and Asia. Having been sent after this into Gaul and ger of Caligula, for avoiding to obey that monarch's Germany, Agrippa performed there the most important order, requiring his statue to be set up and adored in services, and gained many victories, but declined, on the very sanctuary of the temple of Jerusalem, when his return, the honours of a triumph. He governed, the assassination of Caligula saved him. Claudius faafter this, the provinces of the east for the space of voured him, and not only confirmed all the gifts which four years, and on his return to Rome was reinvested Caligula had bestowed upon him, but even made his with tribunitian power for five years longer. At length, kingdom as extensive as it had been under Herod the on coming back from an expedition against the Pan- Great. Having returned home, he offended his Jewnonians, he was attacked by a fever, of which he soon ish subjects by his Roman tastes and innovations, died, in the 51st year of his age, B.C. 12. His death but soon after found means to please them by was the signal for universal mourning, so much had he persecution of the Christians. His end was a painful endeared himself to all by his excellent qualities, and one. Being at Cæsarea with his court, for the purpose his body was placed in the tomb which Augustus had of celebrating games in honour of Claudius, he was caused to be prepared for himself. He had been mar-publicly addressed by some deputies from Tyre and ried three times to Pompeia, daughter of Atticus; to Sidon, who came to sue for some favour. These depuMarcella, daughter of Octavia; and to Julia, by which ties, and the other vile flatterers who were present, cried last he had five children, Caius and Lucius Cæsares, out that his voice was that of a god, not of a man; and Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina, and Julia. Agrippa almost at the same moment Herod was attacked by employed his noble fortune in the embellishment of a disorder of the stomach (koiλías úλynua), which, afRome, where, among other magnificent edifices, he ter five days of extreme suffering, put an end to his erected the famous Pantheon, the present Rotunda. existence, in the 54th year of his age, and the seventh (Suet., Vit. Aug.-Plut., Vit. Ant., 67, 88.)-II. Caius of his reign. (Josephus, Antiq. Jud., 18, 5, seqq.)→→→→ Cæsar, son of Agrippa and Julia, was adopted, togeth- VI. A son of the preceding, named also Herod Agrippa. er with his two brothers Lucius and Posthumus, by He was only 17 years of age when his father died, and, the Emperor Augustus. He was still in his boyhood as he was deemed too young to reign, Judæa again bewhen the Roman people, by an excess of flattery, came a Roman province. However, on the death of named him and his brother Lucius, Principes Juventutis, his uncle Herod, king of Chalcis, he obtained the suand bestowed upon them also the title of consuls elect. perintendence of the temple, the privilege of naming (Tac., Ann., 1, 3.-Consult Lips., ad loc.) From the the high-priest, and eventually the kingdom of Chalcis. language of Dio Cassius (55, 9), it would seem that in At the commencement of the revolt, which proved so early life they were both somewhat dissolute and petu- fatal to the Jewish nation, he was driven from Jerusalant. Having been sent at a subsequent period to the lem, and was present with Titus at the siege and capArmenian war, he was enticed to a conference by ture of that city. He afterward went to Rome with Addo, governor of Artagera, and treacherously wound-his sister Berenice, and died there at the age of about ed. He died of this wound, as he was on his return 70 years. He was the last of the race of Herod that to Italy, in Limyra, a city of Lycia. (Zonaras, p. 539. bore the title of king. It was before this Agrippa and -Vell. Paterc., 2, 102.-Lips., ad Vell., l. c.)-III. the Roman governor Festus that St. Paul made his Lucius Cæsar, brother of the preceding, and son of memorable defence. (Josephus, Bell. Jud., 2, 12, seqq. Vipsanius Agrippa. He was adopted along with his-Tac., Hist., 2, 81.)-VII. Menenius. (Vid. Menetwo brothers by Augustus, and, like Caius, received nius Agrippa.) in boyhood the title of Princeps Juventutis and consul AGRIPPINA, I. daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, elect. He died suddenly at Massilia, while proceed-by Julia, and grand-daughter of Augustus. She maring to join the army in Spain. Tacitus appears to ried Germanicus, and made him the father of nine chilhint at his death's having probably been occasioned by dren, among others of Caligula, and Agrippina the the arts of the empress Livia, in order to clear the way mother of Nero. Her attachment to her husband, and to the throne for her son Tiberius. (Ann., 1,3.)—IV. her high and inflexible spirit, soon excited against her M. Posthumus, brother of the preceding two, and the hatred of Livia and Tiberius; and the courage and called Posthumus, because born after his father's death. energy which she displayed on several occasions, when He was adopted, together with his brothers, by Au- with the forces of her husband in Pannonia and along gustus; but was soon after exiled through the intrigues the Rhine, could not but prove displeasing to both the of Livia and Tiberius, having been falsely charged mother and her son. Tiberius, in fact, then on the with speaking ill of the emperor. He was about to be throne, suspected or pretended to suspect her of ambirecalled, after seven years' banishment, when Livia and tious views, and the infamous Sejanus, his prime minTiberius, fearing lest he might be nominated by Au- ister, did everything to make her odious to him. gustus as his successor, caused him to be assassinated, When Germanicus departed for the east, Agrippina at the age of 26. Historians represent him as of a accompanied him, and after he had died at Antioch, of gloomy and ferocious spirit. (Tac., Ann., 1, 3, &c.) poison, as was generally supposed, she brought home -V. Herodes, a son of Aristobulus, grandson of the his ashes in an urn, amid universal sorrow, and, proGreat Herod. He was brought up at Rome with Dru-ceeding to the Capitol, demanded justice against Piso, sus the son of Tiberius; but, having reduced himself to penury by his profusion, he, upon the death of Drusus, retired to Judæa. After having lived here for some time in great misery, he returned to Rome, and attached himself to the young prince Caligula; but, having offended Tiberius by some unguarded expressions, in which he had uttered the wish that the emperor might soon end his existence, he was thrown into prison, and loaded with chains. When Caligula ascended the throne, he was immediately released from prison, and received a chain of gold as heavy as that which had lately confined him, together with the title of king, and two tetrarchies attached to it. He afterward obtained the tetrarchy and all the treasures of Herod Antipas, having accused him of taking part in the conspiracy of Sejanus, and caused him to be banished. He was afterward in imminent danger of incurring the an

