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grs., the congius contains 199.876921 cubic inches, and, consequently, its side is 5.8468 inch. But the side of the congius was half the Roman foot; hence the value of the Roman foot, as deduced from the congius, is 11.6936 inch. Though this result is very near the correct one, much reliance cannot be placed on this mode of arriving at it, in consequence of the weight of the ancient wine (80 libræ of which were contained in the congius) being unknown. But, as Rhemnius Fannius informs us that the ancients accounted no difference to exist in the specific gravities of wine and water, we have considered them equal, and supposed distilled water of maximum density to be of the same specific gravity with that employed by them, which was very probably pure rain-water. There remain two congii, of which the most celebrated was placed by Vespasian in the Capitol, as its inscription imports, and is commonly called the Farnesian; the other is preserved at Paris. These have been filled with water and weighed by Pætus, Villalpandus, Auzout, and others, who have hence sought to determine the libra and pes; but the results of their experiments are so much at variance as to render any inferences drawn from them objectionable.

(f) The last method we shall notice, and which leads to the most satisfactory conclusion, consists in the measurement of the ancient buildings now standing at Rome; and though many have ascertained the length of some single parts of them, yet no one has compared the measures of the principal parts with so much assiduity and success as Mr. Raper. Having carefully examined the work entitled " Les Edifices antiques de Rome," by M. Desgodetz, he very ingeniously deduced the value of the Roman foot from 65 dimensions .97075 ft. From this value of the pes, which is the one now generally adopted in Germany and France, are easily deduced all the measures of length. (See Tables I. and II.) The jugerum being 28800 pcd. quad., equals 27139 sq. ft. 2 roods, 19 poles, and 187 ft.; whence the superficial measures in Tables III., IV., and V. have been calculated. The amphora being the cube of the pes, equals 1580.75 cub. inch.; but as a cubic inch of distilled water at maximum density weighs 252.632 grs., and a gallon 10 lbs. avoirdupoise or 70,000 grs., the amphora equals 5 galls., 2 qts., 1.64 pts.; whence the Capacious measures in Tables VI. and VII. have been computed.

5. ROMAN WEIGHTS.

The unit of weight was originally denominated As, and subsequently Libra or As Libralis. It corresponded nearly with our Troy pound. Its multiples were Dupondius (2 pondo or libre), Sestertius (24 asses), Tressis (3 asses), Quatrussis, Quinquessis, and so on till Centussis. The term as, though properly applied to a piece of copper of the weight of a Roman pound, was extended not only to all the Roman measures expressing their units, but also denoted the entire amount of inheritances, interest, houses, farms, and all things which it was customary to divide; and reference being constantly made by authors to it and its subdivisions, it is important that they should be thoroughly understood. The following table exhibits the relations subsisting between the as and its several parts.

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The Romans made their weights of marble, iron, or brass. A few specimens of these are now extant, and have been weighed by Rome de l'Isle and Eisenschmid, whose results vary from 4900 to 5100 grs. Others have attempted the determination of the libra from the relation existing between it and the congius, the latter having been determined to contain 197.6 cub. inch. nearly. If we assume the weight of a cubic inch of water 253 grs., a congius of water would weigh 49992 grs., and the libra would equal 4999.2 grs.; but if we suppose a cubic inch of the Roman wine, which was employed in the adjustment of the libra and congius with regard to one another, to weigh 256 grs., the value of the libra would be 5058.5 grs. It is then evident that, from our ignorance of the specific gravity of the ancient wine, we can arrive at no more accurate conclusion with regard to the value of the libra from a knowledge of the exact dimensions of the congius, than from the weight of those rough specimens just noticed. This assertion may be substantiated by mentioning the valuations given by different metrologists, who have employed either the congius or the specimens as the basis of their calculations. Budæus makes the libra=5904 grs., Rome de l'Isle 4958, Auzout 5105, Eisenschmid 5097, Paucton 5175, and Arbuthnot 5245 grs. The mode of investigation founded on the hypothesis that the ancients exercised at least a tolerable degree of nicety in standarding their moneys, has been justly recommended as the most perfect we can employ. It con sists in ascertaining the value of the scrupulum, and hence that of the libra, from certain aurei which are extant, and which were coined of the weight of a certain number of scrupula, indicated by the stamp they bear. Letronne, whose accurate and laborious experiments on the ancient coins have entitled him to implicit reliance, from the weight of 54 aurei deduced the scrupulum-21.4 Par. grs. ; hence 288 scrupula or the libra 6163.2 Par. grs. We may safely put the Roman pound, as Letronne advises, 6160 Par. grs., since an error of the hundredth part of a grain in the value of the scrupulum just assigned would produce one of 2.88 grs. in that of the libra. The li bra then equals 6160 Par. grs.=5049.53 mint-pound grs.,* and the remaining weights are hence easily calculated. (See Tables VIII. and IX.)

