Obrazy na stronie
PDF
ePub

was, nevertheless, by no means commensurate with modern France, consisting of merely the northern German provinces on probably both banks of the Rhine, of the present kingdom of the Netherlands, and of so much of France as lies north of the Loire, with the exception of Brittany, where large bodies of Britons, expelled from their insular home by the Saxons, had established themselves, and long maintained their independence. Of the southern half of France, the larger part, situated to the west of the Rhone, was included in the Visigothic kingdom of Spain; while the provinces to the east of that river were held, together with Savoy and Switzerland, by the Burgundians. Chlodwig attacked both. Against the Burgundians he effected little or nothing, but he was more successful against their western neighbours. Assisted by the hatred which the Catholic natives entertained towards their Arian master, he, before his death, reduced the Visigothic dominions in Gaul to the single province of Languedoc, incorporating all the rest in his Frank realm. His sons and grandsons, in time, not only subdued Burgundy, but brought many German states, as the Thuringians, Allemans, and Bavarians, into complete feudal subjection. (Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 13, p. 169, seqq.)

as the allies of Rome before the invasion of Hannibal (2, 24). From Plutarch we learn, that they distin guished themselves in the war against Pyrrhus (Vit. Pyrrh.-Compare Florus, 1, 18), and it appears that they faithfully adhered to the Roman cause throughout the whole of the second Punic war. Appian is the only author who has particularly mentioned the Frentani, as having joined the coalition of the petty states of central Italy against Rome (Civ. Bell., 1, 39), but even without the authority of this writer we could not doubt that this people would unite in support of the common cause with the surrounding states, to whom they were bound by consanguinity and other political ties. Whatever may have been their former extent of territory, we find it restricted by the geographers of the Augustan age to the tract of country lying between the mouths of the Aternus and Tifernus, which separated it from the Marrucini to the north, and from Apulia to the south. (Mela, 2, 4.-Plin., 3, 11, seqq.— Ptol., p. 66.) Though it extended also into the interior towards Samnium, and the sources of the rivers just mentioned, the few cities of the Frentani with which we are acquainted appear to have been situated on the coast. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 254, seqq.)

FREGELLE, a city of Latium, situate near the Liris, FRISII, a people of Germany, having for their boundand close to the Via Latina, as appears from the men- aries the eastern mouth of the Rhine on the west, the tion of a station called Fregellanum in the Itineraries ocean on the north, the Amisia or Ems on the east, which describe that route. Fregellæ is stated by Stra- and the Vechta or Vecht on the south. They occubo (238) to have been once a place of some conse-pied, consequently, what answers at the present day quence, and the capital of a considerable district. It to West Friesland, Groningen, and the northern angle was taken by the Romans A.U.C. 427. After suffer- of Ober- Yssel, together with the islands which lie ing from Pyrrhus, and subsequently from Hannibal, partly to the north in the ocean, and partly to the eastthis place attained to so considerable a degree of im-ern mouth of the Rhine. Pliny and Tacitus (Ann., portance and prosperity as to suppose that it could compete even with Rome; its inhabitants revolted, and probably under circumstances peculiarly offensive to the Romans. L. Opimius was ordered to reduce the Fregellani. Their town was immediately besieged, and, after a vigorous resistance, was taken through the treachery of Numitorius Pullus, one of their own citizens, whose name has been handed down to us by Cicero. (De Fin., 5, 22.-Phil., 3, 6.) Fregelle was on this occasion destroyed, the discontented state of the allies of Rome at that period probably rendering such severe measures necessary. (Liv., Epit., 60.-Rhet. ad Her., 4, 9.- Vell. Paterc., 2, 6.Val. Max., 2, 8.) In Strabo's time the condition of this city was little better than that of a village, to which the neighbouring population resorted at certain periods for religious purposes. Its ruins, according to Cluverius, are to be seen at Ceperano, a small town on the right of the Garigliano. (Ital. Ant., vol. 1, p. 1036.-Compare Holst. ad Steph. Byz., p. 220, and De Chaupy, vol. 3, p. 474.) A more modern writer, however, fixes this ancient site at S. Giovanni Incarico, about three miles farther down the river. (Pasquale Cayro, Citta del Lazio, vol. 1.-Romanelli, vol. 3, p. 380.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 111.)