his alleged murderer. Tiberius, jealous of the popular favour that continually attended her, treated her with constant and increasing harshness, and at last had her banished, by a pliant and corrupt senate, to the island of Pandataria, off the coast of Campania, where she remained four years, and died at last either by voluntary starvation, or having been refused all nourishment by the orders of Tiberius. (Tac., Ann., 1, 2, &c.— Šuet., Vit. Tib., 52, &c.)—II. Daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the chief town of the Ubii (afterward Colonia Agrippina), on the banks of the Rhine. She was only 14 years of age when Tiberius gave her in marriage to Cn. Domitius Ænobarbus, by whom she became the mother of Nero. After the death of Domitius, Agrippina led a scandalous life, and was banished by Caligula, though not from any love of virtue on his part. When Caligula was cut

off, and Claudius, her uncle, had ascended the throne, | offered up by Miltiades, and the number of annual vicAgrippina was recalled, and continued to exercise the tims 300.-II. The name Agrotera ('Ayporépa) is also most unbounded influence over the feeble emperor, sometimes applied to Diana herself. In this usage it until finally she was united to him in marriage with is equivalent to kʊvnyetikń, Onpevtikń, “the hunthe consent of the senate. Her son Nero was now tress." Its primitive meaning, however, is the same adopted by Claudius, and the accession of the former as opeia, "she that frequents the mountains." was soon facilitated by the poisoning of the latter. On (Compare Heyne, ad Hom., Il., 21, 471.) the attainment of Nero to the empire, Agrippina gave loose to all her worst passions, and especially to the gratification of her vengeance against numerous individuals, who interfered more or less with her ambitious views, but was at length checked in her career by her own son Nero, after she had adopted the most infamous means for preserving her authority over him, and she was assassinated in her bed by his orders. Agrippina was put to death A.D. 59. She is said to have left behind her memoirs of her own times, of which Tacitus availed himself in the composition of his Annals. (Tac., Ann., 4, 75.-Id. ib., 12, 7, &c.-Suet., Vit. Ner.)-III. COLONIA, originally the chief town of the Ubii, on the banks of the Rhine. Here Agrippina, daughter of Vipsanius Agrippa, was born; and when, in after life, she attained to power, a military colony was planted here by her orders, and what before this was called Ubiorum Oppidum, now became Colonia Agrippina. It answers to the modern Koln or Cologne. (Tac., Ann., 12, 27.)