6. ROMAN MONEYS.

Festus informs us that the Romans during the reign of Romulus had not established coined money as a medium of exchange, but used for this purpose leather, painted wood, and pieces of metal, the values of which were determined by weight. That Numa caused copper to be cut into rough pieces (ara rudia) of the weight of a libra, is asserted by some authors, while others are of opinion that leather, &c., were still used in the time of Numa, and that Servius Tullius first ordered round pieces of copper to be made, of a pound weight, called asses librales, with the images of cattle (pecudes) rudely sketched on them, and that hence the term pecunia was applied to money. Copper continued to be in general circulation till A.U.C. 485, when silver was first coined at Rome, though foreign coins of this metal had been previously introduced; the coinage of gold followed 62 years after. The temple of Juno Moneta was appropriated as the general depository of standards, and the coins were issued from it, having been previously inspected by Nummularii or

* The Paris grain equals .819729 mint-pound grs, or .820072 Troughton's grs.; since the French Kilogram equals 18827.15 Par. grs., 15433.159 mint-pound grs., or 15439.619 Troughton's grs. It may be here remarked, that we have employed the mint-pound grs. of Philadelphia, of which the mint-pound contains 7000, in assigning the values of the Greek and Roman weights, and those who wish to obtain them in Troughton's grs. can effect their object by multiplying those we have given by

drachm, prescribed by it; it was then considered, as we are informed by Corn. Celsus, as the of an uncia. But it gradually diminished in weight under the Cæsars (see Table XII.); and having subsequently regained its original weight, though with a considerable abasement of its purity, it continued to be the current silver money of the empire till Constantine substituted the miliarensis in its stead. Letronne having carefully weighed 1350 consular denarii, deduced the weight of the denarius=73 Par. grs.=59.84 mint-pound grs. Now its purity being 97, its value is easily calculated 8d. 2.17 far. 15 cts., 4.7 mills. (See Tables X. and XI.)

led 137 miliarenses, though it passed for 14.
The ratio of gold to silver during the republic and
the twelve Cæsars is given in Tab. XII.