1, 60.-Th., 4, 72, &c.) name this people Frisii; Ptolemy and Dio Cassius, picciol and Opɛioioi (Ptol., 2, 11.-Dio Cass., 54, 32); but by later writers they are styled pioooves (Procop., 4, 20), Frisiones (Chronic. Moisiac., 797), Frisones (Paul. Warnefr., de Gest. Longob., 6, 37), &c. From a very early period the Frisii appear to have been on friendly terms with the Romans. Drusus not only marched unimpeded through their territory and entered their harbour with his fleet, but also received from them the most active assistance, not as from a conquered people, but allies. They aided also Germanicus. Their enmity to the Cherusci would seem to have been the real motive of their friendship with the Romans. At a subsequent period, however, they discovered the true nature of the alliance which the latter had formed with them, and fell an easy prey to their conquering arms. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 272.)

FRONTINUS, SEX. JUL., a Latin writer, born of a plebeian family (Poleni, Vit. Front., 1, seqq.), but who attained, by his integrity, valour, and intelligence, to some of the highest offices of the state. In A.D. 70 he was prætor, but abdicated this office to please Domitian, who wished to add it to the dignity of consul, with which he himself was already invested. (ComFRENTANI, a people of Italy, on the Adriatic coast, pare Tacitus, Hist., 4, 39.—Suetonius, Domit., 1.) east of Samnium and northwest of Apulia, who re- Five years after Frontinus obtained the command of ceived their name from the river Frento, now Fortore, Britain, and was intrusted with the subjugation of the which runs through the eastern part of their country, Silures; which would seem to indicate that he had and falls into the Adriatic opposite the islands of Dio- been consul in A.D. 74, though the Fasti Consulares, mede. The Frentani appear to have possessed a which are not, however, very complete as regards the separate political existence, independent of the Sam- consules suffecti, make no mention of him. He acnitic confederacy, though we are assured that they de-complished the object of his mission, notwithstanding rived their descent from that warlike and populous the difficulties of the enterprise. Agricola, the fatherrace. (Strabo, 241.) Their history, in other respects, in-law of Tacitus, was appointed his successor. Under bears a close resemblance to that of the neighbouring Nerva he received the consulship a second time, A.D. tribes, the Vestini, Peligni, and Marrucini. Together 97, and was appointed the same year Curator Aquawith these, the Frentani, as Livy reports, voluntarily rum, or general superintendent of the waters and submitted to the Romans, and sent deputies to obtain aqueducts of the capital, and in this capacity brought a treaty from that power, which was readily granted. the waters of the Anio to Rome by means of a splen(Liv., 9, 45.) We find the Frentani also numbered did aqueduct. He died about A.D. 106, and filled, at with the Marsi, Marrucini, and Vestini, by Polybius, the time of his death, the office of augur, in which

of Fronto to various friends, a few of which are in Greek. (Encycl. Us. Knool., vol. 10, p. 498.)—[I. A native of Emesa, a rhetorician, who lived at Rome in the time of Alexander Severus. He taught eloquence also at Athens, and was the rival of the first Philostratus. The critic Longinus was his nephew. He wrote various works, of which only a few fragments remain. (Suid.-Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 204.)

he was succeeded by Pliny. Frontinus wrote a work on the Roman aqueducts, and another on military stratagems. The former of these, to which the copyists of the middle ages have given the barbarous title of " De aquæductibus urbis Rome Commentarius," is written in an easy style, but without the least elegance. It is important, however, for archæology, since we find in it a detailed history of those remarkable monuments, the aqueducts of Rome. As regards the title of the work, it may be remarked, that the term aquæductus does not appear in the treatise itself: and an old edition gives as the superscription, “De Aquis, quæ in Urbem influunt, libellus mirabilis." The other work, entitled "Stratagematicon libri IV.," is partly of a military and partly of an historical character; it is a mere compilation, sometimes written with great negligence, especially in the historical part. Still, even in an historical point of view, the work is not without interest, since it contains some particulars which are not to be found in the other historians that have come down to us. To Frontinus are ascribed other productions, which are, however, of a later age. One is entitled "De Re Agraria," or "De Agrorum Qual-a continued labour of three years, during which 30,000 itate," the others, "De Limitibus" and "De Coloniis." The last two are merely fragments, and their authors lived after the time of the Antonines, who are mentioned in them. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, Lugd. Bat., 1779, 8vo. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 671, seqq.)

rian.

1, p. 328.)

FULVIA GENS, an illustrious family at Rome, the branches of which were those of Curvus, Nobilior, Flaccus, Pætinus, Maximus, Centumalus, &c.