AGYIEUS, an appellation given to Apollo. The term is of Greek origin ('Ayvievs), and, if the common derivation be correct, denotes "the guardian deity of streets" (from ȧyviá, “a street"), it being the custom at Athens to erect small conical cippi, in honour of Apollo, in the vestibules and before the doors of their houses. Here he was invoked as the Averter of evil (veòç añотрóñalos, “Deus averruncus"), and the worship here offered him consisted in burning perfumes before these pillars, in adorning them with myrtle garlands, hanging fillets upon them, &c. We must not suppose, however, that this rustom originated in Athens. It appears to have been borrowed from the Dorians, and introduced into this city in obedience to an oracle. (Schol., in Aristoph Vesp., 870.-Pausan., 8, 53.-Müller, Gesch. Hellen. Stämme, &c., vol. 2, p. 299, seqq.) As respects the pillars erected at Athens, the ancients seem to have been at a loss whether to regard them as altars, or as a species of statues. (Compare, on this point, the scholiast on Aristophanes, Vesp., 870, and Thesm., 496.-Harpocration, s. v.-Suidas, s. v.-Helladius, ap. Phot., cod., 279, vol. 2, p. 535, ed. Bekker.Plautus, Merc., 4, 1, 9.-Zoega, de Obeliscis, p. 210.) Müller states, that this emblem of Apollo appears on coins of Apollonia in Epirus, Aptera in Crete, Megara, Byzantium, Oricum, Ambracia, &c. (Müller, Gesch. Hellen. Stämme, l. c.)

AGYLLA. Vid. Cære.

AGRIUS, I. son of Parthaon, drove his brother Eneus from the throne, in Etolia. He was afterward expelled by Diomedes, the grandson of Eneus, on his return from the Trojan war, upon which he killed himself. (Hygin., fab., 175.)-II. The father of Thersites. (Ovid, ex Pont., 3, el. 9, 9.)-The old reading was Accius. (Consult Heinsius, ad loc.)-In the mythic history of the Greeks we find several Agrii, and in almost all, the allusion appears to be a symbolical one. Thus, for example, in the case of the AGYRIUM, a city of Sicily, northeast of Enna, and one first mentioned, Agrius is the "Wild man," the in the vicinity of the river Symæthus. It would seem "Man of the fields," while Eneus, on the other hand, to have been one of the oldest settlements of the Sicis the "Wine-man," the "cultivator of the vine." uli, and was remarkable for the worship of a hero, (Compare Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 372.-Apol-whom a later age confounded with the Grecian Herlod., 1, 8, 6.-Anton. Lib., fab., 37.—Verheyk, ad cules. (Diod. Sic., 4, 25.) The place is noted as Anton. Lib., fab., 21, p. 136.) In the case of the having given birth to Diodorus Siculus. The modern father of Thersites, the name Agrius may be intended town of San Filippo d'Argiro is supposed to correas a figurative allusion to the rude and lawless manners spond to the ancient city; the site of the latter, howof the son. ever, would appear to have been two miles farther east. (Mannert, vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 418.-Cellarius, Geog. Ant., vol. 1, p. 806, ed. Schwartz.)

AGROLAS, surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that part which was afterward repaired by Cimon. (Pausan., 1, 28.) We have here one of the old traditions respecting the Pelasgic race. Agrolas was aided in the work by his brother Hyperbius, both of them Pelasgi. According to Pausanias (l. c.), they came originally from Sicily. It is more than probable, however, that the names in question are those of two leaders or two tribes, and that the work was executed under their orders. The wall erected on this occasion was styled Pelargicon, and the builders of it would seem to have erected also a town or small settlement for themselves, which afterward became part of the Acropolis. (Compare Siebelis, ad Pausan., 1, 28.-Müller, Gesch. Hellen. Stämme, &c., vol. 1, p. 440.)

AGROTERA, I. an annual festival, celebrated at Athens to Diana Agrotera ('Apréjudi 'Ayporépa). It was instituted by Callimachus the polemarch, in consequence of a vow made by him before the battle of Marathon, that he would sacrifice to the goddess as many yearling she-goats (xaipaç) as there might be enemies slain in the approaching conflict. (Schol., ad Aristoph., Equit., 657-Xen., Anab., 3, 2, 11.) The number of the Persians who fell was so great, that a sufficient amount of victims could not be obtained. Every year, therefore, 500 goats were slain, in order to make up the requisite number, until, at last, the whole thing grew into a regular custom. Elian (V. H., 2, 25) makes the vow in question to have been

AHALA, the surname of the Servilii at Rome.
AHENOBARBUS. Vid. Enobarbus.