assaymasters. The entire mint was under the general superintendence of three men, appointed by the people at the Comitia Tributa, denominated Triumviri Monetales. The Romans counted by asses, sestertii, denarii, and aurei. The as (originally assis, from aes), or assipondium, was at first libralis, and bore the impression of Janus geminus, or bifrons, on one side; on the reverse, the rostrum of a ship, and was at first, as we have noticed, libralis; but in the first Punic war, in consequence of the scarcity of money, the republic ordered asses to be struck weighing 2 unciæ, by which, as Pliny informs us, it gained and discharged its debt; it was subsequently reduced, when Hannibal invaded Italy, to the weight of an uncia, and The golden coins of Aurei were issued A.U.C. lastly by the Papirian law to that of a semiuncia; and 546, weighing 1 or more scrupula, the scrupulum of though this rapid diminution of its weight was required gold passing for 20 sestertii. Some few remain with by the necessities of the commonwealth, it would the numerals XX. and XXXX., which indicate their eventually have been accomplished by the increasing values to be respectively 20 and 40 sesterces. They abundance of silver and gold. The as thus reduced have the head of Mars and the numerals denoting was, in reference to its original weight, denominated their value on one side, and on the reverse an eagle libella, and the older coins are distinguished from it standing on a thunderbolt. Afterward it was thought by later writers when they speak of as grave. Be- proper to coin 40 aurei out of the pound, each valued sides the as, its subdivisions, viz., semisses, trientes, at 25 denarii; their mean weight is 125.62 grs. The quadrantes, sextantes, stipes unciales, semiuncia, and aureus gradually diminished in weight during the time sextula (the smallest of the Roman coins according to of the emperors (see Tab. XII.), till in Pliny's time 45 Varro), and its multiples, dupondii, quatrusses, and were struck out of the pound. The Emperor Severus decusses, were coined; specimens of which remain at coined semisses and tremisses of gold, whence the the present day, and are to be found in the most valu- aureus, being considered the integer, was denominated able collections of ancient coins. But those pieces Solidus. Soon after, the coinage, becoming irregular, less than the as which were most frequently coined, was entirely remodelled by Constantine, who coined were the semissis and quadrans, bearing the impress 72 solidi out of the pound, each weighing then 4 of a boat instead of the rostrum of a ship; the former scrupula or 70.13 grs., and made the pound of gold was also named sembella (quasi semilibella), the lat-equal to 1000 miliarenses; so that the solidus equalter teruncius. The sestertius, quinarius, and denarius were silver coins, and called bigati or quadrigati, from the impression of a chariot drawn by two or four horses, which they bore on one side, that on the reverse being the head of Roma with a helmet. The sestertius (or semistertius) was so called by a figure borrowed from the Greeks, and equalled 2 asses; its symbol is H. S., abbreviated from L. L. S., the initials of libra, libra, semis. The sestertium, or 1000 sestertii, was expressed by the symbol HS; it was not a coin, but was employed by the Romans, together with the sestertius, in computing large sums of money. Their method of notation was effected by The unit of linear measure adopted by the Greeks combining the symbols with their numeral characters; was the foot (IIous), of which the daxrukoç, or finger's thus HS. MC. indicates 1100 sestertii; but if the breadth, was, and the rahatorn, or palm, 1. The numerals have a line over them, centena millia or latter was also understood by doxun, from dérouai, “to 100,000 is understood; thus HS. MC. means 110 receive," by the compound term daxrvλodoxμn, and by millions of sestertii. When the numerals are separ- of the latter terin to this measure is commonly exSupov, which properly signifies a gift; the application ated by points into two or three orders, the 1st on the right hand denotes units, the 2d, thousands, the plained by the fact, that the palm of the hand is natu3d, hundred thousands; thus, III. XII. DC. HS. de- rally extended in receiving a gift. Endauń, or span, notes 300,000+12,000+600-312600 sesterti. The equals 12 dákrvλot, and is defined by Hesychius to following illustration may be also added. Pliny says, that of the little finger, when the hand is opened with be the distance from the extremity of the thumb to that seven years before the first Punic war there were in the Roman Treasury "auri pondo XVI. DCCCX.; a view of grasping or measuring any object. The diargenti pondo XXII. LXX.; et in numerato LXII. visions of the Tоuç, more rarely employed, are kovduLXXV. CCCC." (33, 3); that is, 16.810 pounds 20s, dixás, hixas, and oplodwpov; the first being 2 of gold, 22,070 pounds of silver, and 6,275,400 sesδάκτυλοι, and the second } πους, hence entitled by tertii of ready money. The quinarius was equal to 5 Theophrastus ἡμπόδιον. The λιχάς was 10 δάκτυ asses, and marked V; by the Clodian law it was im-201, and the op@ódwpov, being the length of the hand pressed with the figure of Victory, and hence called Victoriatus. The denarius, at its first institution, equalled 10 asses, and was stamped with the numeral X or But when the Romans were pressed by Har nibal, A.U.C. 537, the as having been made uncialis, the denarius passed for 16 asses, the quinarius for 8, and the sestertius for 4; and when the as was made semiuncialis the same proportion was retained, except in the payment of the soldiers, with whom the denarius preserved its original value. The denarius was not used as a weight until the Greek physicians came to Rome, who, finding it nearly equal to their

The Grecian measures, weights, and coins, being well known to the Romans, were mostly determined by them to have some definite relation to their own; so that they will oppose less difficulties in assigning their values.

7. GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.

from the wrist to the extremity of the middle finger,
equalled 11 dúkruλot. Pollux (lib. 2), from whom the
previous definitions have been derived, informs us that
πυγμή=18 δάκτυλοι, was the distance from the elbow
to the extremity of the metacarpal bone of the middle
finger, while that reckoned to the extremity of its first
phalanx was Tuyúv=20 dúkruλot, and that x=24
dúκTuhot, was the cubit, or the distance from the el-
bow to the extremity of the middle finger. The
then contained 14 πόδες. The βῆμα Was 21 πόδες, and
thus corresponded to the pes sestertius of the Romans.
It was employed by the people at large as the unit
of distance, whence ẞnuarioraí mean measurers of