FRUSINO, a city of Latium, now Frosinone, situate on the river Cosa. (Strabo, 238.) This place was deprived by Rome of its territory for having incited the Hernici to war, A.U.C. 450. Frontinus names it among the colonies, and Festus among the præfectura. FUCINUS, a lake of Italy, in the country of the Marsi, now sometimes called Lago Fucino, but more commonly Lago di Celano. It is of considerable extent, being not less than forty miles in circumference. As it was subject to inundation (Strabo, 241), Julius Cæsar, it appears, had intended to find a vent for its waters (Sueton., Vit. Cæs., 44), but this design was not carried into execution till the reign of Claudius. After men were constantly employed, a canal of three miles in length was carried through a mountain from the lake to the river Liris. On its completion, the splendid but sanguinary show of a real naumachia was exhibited on the lake in the presence of Claudius and Agrippina, and a numerous retinue, while the surFRONTO, I. a Latin writer, born at Cirta, in Africa, rounding hills were thronged with the population of of an Italian family. After studying in his own coun- the neighbouring country. The reader will find these try, he came to Rome in the reign of Hadrian, and ac- events fully detailed in Suetonius (Vit. Claud., 20), quired great reputation as a rhetorician and gramma- Tacitus (Annal., 12, 56), and Dio Cassius (60, 11). Antoninus Pius appointed him preceptor to his Hadrian afterward is said to have repaired this work two adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, of Claudius. (El., Spart., Vit. Hadr.) Considerable whose confidence and affection he gained, as is proved remains of this undertaking of Claudius are yet to be by their letters. After being consul, Fronto was ap- seen between Avezzano and Lugo. (Consult Fapointed to a government in Asia, which his bad health bretti, Dissert. de Emissario Lacus Fucini.-Romaprevented him from filling. His learning and his in-nelli, vol. 3, p. 194.—Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. structive conversation are mentioned with praise by Aulus Gellius, the historian Appian, and others of his contemporaries. He died in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, at an advanced age. (Klügling, Suppl. ad. Harles. Notit. Brev., p. 320.-Mai, Comment. præv., § iv., seqq.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 595.) -Until of late years we had nothing of Fronto's works, except fragments of his treatise "De Differentia Verborum," being a vocabulary of the so-called synonyms. But in 1815, Angelo Mai having discovered in the Ambrosian Library at Milan a palimpsest MS., on which had been originally written some letters of Fronto to his two pupils, deciphered the text wherever the writing was not entirely obliterated, and published it with notes. It happened, by singular good fortune, that Mai, being some years after appointed librarian of the Vatican, discovered in another palimpsest volume another part of Fronto's letters, with the answers of Marcus Aurelius and Verus. Both the volumes came originally from the monastery of St. Columbanus, at Bobbio, the monks having written them over with the Acts of the First Council of Chalcedon. It happened, that one of the volumes was transferred to Milan, and the other to Rome. Mai published the whole in a new edition, entitled, "M. Cornelii Frontonis et M. Aurelii imperatoris epistulæ; L. Veri et Antonini Pii et Appiani epistularum reliquiæ: Fragmenta Frontonis et Scripta Grammatica, 8vo, Rom., 1823." These letters are very valuable, as throwing additional light on the age of the Antonines, confirming what we know of the excellent character of Marcus Aurelius, and also showing his colleague Verus in a more favourable light than he had been viewed in before. The affectionate manner in which both emperors continue to address their former preceptor is very touching. Two or three short epistles of Antoninus Pius are also interesting. There are, besides, many letters

FULVIA, I. a female of good family, but licentious principles, She disclosed to Cicero the details of the conspiracy of Catiline, which she had learned from Quintus Curius. (Sall., Cat., c. 23.)—II. A bold, ambitious woman, at first the wife of Clodius the turbulent tribune, and, after his death, of Marcus Antonius the triumvir. She first came into notice on the assassination of Clodius, when, having caused the corpse to be brought into the vestibule of her dwelling, and having assembled the populace, she caused, by her tears and language, a violent sedition. Some years after this, on having become the spouse of Antony, she took an active part in the proscriptions of her husband, and is said to have even sacrificed to her own vengeance several individuals who had given her offence. After the head of Cicero was brought to Antony, she took it on her knees, broke forth into cowardly insult of the character of the deceased, and then, with fiendish malice, pierced the tongue with her golden bodkin. Having been left at Rome by Antony during the war against Brutus and Cassius, she became all powerful in that city, named the prætors at her own pleasure, sold the government of the prov inces, and even decreed a triumph to Lucius, the brother of Antony, who had no claim whatever to one. When, after the battle of Philippi, Antony had passed into the East to regulate affairs in that quarter, Fulvia, irritated by his intercourse with Cleopatra, tried to induce Octavius to take up arms against him. Not succeeding in this, she took them up against Octavius himself, in conjunction with her brother-in-law Lucius, who now professed open opposition to the illegal power of the Triumvirate. After very bold and