AJAX (Alaç), I. son of Telamon by Periboa, daughter of Alcathous, was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war, but, like him, of an imperious and ungovernable spirit. In other peculiarities of their history, there was also a striking resemblance. At the birth of Ajax, Hercules is said to have wrapped him in the skin of the Nemean lion, and to have thus rendered him invulnerable in every part of his body, except that which was left exposed by the aperture in the skin, caused by the wound which the animal had received from Hercules. This vulnerable part was in his breast, or, as others say, behind the neck. (Lycophr., 454.-Tzetz., ad loc.-Schol., ad Il., 23, 821.) To Ajax fell the lot of opposing Hector, when that hero, at the instigation of Apollo and Minerva, had challenged the bravest of the Greeks to single combat. The glory of the antagonists was equal in the engagement; and, at parting, they exchanged arms, the baldric of Ajax serving, most singularly, as the instrument by which Hector was, after his fall, attached to the car of Achilles. In the games celebrated by Achilles in honour of Patroclus, Ajax (as commentators have remarked) was unsuccessful, although he was a competitor on not less than three occasions in hurling the quoit; in wrestling; and in single combat with arms. After the death of Achilles,

Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of | bolik, vol. 4, p. 168.) Plutarch calls Aidoneus king the hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax of the Molossians in Epirus. (Vit. Thes., 30.) became so infuriated, that, in a fit of delirium, he AIUS LOCUTIUS, a deity to whom the Romans erectslaughtered all the sheep in the camp, under the delu- ed an altar from the following circumstance: one of sion that his rival and the Atridæ, who had favoured the common people, called Ceditius, informed the trithe cause of the former, were the objects of his attack. bunes, that, as he passed one night through one of the When reason returned, Ajax, from mortification and streets of the city, a voice more than human, issuing despair, put an end to his existence, by stabbing him- from above Vesta's temple, told him that Rome would self to the heart. The sword which he used as the soon be attacked by the Gauls. His information was instrument of his death had been received by him from neglected, but, as its truth was subsequently confirmed Hector in exchange for the baldric, and thus, by a sin- by the event itself, Camillus, after the departure of the gular fatality, the present mutually conferred contrib- Gauls, built a temple to that supernatural voice which uted to their mutual destruction. The blood which had given Rome warning of the approaching calamity, ran to the ground from the wound produced the flower under the name of Aius Locutius. (Liv., 5, 50.— hyacinthus, of a red colour, and on the petal of which Plut., Vit. Camill., 30.) Thus much for the story itmay be traced lines, imitating the form of the letters self. We have here an instance of the imposition Al, the first and second of the Greek name AIAZ practised by the patricians, the depositaries of religion, (Ajax). The flower here meant appears to be iden- upon the lower orders of the state. The commonlytical with the Lilium Martagon ("Imperial Martagon"), received narrative respecting the Gallic invasion and and not the ordinary hyacinth. (Fée, Flore de Virgile, the taking of Rome, is abundantly supplied with the p. xvii.)-Some authorities give a different account decorations of fable, the work of the higher classes. of the cause of his death, and make the Palladium to The object of the patricians, in the various legends have been the subject of dispute between Ajax and which they invented on this point, seems to have been Ulysses, and state also that Ulysses, in concert with a wish to impress on the minds of the people the conAgamemnon, caused Ajax to be assassinated. The viction, that divine vengeance had armed itself against Greeks erected a tomb over his remains on the pro- them, for having dared to injure an individual of senmontory of Rhoteum, which was visited in a later atorian rank. It was to avenge the banishment of Caage by Alexander the Great. Sophocles has made the millus that the gods had brought the Gauls to Rome, death of Ajax the subject of one of his tragedies. Ac- and to Camillus alone did they assign the honour of cording to the plot of this piece, the rites of sepulture removing these formidable visitants. (Compare Leare at first refused to the corpse of Ajax, but afterward vesque, Hist. Crit. de la Rep. Romaine, vol. 1, p. 287.) allowed through the intercession of Ulysses. Ajax is ALABANDA, a city of Caria, one of the most importhe Homeric type of great valour, unaccompanied by tant of those in the interior of the country. It was any corresponding powers of intellect. Ulysses, on situate a short distance to the south of the Mæander. the other hand, typifies great intellect, unaccompanied Strabo (14, p. 660, ed. Casaub.) describes its position by an equal degree of heroic valour, although he is between two hills, and compares the appearance thus far, at the same time, from being a coward. (Hom., I., presented to that of a loaded ass. He speaks of the passim.-Apollod., 3, 12, 7-Ovid, Met., 13, 1, inhabitants as addicted to the pleasures of the table seqq.)-II. The son of Oileus, king of Locris, was and a luxurious life. From Pliny (5, 29) we learn surnamed Locrian, in contradistinction to the son of that it was a free city, and the seat also of a ConvenTelamon. The term Narycian was also applied to tus Juridicus. Hierocles incorrectly names the place him from his birthplace, the Locrian town Narycium, Alapanda. This city was said to have obtained its or Naryx. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war, appellation from the hero Alabandus, its founder, who as being one of Helen's suiters. Homer describes was deified after death, and worshipped within its him as small of size, particularly dexterous in the use walls. (Cic., N. D., 3, 19.) Stephanus Byzantinus, of the lance, but as remarkable for brutality and cru- however, speaks of another Alabanda, commonly callelty. The night that Troy was taken, he offered vio-ed Antiochia ad Mæandrum, and makes this one to lence to Cassandra, who had fled into Minerva's tem- have been founded by Alabandus, son of Enippus ; ple; and for this offence, as he returned home, the while he assigns as a founder to the other city, Car, goddess, who had obtained the thunders of Jupiter, a son of whose received the name of Hipponicus, from and the power of tempests from Neptune, destroyed his having conquered in an equestrian conflict; which his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said appellation, according to Stephanus, was the same with that he was safe in spite of all the gods. Such im- Alabandus in the Carian tongue, Ala denoting piety offended Neptune, who struck the rock with his horse," and Banda "a victory." From this son, trident, and Ajax tumbled into the sea with part of Alabanda, as he states, took its name. (Compare the the rock, and was drowned. His body was afterward remarks of Berkel, ad loc., p. 86, and Adelung, Gloss. found by the Greeks, and black sheep offered on his Man., vol. 1, p. 555.) The remains of Alabanda were tomb. According to Virgil's account, Minerva seized discovered by Pococke (vol. 3, book 2, c. 5.) and, afhim in a whirlwind, and dashed him against a rock, ter him, by Chandler (c. 59), in the neighbourhood of where he expired consumed by the flame of the light- the village of Karpusler or Karpuseli. The inhabining. (Hom., Il., 2, 527, &c.-Virg., En., 1, 43, tants of this place were called 'Aλabavdɛis, and by the seqq.-Hygin., fab., 116, &c.) Roman writers Alabandenses. The name of the city is given by the latter as neuter, but by Strabo and Stephanus as feminine. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 278, seqq.)

