for the two purposes of propelling boats on water, and carriages on land, and at the same time to lessen the quantity of fuel and water necessary Or, thirdly-when I use my circular engine No. 2, described in to be consumed, which lessens the burden to be carried in the boat my patent dated February 14th, 1804, I put my steam engine on or carriage, and also to lessen the expense of constructing the en- the main shaft or axle of the boat, or carriage, to give the wheels, gine and keeping it in repair. All to render the steam boats and immediate motion; or I set it on another axle, and geer it by co steam carriages more profitable and useful than they could be, wheels of different sizes, to the main axle, to vary the motion as if driven by other more weighty, bulky and expensive engines. necessary, as before. The fly wheel applied as before. To obtain those desirable ends or purposes, I construct the boilers The wheels of both boats and carriages are provided with douof my steam engines of strong metalic plates in form of cylinders, ble ratchets reversed, or fruition cups and balls, so that the axles or globes of s na.l comparative diametre, that they may be suffi- will not turn forward in driving the wheels, but so that the wheels ciently strong to retain and hold steam with great elastic power may turn faster than the axle, in turning the carriage, or on crookabove the weight of the atmosphere, say from three pounds (the ed and uneven roads, otherwise one wheel would have to slide in elastic power heretofore generally used in other engines) to five those cases; and so that the wheels may turn with the current hundred pounds to the square superficial inch area of the safety- while the boat is at anchor in a current, or that the friction ball may valve, or of the piston or valves of my engine, which makes my slip in the cup a little, to accommodate to rough waters, and in the engines from one to thirty times as powerful as other engines in case of the wheels striking obstacies. proportion to the size of their working cylinders; and which The fall of the reverse ratchet is to be laid on at least one wheel, enables me to dispense with thejuse of the condenser and air pump, to prevent the carriage from running down declivities, and in and to evade the weight of the condensing water, and with a running the carriage backwards to turn it on a small space. cheap, simple, small and light engine, to exert power equal that It is not necessary that I should here specify or describe the of the large, complex, expensive and weighty engines, heretofore principles and structure of my steam engine; that is done in my patent dated February 14th, 1804, and the principles, plan and description I have published to the world, and many of my engines are in daily use for variout purposes, in different parts of the United States. used. J. P. D. MUHLENBERG, Philadelphia, se. 1813. OLIVER EVANS. And further to increase the power of my engines, to make them still more suitable for the two purposes, I have discovered, that the quantity of steain generated is in proportion to the quantity of fuel consumed, and that the quantum of power exerted by the engine is as the steam generated in a given time; and that the less Witness,the quantity of air used to kindle the fire, une less heat is carried off by smoke and the greater the effect of the fuel. Therefore, I construct air bellows or any other means to be wrought by my engine, or otherwise, when necessary, to blow many small streams of air, with rapid current on the burning fuel in the furnace, to increase the fire and consumption of the fuel in a given time, and thus greatly to increase the power and motion of myengine,and the vel ity of the boat, say from 6 to 12 uile: per hour, or of the carriage, say from 15 to 20 miles, more or less, per hour. The resistance of wand says,that the main governing principles and forms, and arrange ter being about eight hundred times the resistance of the air. The velocity of carriages on smooth level roads or railways, will greatly exceed that of boats in water. To lessen the expenditure of water in my engines, I have discovered that steam can be condensed by pressure in a mictal vessei: the heat escapes through the pores of the vessel into the air, or a small quantity of water may be used to carry the heat more rapidly in the state of steam from the condensing vessel. Personally appeared before me, John Barker, Esq. mayor of the said city, Oliver Evans, of the elty of Phils i Iphia, a citizen of the United States, who being duly, aliraed according to law, declares. meets,of the improvements herein by Lam specified,were discovered and invented by in.in part.as cariy as the year 1773 o 1774, aur in whole, between the years1772 and 1786; that ever since the year1786, he has been anxiously endeavoring occasionally, as appeared to offer, to communicate his discovery to others, to induce them to aid in carrying the improvements into full effect and operation; that he has published the principles in his book, The Young SteamEagineer's Guide,' in 1805; that for want of the aid necessary to Therefore, I discharge the steam from my engine in some cases, put in operation so expensive works, he could not progress faster into a tight tube or vessel of metal, or passed to the air, or to wathan has done, without danger of injury to himself. That he has ter, or to both at the same time, to be condensed and returned to succeeded in getting his improved steam-engine applied to turn, the boiler again. This enables me to work my engine a long time mills, and in one instance, to propel a mat; that he is now building without a supply of water, and to carry but little water. a steam boat on bis improved pian, at