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roads. "Opyvia, or fathom, from opeyw," to extend," | of horn; and upopeus, from dμpipopɛús, receiving its is the distance from the hands, when the arms are name from the two handles by which it was carried. raised and extended, measured along the breast, and Another synonyme was σταμνίον (“ κεράμιον τοῦ οἴνου equals 6 módεs; hence it has received from Herodo-vdaroç oтauviov," Hesychius.) From the verses of tus the epithets τετράπηχυς and ἐξαπόδης. The Rhemnius Fannius,

measure from which the Romans probably borrowed" Attica præterea dicenda est amphora nobis
their decempeda was ἄκαινα or κάλαμος=10 πόδες ;
six of these constituted the "Aura, which, together
with the Théopov 100 пódec, and the kúλaμos, was
used principally in the measurement of lands. The
most ancient itinerary measure of the Greeks was the
Orádiov, which appears to have had a very rude ori-
gin. It is said to have been the invention of Hercu-
les, whose athletic exertion it exhibited, since it com-
prehended the distance which he was able to run with-
out taking breath. Isidorus informs us that it took
its name from lornu, “to stand," and assigns as a
reason, "quod in fine respirasset simulque stetisset."
It was established as the measure of the length of the
avλóc, or foot-course, at the Olympic games; and from
the respect in which these exercises were held, it be-
came an itinerary measure. This distance, the hero
who instituted it measured by the length of his foot,
which he found equal to one six hundredth part of the
course. Censorinus and M. Gossellin have endeav-
oured to show that there were different stadia em-
ployed among the Greeks, but their remarks have
been completely refuted by Wurm. 'ITTIKOV, or the
distance a horse could run," sub uno spiritu," equals 4
orádia, and Aóλxoç has been variously assumed as 6,
7, 8, and even 24 orádia, but more correctly as 12.
Those linear measures which were known to the
Greeks by their intercourse with other nations, were
Mikov, or the Roman mile 8 oтúdia; Пapaoáy-
γης=30 στάδια, according to Herodotus (2, 6) and
Xenophon (Anab., 5, 7), though Strabo makes it, in
different places, 40 and 60 orádia; and Exoivos, an
Egyptian measure, whose value is differently assigned
to be 60, 40, and 32 orádia.

8. DETERMINATION OF THE GREEK FOOT. There are two methods of investigating the value of the rous proposed to us: the first consists in its determination by its ratio to the Roman foot; the second, by means of the public edifices of the Greeks which are yet standing.

2

Seu cadus; hunc facies, si nostræ addideris urnam," it appears that the μerpnτns=1 amphora=8 galls., qts., 0.46 pts. It contained 12 xovs, 72 §éorat, and 144 korúλa; and, by comparing the Roman and Greek capacious measures, we will perceive that the youç corresponded in value to the congius, éorns to sextarius, and KoTvλn to hemina. Certain festivals at Athens were called xóes, because, according to Suidas, every man had a youç of wine given him, and, as Athenæus declares, because Demophoön, king of Athens, offered a sweetcake, and Dionysius the tyrant a crown of gold, as a prize to the first person who drank a youç of wine. KOTÚλn derived its name from its cavity, and Galen mentions, that the korúλŋ and hemina were applied by the ancient physicians to the same use with the modern graduated glasses of our apothecaries, being vessels of horn, of rectangular or cylindrical shape, divided on the outside, by means of lines, into 12 parts, which they called ounces of measure (ovyyiai μeтpikai), and corresponded to a certain number of ounces by weight (ovyyiaι oralμikai). Now the hemina, being the amphora, weighed, when filled with wine, 10 uncia, so that the account of Galen is involved in doubt, inasmuch as the ounce by measure was hence of that by weight. Τέταρτον, ὀξύβαφον, and κύαθος were respectively equal to the quartarius, acetabulum, and cyathus of the Romans. The remaining measures are κόγχη, μύστρον, χήμη, and κοχλιάριον, concerning which authors are slightly at variance. Cleopatra makes a greater and less koyx7, the greater being the same with the bğúbapov, the lessxvados; while Pliny (12, 25) makes the kóyxn a determinate measure. Μύστρον οι μύστλον was borrowed, as its name imports, from the shell of the sea-mouse, and was of two kinds: the less and more common beingκúalos, the greater of the KOTÚλn. Xhun, derived also from some shellfish, was divided into the greater or rustic,

of

KOTÚλn; and the less, or that used by physicians, 30 KоTúλη. Koxλiúpiov was equal to χήμη.