It

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AIDONEUS ('Aïdwvevs), I. a surname of Pluto. is only another form for 'Atons, "the invisible one." -II. A king of the Thesprotians in Epirus, who defeated the forces of Theseus and Pirithous, when the two latter had marched against him for the purpose of carrying off his wife Proserpina. Pirithous was tom to pieces by Cerberus, the monarch's dog, while Theseus was made prisoner and loaded with fetters. ALEA ("Aλaia or 'Aλɛia), a surname of Minerva, Hence, according to Pausanias (1, 17), who relates by which she was worshipped at Tegea in Arcadia. this story, arose the fable of the descent of Theseus There was also a festival celebrated here in honour of and Pirithous to the lower world. This explanation the goddess, and called by the same name. (Pausan., has met with the approbation of many of the learned, 8, 46.) Creuzer traces a connexion between the festival and, among the rest, of Wesseling and Perizonius. termed Alæa and the solar worship. (Symbolik, vol. But it is quite untenable. (Consult Creuzer, Sym-2, p. 779.)

ALABANDUS, I. a son of Enippus, and the founder of Antiochia ad Maandrum. (Vid. Alabanda.)-II. A son of Car, who was otherwise called Hipponicus, and who gave name to Alabanda. (Vid. Alabanda.)

ALALA, an appellation given to Bellona, the goddess of war and sister of Mars. It appears to be nothing more than the battle-cry personified, and occurs in what appears to be a fragment of an old war-song. (Plut., de Frat. Am., p. 483, c.)

ALAGONIA, a town of Messenia, distant about thirty | advice of that general, taken into the service of the stadia from Gerenia. Pausanias (3, 26) notices its Emperor Honorius. Owing, however, to bad faith on temples of Bacchus and Diana. both sides, Alaric soon broke his engagements, and, at length, after a seeming truce, entered Rome in August, 410, when a great portion of the wealth of the metropolis became the property of these Gothic spoilers. From Rome he proceeded to the extremity of Italy, with a view to the invasion of Sicily, where a short illness put a period to his life in the vicinity of Rhegium, A.D. 410. Alaric had great qualities and abilities, and his apparent want of faith is thought by some historians to have arisen from the little trust to be placed in the unwilling engagements of the weak emperors with whom he treated. He was buried in the bed of the Bisentium, a small river which flows beneath the walls of Consentia (the modern Cosenza). The course of the river was changed, his grave was dug in its bed, and the stream was then led back to its former place. All this was the work of captives, who were massacred the moment it was done, that no one might be able to reveal the spot where reposed the body of the conqueror of Rome. (Biogr. Universelle, vol. 1, p. 377.)-II. A king of the Visigoths, son of Euric, succeeded his father in A.D. 484, and reigned like him, not only in Spain, but also in Aquitania, from the Pyrenees to the Rhone. He was defeated and slain by Clovis, who would have annihilated the power of the Visigoths, had not Theodoric, king of the Östrogoths, put a limit to his successes near Arles. (Biogr. Universelle, vol. 1, p. 381.)