Pittsburgh, to navigate the Mississippi; that he verily believes that he is the true and original officer wanted men, he had nothing else to do thats inventor or discoverer of the improvements herein by him speciti-seize the requisite number of Americans; less cere ed, for which he intends to solicit letters patent. OLIVER EVANS. Affirmed to on the day and year above mentioned, before me, The prospect of Peace. moniously than they used to catch negroes in Africa -for there they generally made some acknowlegment to the prince for his connivance. This was the true spirit of British impressment, unembellished. The whole body of the American people, have. at all times and on all occasions maintained the It is now perfectly understood that Messrs. Galla-illegality of these orders in council, as well as retin and Bayard are to proceed to St. Petersburgh, to prehended the practice of impressment; but some meet a delegation from Great Britain, to discuss were willing to suffer their continuance in the prepropositions for peace, to be made through a common sent troubled state of the world, rather than enter friend, the emperor Alexander. It is further stated on scenes more distressing; as they believed a war that Mr. Bayard will, eventually, proceed to Eng-would produce. land, as minister plenipotentiary of the U. States. But war has been declared with a special view te They are speedily to take their departure in the ship redress those particular wrongs, and a treaty must Ne tune, of Philadelphia, purchased for the pur- be made before peace can be restored, and that pose of carrying them out. treaty must establish the principle of maritime law, It is to us indubitable that the mediation of Rus- with the practice of impressment. There is no alter sia has been offered at the instigation of the enemy native-no backing out. What we have considered The promptness with which it was accepted, and abuses, must hereafter become laws, or be abandon, acted upon, is a sure guarantee of the sincere de-ed. I much question if the greatest peace man it. sire of our government for h nest peace. We also the land, the most sincere quaker or harmless believe that this negociation will terminate honora-tunkard, would fix the law according to British bly, and establish our just claims on a high and no- practice, not lawful even according to her own laws. ble basis-PARTICULARLY SO, IF WE ASSIST THE MIS-Either of them might have refused to declare war; SION BY GIVING ALL POSSIBLE ENERGY TO THE WAR: but neither, war being declared, would sign a a kind of reasoning that Great Britain chiefly at-peace to sanction the violence complained of. Here tends to, separated from the distresses of her own is the stopping place: the ne plus ultra. If England subjects at home. shall abandon her unjust pretensions, all America Decatur's toast, or Porter's motto, forms the sure will form a "peace party"-without such abandonground work on which our ministers will negociate-ment, there is no decent man of any party, a real "FREE TRADE AND NO IMPRESSMENT," or, "FREE TRADE royal British party excepted (if such there be) that AND SAILORS' RIGHTS," being synonimous : Brief sum-will give his name to infamy by signing a treaty; maries of the inestimable things contended for.-unless, indeed, it shall be concluded to dissolve the Without a recognition of their principles, I verily American republic, and come under the immediate believe there is no American, of any standing, in government of England, as before the revolution.§ either party, that would put his hand to paper to I do not mingle much in political discussions. My sign a treaty of peace. This is a broad assertion, time is too closely occupied within doors to hear or and some warm and hasty partizans may think it a deliver long orations without. But when I notice a wild one; but from the following train of reasons person railing at the government for not giving peace and facts, it appears to be just. The United States went to war, mainly, to resist Messrs. Bayard of Delaware, and Wolcott of the principle of the British orders in council,as well as New-York, are justly consicered as leading men of their practice; and to repel that abomination of abo- what is called the "federal party," being the one minations, the impressment of their seamen in opposition to the present administration. The The principle of the orders in council was even following extract from a speech of the former demore alarming than their practice. Let it be recol-livered in the senate of the United States about two lected that they established a TRIBUTE, tax or years ago, plainly shews his view of the existing duty on all our articles of export and import, and re-state of things-Mr. Wolcott's toast in not less dequired that American vessels should stop at British cisive, as far as it goes ports for its payment; which being done they might "Great Britain has furnished us causes of war, proceed to "blockaded" places, or come home un- and done enough to provoke it. She has given laws molested. For this tariff, see WEEKLY REGISTER, to the ocean, promotive of her own interest, devol: 3, page 78. There were other features in the structive to our rights. She has taken from us by orders in council nearly as offensive as this-in fine, violence the colonial trade, and by the arbitrary exthey changed, or rather prostrated, the whole code tension of the principles of blockade, leaves us & of maritime law, substituting power, in all cases, for commerce with Europe held by the miserable te justice.