1. All authors agree that the ratio subsisting between the Roman and Greek foot is 24: 25, as might also be inferred from the value the Greeks assigned in the measurement of grain was Médiuvos-6 modi. 2. For things dry.-The largest measure employed το μίλιον, which we have mentioned was 8 στάδια Its divisions were τρίτος, ἔκτος, and ἡμίεκτον ; and 4800 modes=5000 pedes. Now the Roman foot hav-it contained 48 xoivikes; so that the xoivis equalled ing been determined .97075 ft., the value of the 4 KOTÚλat. The remaining measures were the same with the liquid measures. (See Tab. XVI. and XVII.)

Greek foot hence deduced is 1.0111812 ft.

2. Mr. Stuart, who examined the temples remain ing at Athens, found the average ratio of the Greek to the Roman foot to be 25.04: 24. (Quarterly Review, No. 10, p. 280.) The Greek foot would hence

1.0128168 ft.

The mean of these two values is 1.011999 ft. We prefer, however, adopting Wurm's determination, who has examined Mr. Stuart's measurements with great accuracy, and has equalled the Greek foot to 136.65 Par. lin. 1.01146 ft. (See Tab. XIII. and XIV.)

9. GRECIAN MEASURES OF EXTENT.

11. GRECIAN WEIGHTS.

20í. 'Obohóc equalled, according to Pollux, 8 xaλkoi, The unit of weight was dpaxun or drachm=6 660though Pliny makes the 6602ós=10, and Suidas =6 and the χαλκός, on the authority of Suidas =7 λέπτα; xaλkoí. The Romans translated xaλkóç areolus, and

enrov minuta or minutia. Though Rhemnius Fannius asserts that the Greeks used no weights less than the b60λós, the physicians employed some smaller, viz., Kɛρáτιov, equal to the siliqua of the Romans, The unit of extent was 'Apovpa, being a square uncia, and oirápiov, or grain, = siliqua. whose side is 50 módeç; it was divided into sixths and twelfths, respectively called ExTot and huiɛKTOL. The πλέθρον contained 4 άρουραι, and is the measure most frequently mentioned in the superficial measurements of lands. The values and relations of the othArs are exhibited in Table XV.

10. GRECIAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 1. For Liquids.-The greatest liquid measure was Μτρητής, which was also called κάδος, from χαδεῖν, " contain ;" κepúμov, probably from its being made

The multiples of the ponderal unit, or the weights greater than the dpaxun, were the uva or mina=100, and τάλαντον=6000 δραχμαί. From libra, the later Greeks derived their Airpa, which, in imitation of the Romans, they divided into 12 ovyyía; the ráhavroV being, according to Livy (38, 38), 80 libræ, the libra=75 dpaxual, and the dpaxun libra=67.327 grs.; which result differs very little from that assigned by Wurm. Considering that a more correct value of the δραχμή might be obtained from the coins extant, he has followed the determinations of Letronne, and

1416

MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEYS OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.

assumed it=821 Par. grs.=67.3349 grs. The values of the remaining weights are easily calculated, and may be seen in Tables XVIII. and XIX.

12. GRECIAN COINS.

pov, which, were it a coin, must have been very large. Apaxun quasi dpayun, is interpreted a handful of 6 660λol, which were equal to it in value; it was employed in the computations of the Greeks, as the sestertius was by the Romans, Plutarch affording us many examples. The dpaxun varied in different countries determining the ráλavrov of corresponding variation; that of Egina was called maxɛia, since it equalled 1 Attic drachms, in contradistinction to the Attic, called λeπrý.