ALALCOMĚNÆ, I. a city of Boeotia, near the Lake Copais, and to the southeast of Charonea. It was celebrated for the worship of Minerva, thence surnamed Alalcomeneis. (Strab., 410 and 413.-Compare Heyne, ad Hom., Il., 4, 8, and Müller, Gesch. Hellen. Stämme, &c., vol. 1, p. 70.) The temple of the goddess was plundered and stripped of its statues by Sylla. (Pausan., 9, 33.) It is said, that when Thebes was taken by the Epigoni, many of the inhabitants retired to Alalcomenæ, as being held sacred and inviolable. (Strab., 413.-Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Aλahkoμéviov.) The ruins of this place, according to Sir W. Gell (Itin., p. 162), are observable near the village of Sulinara, on a projecting knoll, on which there is some little appearance of a small ancient establishment or town; and higher up may be discovered a wall or peribolus, of ancient and massive polygons, founded upon the solid rock. This is probably the site of the temple of the Alalcomenian Minerva. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 236.)-II. A town, situate on a small island off the coast of Acarnania, between Ithaca and Cephallenia. The name of the island was Asteris, and it is the place where Homer describes the suiters as lying in wait for Telemachus on his return from Sparta and Pylos. (Hom., Od., 4, 844.-Compare Strabo, 456.) Plutarch, however, speaks of Alalcomence as being in Ithaca. (Istr. Alex., ap. Plut., Quæst. Græc.) Stephanus Byzantinus writes it Alcomenæ. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 48, seqq.)

ALALIA, a city of Corsica. Vid. Aleria. ALAMANNI. Vid. Alemanni. ALANI, a Scythian race, occupying the regions between the Rha and the Tanais. Their name and manners, however, would appear to have been also diffused over the wide extent of their conquests. (Compare Balbi, Introduction à l'Atlas Ethnographique, vol. 1, p. 116.) The Agathyrsi and Geloni were numbered among their vassals. Towards the north their power extended into the regions of Siberia, and their southern inroads were pushed as far as the confines of Persia and India. They were conquered eventually by the Huns. A part of the vanquished nation thereupon took refuge in the mountains of Caucasus. Another band advanced towards the shores of the Baltic, associated themselves with the northern tribes of Germany, and shared the spoil of the Roman provinces of Gaul and Spain. But the greatest part of the Alani united with their conquerors, the Huns, and proceeded along with them to invade the limits of the Gothic empire. (Amm. Marcell., 21, 19.-Id., 23, 4.-Ptol., 6, 14.)

ALARICUS, I. the celebrated leader of the Visigoths, crossed the Danube, A.D. 376, with the remains of his countrymen who were driven forward by the Huns. He fought with great valour against the Romans until the year 382, when, with his followers, he was allowed by the Emperor Theodosius to settle in Thrace, on condition of serving the empire when required. This peace was preserved during the life of Theodosius; but, under his weak successor Arcadius, being refused preferment, Alaric revolted and committed great ravages in Greece. The renowned general Stilicho checked his career, but -as it was suspected, by connivance-allowed him to escape. He was soon after made formal master of the provinces he had so mercilessly oppressed, by the timid Emperor of the East, and also chosen king by his own tribe. He then turned his arms into Italy, and carried away vast plunder and many captives; and although checked in a second attempt by Stilicho, was, by the

ALAUDE, the soldiers of one of Cæsar's legions in Gaul. Suetonius (Vit. Cæs., 24) makes them to have been raised at Cæsar's own expense from the natives of Transalpine Gaul. The same writer informs us, that the term Alauda is one of Gallic origin. This name was given to the lark (called also galerita and cassita), from its having a tuft of feathers on the head resembling a helmet. Hence the same appellation was bestowed on the troops in question, from the large crests with which their helmets were adorned. (Compare Crusius, ad Sueton., l. c.-Hardouin, ad Plin., 11, 44.)

ALAZON, a river of Albania, rising in Mount Caucasus, and flowing into the Cyrus. Now the Alozon or Alason. (Plin., 6, 10.)