* nure of her good will. Our seamen she wantonly The practice of impressing seamen has been solemn-takes and scourges them upon the guns of her men ly protested against by every administration of the of war, if they refuse to enter into her service. Her United States. See the documents, WEEKLY REGIS-conduct on these subjects, or any one of them is TER, vol. 2, page 385. It had increased to a shock-cause enough of war. ing extent. In the very nature of evil, it was daily Mr. BAYARD's speech in 1810. growing worse and worse. It was impossible to bear A dinner was given in New-York on the 192d it longer without a virtual surrender of the indepen-anniversary of the landing of the first settlers dence of the United States; and with it, the best in New England.-Commodore Decatur and capprivilege of man, in the security of his person. It tain Hull graced the festival.--Mr. Oliver Wolhad arrived at this point, that whenever a British cott, who was president of the meeting, gave the following just and appropriate toast: *The TRIBUTE, on a common size ship's cargo] of tobacco, amounted to $12,965-of flour to 8,525-verance, fidelity and patriotism entitle them to the "The seamen of the United States: whose perse. of cotton 6,500-of fish 3,500, &c. The returns, confidence and protection of all just and honorable the product of the continent of Europe, were also men. May their personal rights be defended while as heavily taxed. See vol. 3, page 78. our country enjoys any rights worth defending." to the people, I simply ask him, “would you make a for his goods. But what is the trade to and from treaty that shall not provide for the safety of our sea- Russia in comparison with that of the United States, men on the self same principle that Great Britain main-which formerly received one third of the British extains in regard to hers, native or naturalized? Would port? What is it compared with that valuable comTo admit that by mere proclamation, as was contend-merce to South America and the West-Indies, jeopar ed for by the orders in council, Great Britain may re-dised by the war, and rendered too expensive or danglete the trade of the world and lay an export duty on gerous to be prosecuted to advantage? It is "a drop your cotton, four, tobacco, fish, &c. which your own go-in the bucket;" and will only serve to tantalise the vernment is expressly prohibited by the constitution starving laborer. Besides, it is not probable that from dong "Never did I hear an affirmative to Russia will maintain her present high ground. either of those questions; though some have flown Few persons have an idea of the real condition of off to the insufficient manner in which the war has the laboring classes in Great Britain. The Ameri been conducted, &c. This being the case, I imme- can farmers and mechanics, who are accustomed to diately charge the person so "twisting" as a direct a constant belly ful of good and wholesome diet, cancause of its inefficiency, by withholding his counte-not easily suppose the extreme wants of the people nance and support of it-I have found this homespun of England. Be it observed, that three-fifths of the manner of proceeding, so conclusive, that I cannot laborers are paupers and a late London paper refrain from recommending it to my friends. says-that "the peasantry and manufacturers barely Of the universal sentiment in America, the Bri- keep soul and body together." Without metaphor, it tish administration is fully assured. They have on may be said, that the very hogs in the United States record the declarations of Washington, Adams, Jef-have more savoury food than British laborers. See ferson and Madison, on the subjects in controversy, the evidence before parliament. It is a certain fact w th the manly protesis of Pickering, Marshall, King, that thousands do perish for want of food, who are Munroe, Pinckney and others, filed in their archives. willing and able to earn the little pittance that mere They have not a single public paper that admits the necessity requires, but they cannot obtain the employlegality of impressment in the remotest degree; nor ment. The wretched sufferers are kept down by do they possess any thing, the pamphlets of their own large bodies of armed men; in the town of Manches making excepted, whereby to sustain the principle ter, for instance, 6000 soldiers are stationed for the of the orders in council. They know that our go- sole purpose of keeping the people from obtaining victuverament has resisted the iniquitous edicts at every als by force. These circumstances, with the astostep, and are duly informed that the merchants of nishing depreciation of the British paper money, Salem, Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, which daily falls in value, will lead the ministry to Norfolk, &c. of all parties, have warmly and pointed- justice, to prevent a greater calamity than the mere ly remonstrated against the very least of them. They loss of their places. must be certain that the whole population of the U. With these views, I feel confident that the embasStates is pledged against the practices they have pur-sy to Russia will have a happy conclusion, provided, sued, from beginning to end; and that those they we assist the negociation with a vigorous prosecution of themselves are pleased to call "their party in Ame- the war, by land and sea; the very expenditures of rica," will not, dare not, admit the legality of them; which, being among ourselves, will give great actifor, as before observed, a treaty must now be made, vity to business, and originate many important and those questions disposed of. branches of manufacture, as well as establish others, British Statistics-Paupers. Under a full bef that the U. States would not to the future safety of the United States; producdeclare war; and, perhaps, misled by the many who ing a salutary "HOME INFLUENCE" that will said "we could not be kicked into it," the British minis- keep