It is a matter of doubt when the Greeks commenced the coinage of metallic ores. The Oxonian marbles render it apparent that Phido, king of the Argives, about 700 B.C. struck some silver pieces, and there yet remain many Macedonian coins purporting to be struck five centuries B.C. Of all the Greek cities, There is mention made of the ẞous, a coin so called Athens was most celebrated for the fineness of her sil- from the stamp of an ox with which it was impressed, ver, and the justness of its weight; and Xenophon reputed equal to the didpaxμov, and coined of gold mentions, that wherever Attic silver was carried, it and silver. This was perhaps one of the most ancient sold to advantage. Indeed, their money deserves our Greek coins, being known to Homer, if we credit the particular attention, since we have unexceptionable testimony of Julius Pollux, and to it that immortal evidence of its standard weight, and since it furnishes bard is supposed to allude when he sings of Glaucus us with the knowledge we possess of the moneys of changing his golden armour, worth 100 Boer, for the the other Greek cities. Copper was not coined till brazen one of Diomede. The Teтpádрaxμov, or silver the 26th year of the Peloponnesian war, when Callias orarńp, appears to have been the coin most generally was a second time archon. It was soon after publicly in use among the Greeks. Livy informs us, that becried down by a proclamation, which declared silver tween the years 564 and 566 A.U.C. there were the lawful money of Athens; it, however, was shortly brought to Rome by M. Fulvius 118,000, by M. Acilafter again introduced. The common opinion, that ius 113,000, by L. A. Regillus 34,700, and by Scipio the Athenians coined gold, is considered by some to Asiaticus 22,400 тεтрádраxμа. So many specimens be without sufficient authority. That they had no of them remain, that they are to be found at the presgold coin at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, ent day in almost every collection. Letronne having appears from the account given by Pliny of the treas- accurately examined 500 of them, and arranged them ure amassed in the Acropolis, which consisted of sil- according to the centuries in which they were struck, ver in coin, and gold and silver in bullion. Athenæus deduced the mean weight of the old Attic dpaxuń, tells us that gold was very sparingly circulated in coined two centuries and more B.C., =82 Par. Greece, until the Phocians despoiled and plundered grs. 67.3349 grs.; and its purity being .97, its value the temple at Delphi. But the gold-mines in the is 9d. 2.85 far,, or 17 cts. 5.93 mills Federal currenneighbourhood of Philippi were so improved by Philip cy. The latter Attic dpaxun was also found=77 of Macedon as to yield 1000 talents yearly, from Par. grs.-63.236 grs.; and its value thereby deterwhich were struck the Philippics. When Greece be- mined is 9d. 0.487 far., or 16 cts. 5.22 mills. The came subject to the Romans, the standard of the con-Xpvoovs, or golden orario, weighed 2, and was valquerors was introduced, and there remain some gold ued at 20 Spaxuaí; golden pieces were coined of coins which were struck subsequently to this event, double and half its weight; and though no Attic staters of the weight of the aureus; one of these is preserved remain at the present day, there have been preserved in the British Museum, which, though a little worn, some darics and Philippics, whose purity is very rebears the evidence of elegant workmanship: its im-markable, being .979. The ratio of gold and silver press on one side is the head of Minerva, and on the varied at different periods. Herodotus estimates it as other an owl and oil-bottle, with the inscription AOH, 13 to 1; in the dialogue of Hipparchus, commonly asNH, the last two letters being placed under the oil-cribed to Plato, it is 12 to 1; and Lysias, the orator, bottle. The Persian daric seems to have been the assumes it as 10 to 1, which last ratio was preserved gold coin best known at Athens when in her lofty state without alteration. of independence, and was called orario, probably beThe Mina (My), according to Plutarch, equalled 75 cause it was originally the standard by which the Spaxuaí, till the time of Solon, who made it contain Spaxun was adjusted; and subsequently the Philippics 100. The Attic talent of silver equalled 60 mine; were standarded by means of the daric or the drachma. that of Egina, which was current at Corinth, was The Greeks counted by means of ráhavṛa, μvai, TET- 100; and the Attic talent of gold was 600 minæ, acpúdρaxua, and dpaxuai, and their method of standard-cording to the proportion of gold and silver just preing excelled the Roman in point of ease and convenience, since their coins were weights also.

The brazen coins were Χαλκους=ὶ ὀβολός; and λέπτον=: Χαλκοῦς. The ὀβολός was so called, because, previously to the introduction of coined money, it was in the form of a small spit. The silver coins referring to the obohóc are, TeTpóbоλov, τριóbоλov, dióboλov, hμiobónov, and díxaλkov; but those are most celebrated which refer to the dpaxun, viz., δίδραχμον, τρίδραχμον, τετράδραχμον. Rome de l'Isle mentions a Greek coin of silver, 11 dpaxuaí, and Plato and Julius Pollux speak of the Evтηкоvтádрax

mised. For the values of the different coins, see Tables XX. and XXI.

NOTE. The method of calculating the value of the old Attie drachm is as follows: Its weight being 67.3349 mint-pound grs., 65.3148 mt. pd. grs., or 65.3422 Tr. grs. of pure silver. Now or 67.3631 Troughton's grs., and its purity being .97, it contains 371.25 mt. pd. grs. of pure silver being coined into 100 ets., and 5328 Tr. grs. of pure silver being coined into 792d. (see Pres. Adams's Report), the value of the old Attic drachm is hence determined in the Federal and Sterling currencies. In a similar manner, the values of the less Attic drachm and of the denarius have been calculated

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