ALBA, I. Sylvius, one of the pretended kings of Alba, said to have succeeded his father Latinus, and to have reigned 36 years.-II. LONGA, one of the most ancient cities of Latium, the origin of which is lost in conjecture. According to the common account, the place was built by Ascanius, B.C. 1152, on the spot where Eneas found, in conformity with the prediction of Helenus (Virg., Æn., 3, 390, seqq.) and of the god of the river (En., 8, 43), a white sow with thirty young ones. Many, however, have been led to conjecture, that Alba was founded by the Siculi, and, after the migration of that people, was occupied by the Aborigines and Pelasgi. (Compare Dion. Hal., 2, 2.) The word Alba appears to be of Celtic origin, for we find several places of that name in Liguria and ancient Spain; and it is observed, that all were situated on elevated spots; from which circumstance it is inferred that Alba is derived from Alp. (Bardetti dell. Ling. der Prim. Abit, &c., p. 109.) As Alba was entirely destroyed by Tullus Hostilius (Liv., 1, 29), and no vestiges of it are now remaining, its exact position has been much discussed by modern topographers. If we take Strabo for our guide, we shall look for Alba on the slope of the Mount Albanus, and at a distance of twenty miles from Rome. (Strab., 229.) This position cannot evidently agree with the modern town of Albano, which is at the foot of the mountain, and only twelve miles from Rome. Dionysius also informs us (1, 66), that it was situated on the declivity of the Alban Mount, midway between the summit and the lake of the same name, which protected it as a wall. This description and that of Strabo agree sufficiently well with the position of