at bay and counterbalance the mighty interest try strained and strained our patience, hoping it that Great Britain creates through the sale of her might yet endure a little and a little longer. When merchandize among us. war was declared, they could hardly believe it; they had not calculated upon it, nor were they fully certain of its existence until the capture of the Guerriere. Then, Sandy-like, their first thought was to get "bock agen;" and Russia, in alliance with them, and on the very best terms with the United States, presented a medium for the final relinquishment of practices that the minist knew were illegal, and of which they have always anticipated the abandonment, sooner or later. The very important document! we this day commence the publication of, shews the real cause why the orders in council were suspended (they are only suspended)-which was, to relieve their own people from the intollerable depression of their trade, by reason of the restrictive measures we had adopted; as is proved by a host of testimony. The late successes of Russia against France, (which have been made the most of in the British papers) like a rattle to a child, for a moment have diverted poor suffering John Bull from his miseries, in the hope of a vent +A Scotchman observing one of his neighbors creeping through the hedge for the purpose of robbing his orchard, called out, "where are ye ganging, Sandy?" "Bock agen, sir," said the fellow, retreating stern foremost. t See "Effects of the orders in council," &c. first page of the present number. The following table has been compiled with much care from good authorities; and, with the notes annexed, approaches, perhaps, very near the truth. For the chief facts were are indebted to Mr. Colquhoun and a work by Mr. Bristed; neither of whom are capable of exaggerating the number of the poor; the work of the latter being expressly designed to show the great resources and wonder. ful prosperity of the British empire; to do which, perhaps, he does not always tell “the whole truth." The reader will please to separate my remarks and observations from what is given as facts; and af. ford me what credit he pleases for their verity or strength. To form a general opinion of the proportionate number of paupers in the United States to their whole population, I respectfully solicit communications from overseers of the poor, and others, in all parts of the union. From what I do know, I think the assertion may be hazarded, that not more than one person in six hundred comes under this denomination, if the proportion is so great; and this includes the halt, the lame, and the blind, the aged and the infirm, and children under ten years old only; for no one able to earn a subsistence by la bor, lives on the poor rates, as there is no general want of employ. As to medicity, it is hardly known &c. in all, not less than three or four hundred thou in the United States; and the whole number of sand souls. In London,the mendicants and vagranis, those who live by begging, or promiscuous cha-in 1803, were officially reported to be 15,288-and rity, are probably less than 1000, children includ- the annual expence of the mendicants was estimated ed. This is a vague estimate; but a person may at £90,000 sterling-a sum more than equal to the travel for six months through this country with-support of the poor in any two of the largest states out meeting a regular beggar; avoiding a few of of the union. the southern towns, where the number is inconsi- The military and naval pensioners (or poor) are: derable. Ninety-nine hundred of them are fo- not included in the above-they appertain to the reigners, chiefly women given to intoxication, or Chelsea and Greenwich hospitals. We are not inthe children of such. formed of the number relieved by these institutions; it is probable they amount to 100,000; this is less than a fair proportion, but most of the soldiers and sailors are without families. The British are celebrated for their many hospitals to relieve the wounded and diseased, of all conditons; and they contain many thousand persons, not included in the class of paupers or pensioners. From a view of the facts presented, it certainly appears, that at least one person in five, of the inhabitants of England and Wales, are paupers; and that about one fifteenth of the remainder are relieved by the hospitals, and the thousand walks and contri. vances of mendicity. The poor rates in England and Wales were £700,000 popul.5,000,000 In 1685, 13,783 115,319 14 1700, 1751, 38,377 226,437 17 1776, Gloucester 36,904 250,809 15 1785, 1803, Huntingdon 4,746 37,568 13 42,707 373,371 16 1,338) 16,356 8 470,598 9,343,578 With such a mass of materials it is not surprizing that Great Britain obtains so many men for her army and navy-150,000 of the former are employ. ed to preserve the loyalty of their fellow-subjects; and the number must and will be increased as the wants of the people press upon them, as well of their own necessity inducing them to enlist as of the necessities of the people requring an augmenta tion of force to keep them down. The reverse of this situation is the cause of the difficulty which the United States have experienced in raising regular troops; and we rejoice in the fact, though regulars are wanted, not to keep down the people, but to put down the allied foreign enemy. If with such burthens Great Britain is able to raise by taxes and loans, for the support of govern ment, as it is called, $300,000,000 a year, cannot the people of the United States, at least half the appear that the average of paupers in Nottingham Regular paupers, one-fifth of sioners 2,051,456 100,000 Mendicants, vagrants, gypsies, 2,601,456 10,107,280 640,000 10,747,280 |