Palazzolo, a village belonging to the Colonna family, north of Italy. It was the birthplace of the Emperor on the eastern side of the lake, and some distance Pertinax. (Dio Cass., 83.-Zon. Ann., 2.)—VI. A above its margin. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. city of Spain, in the territory of the Varduli, eight ge37, seqq.) "The site," observes Niebuhr, "where ographical miles to the west of Pamplona, and as many Alba stretched, in a long street, between the upper part to the east of the Iberus. It was about two geographof the mountain and the lake, is still distinctly marked: ical miles, therefore, to the west of the modern Estelalong this whole extent the rock is cut away under it la. (Mannert, vol. 1, p. 375.)—-VII. Augusta, a city down to the lake. These traces of man's ordering of the Helvii, in Gaul, near the Rhone, and answering hand are more ancient than Rome. The surface of the to the modern Aps. Pliny (14, 3) names the place lake, as it has been determined by the tunnel, now lies Alba Helvorum, and praises the skill of the inhabitants far beyond the ancient city: when Alba was stand-in the cultivation of the vine.-VIII. Græca, a city of ing, and before the lake swelled to a ruinous height in Dacia Ripensis, at the confluence of the Danube and consequence of obstructions in clefts of the rock, it the Saavus, or Saave. It is now Belgrade. must have lain yet lower; for in the age of Diodorus ALBANIA, a country of Asia, between the Caspian and Dionysius, during extraordinary droughts, the re- Sea and Iberia, bounded on the north by the chain of mains of spacious buildings might be seen at the bot- Caucasus, and on the south by the Cyrus and an arm tom, taken by the common people for the palace of of the Araxes. The Romans were best acquainted an impious king which had been swallowed up.' " (Nie- with the southern part, which Strabo describes as a buhr's Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 168, seqq., Cambridge kind of paradise, and in fertility and mildness of clitransl.)-The line of the Alban kings is given as fol- mate gives it the preference to Egypt. Trajan's exlows: 1. Ascanius, reigned 8 years; 2. Sylvius Post-peditions made the northern and mountainous part bethamus, 29 years; 3. Eneas Sylvius, 31 years; 4. ter known. The inhabitants approached nearer a barLatinus, 5 years; 5. Alba Sylvius, 36 years; 6. Atys barous than a civilized race. They cultivated the soil, or Capetus, 26 years; 7. Capys, 28 years; 8. Calpe- it is true, but with great carelessness, and yet it af tus, 13 years; 9. Tiberinus, 8 years; 10. Agrippa, forded them more than sufficed for their wants. The 33 years; 11. Remulus, 19 years; 12. Aventinus, 37 forces of the nation were respectable, and they brought years; 13. Procas, 13 years; 14. Numitor and Amu- into the field against Pompey an army of 60,000 inlius. The destruction of Alba took place, according fantry and 22,000 horse. As regards the origin of this to the common account, 665 B.C., when the inhabitants people, all is uncertainty. The common account is were carried to Rome. The list of the Alban kings," unworthy of a moment's attention, according to which remarks Niebuhr," is a very late and extremely clum- they were from Alba in Latium, having left that place, sy fabrication; a medley of names, in part quite un-under the conduct of Hercules, after the defeat of GeItalian, some of them repeated from earlier or later times, others framed out of geographical names; and having scarcely anything of a story connected with them. We are told that Livy took this list from L. Cornelius Alexander the Polyhistor (Serv., ad Virg., ER., 8, 330); hence it is probable that this client of the dictator Sylla introduced the imposture into history. Even the variations in the lists are not very important, and do not at all prove that there were several ancient sources. Some names may have occurred in older traditions: kings of the Aborigines were also mentioned by name (Stercenius, for instance, unless it be a false reading.-Serv., ad Virg., En., 11, 850), entirely different from those of Alba. In the case of the latter, even the years of each reign are num-Reineggs, 1, 183.) bered; and the number so exactly fills up the interval between the fall of Troy and the founding of Rome, ALBANUS, I. Mons, a mountain of Latium, about according to the canon of Eratosthenes, as of itself to twelve miles from Rome, on the slope of which stood prove the lateness of the imposture." (Niebuhr's Alba Longa. It is now called Monte Cavo. This Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 170, Cambridge transl.)-III. mountain is celebrated in history, from the circumDocilia, a city of Liguria, now Albizzola.-IV. Fucen- stance of its being peculiarly dedicated to Jove, under tia or Fucensis, a city of the Marsi, near the northern the title of Latialis. (Lucan, 1, 198.-Cic. pro Mil., shore of the Lake Fucinus, whence its name. It was 31.) It was on the Alban Mount that the Feriæ Latia strong and secluded place, and appears to have been næ, or holydays kept by all the cities of the Latin selected by the Roman senate, after it became a colony name, were celebrated. The Roman generals also ocof Rome, A.U.C. 450, as a fit place of residence for casionally performed sacrifices on this mountain, and captives of rank and consequence, as well as for noto- received there the honours of a triumph when refused rious offenders. (Strab., 241.-Compare Liv., 10, 1, one at home. This appears, however, to have occurand Vell. Patere., 1, 14.) Syphax was long detained red only five times, if we may credit the Fasti Capitohere, though finally he was removed to Tibur (Liv., lini, in which the names of the generals are recorded. 30, 45); as were also Perses, king of Macedon, and (Vulp. Vet. Lat., 12, 4.) Some vestiges of the road his son Alexander. (Liv., 45, 52.—Vell. Paterc., 1, which led to the summit of the mountain are still to be 11.-Val. Max., 5, 1.) At the time of Caesar's in- traced a little beyond Albano.-II. Lacus, a lake at vasion of his country, we find Alba adhering to the the foot of the Alban Mount. (Compare remarks uncause of Pompey (Cas., Bell. Civ., 1, 15), and subse-der the article Alba.) This lake, which is doubtless quently repelling the attack of Antony; on which occasion it obtained a warm and eloquent eulogium from Cicero. (Phil., 3, 3.-Appian, Bell. Civ., 3, 45.) The ruins of this city, which are said to be considerable (Romanelli, vol. 3, p. 211), stand about a mile from the modern Alba (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 330.-V. Pompeia, a city of Liguria, on the river Tanarus, now Alba. It probably owed its surname to Pompeius Strabo, who colonized several towns in the

ryon. (Dion. Hal., 1, 15.-Justin, 42, 3, 4.) It is more likely that they belonged to the great race which occupied the whole extent of the Tauric range along the southern shores of the Caspian. Mannert makes them Alani, and progenitors of the European Alani. (Vol. 4, p. 410.)-What was ancient Albania is now divided into innumerable cantons, but which modern geography comprehends under two denominations, Daghestan, which includes all the declivities of Caucasus towards the Caspian Sea, and Lesghistan, containing the more elevated valleys towards Georgia and the country of the Kistes. (Malte-Brun, vol. 2, p. 23, Brussels ed.) The Lesghians appear to be the same with the Lega of the ancients. (Malte-Brun, l. c —

ALBANIE PORTE. Vid. PYLÆ, I.

the crater of an extinct volcano, is well known in history from the prodigious rise of its waters, to such an extent, indeed, as to threaten the whole surrounding country, and Rome itself, with an overwhelming inundation. The oracle of Delphi, being consulted on that occasion, declared, that unless the Romans contrived to carry off the waters of the lake, they would never take Veii, the siege of which had already lasted for nearly ten years. This led to the construction of