spirited efforts, however, on her part, she was besieged | Paterc., 1, 10.)-VIII. M. Flaccus, was consul A.U.C. with her brother-in-law at Perusia, and compelled to surrender to the power of Octavius. Fulvia, after this, retired to Greece, and rejoined her husband, but was coldly received by him. She died at Sicyon, A.U.C. 712, through chagrin and wounded pride, as was believed, at her husband's attachment to Cleopatra. (Vell. Paterc., 2, 74.-Plut., Vit. Ant.-Id., Vit. Cic.)

629, B.C. 125. He seconded the projects of Tiberius Gracchus to obtain for the states of Italy the rights of citizenship. Being afterward sent against the Gauls, he defeated them, and obtained a triumph. Four years subsequently he became involved in the seditious movements of the Gracchi relative to the agrarian law, and perished in an affray which arose. (Vid. Gracchus.)

FUNDANUS, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into the Mediterranean. (Tacit., Hist., 3, 69.) According to Pliny, the Lacus Fundanus was originally called Amyclanus, from the city of Amycla in its vicinity. (Plin., 14, 6.)

FUNDI, a town of Latium, on the Appian Way, near the Lacus Fundanus, and not far from Caieta. It is now Fondi. The first mention of this place in history occurs at the end of the Latin war, A.U.C. 417, when, with the exception of the right of voting, it obtained the privileges of a Roman city, for having allowed a free passage to the Roman troops in their march into Campania. (Liv., 8, 14.) Not long after, however, the Fundani incurred the displeasure of the senate for having secretly aided the city of Privernum in a hostile incursion into the Roman territory, but, by a timely submission, they escaped the threatened vengeance. Fundi received the right of voting A.U.C. 564, and its citizens were enrolled in the Æmilian tribe. (Liv., 38, 36.) It was subsequently colonized by the veteran soldiers of Augustus. Horace's description of the ridiculous importance assumed by the prætor of Fundi will be in the recollection of most readers. (Sat., 1, 5, 34, seqq.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 122.)

FURIA LEX, de Testamentis, by C. Furius the tribune. It forbade any person to leave as a legacy more than a thousand asses, and that he who took more should pay fourfold. By the laws of the twelve tables, one might leave what legacies he pleased.

FULVIUS, I. L. Curvus, was consul A.U.C. 432, B.C. 320, and six years after master of the horse to the dictator L. Æmilius. (Liv., 8, 38.-Id., 9, 21.) -II. M. Curvus Patinus, was consul in place of T. Minucius, A.U.C. 449, B.C. 305. He took the city of Bovianum, in the country of the Samnites. (Liv., 9, 44.)-III. Cn. Pætinus, was consul A.U.C. 454, B.C. 300. He gained a memorable victory over the Samnites near Bovianum, and enjoyed a triumph. Three years after he carried on successful operations in Etruria in quality of proprætor. (Lav., 9, 44.-Id., 15, 91.)-IV. S. Patinus Nobilior, was consul A.U.C. 499, B.C. 255, along with Æmilius Paulus Lepidus. | These two commanders sailed for Africa after the overthrow of Regulus by the Carthaginians, gained a naval victory, compelled the foe to raise the siege of Clypea, and carried off an immense booty from the Carthaginian territories. They were shipwrecked, however, on their return to Italy, and of 200 vessels only 80 were saved.-V. Q. Flaccus, was consul A.Ú.C. 517, 530, 542, and 545 (B.C. 237, 224, 212, and 209.) He defeated Hanno near Bovianum, and laid siege to Capua, which surrendered to him after the lapse of a year. The conquered were treated with great cruelty. (Vid. Capua.) Some time subsequent to this, he marched against the Hirpini, Lucanians, and other nations of Italy, who, alarmed at the severities inflicted on Capua, surrendered to him the garrisons which had been placed in their cities by Hannibal. (Livy, 23, 21.-Id., 24, 29.-Id., 25, 2.)-VI. M.(Cic., Verr., 1, 42.) Nobilior, was prætor in Spain A.U.C. 588, B.C. 196, FURIE, the Furies, called also Dire and Eumeniand carried the Roman arms to the Tagus, making him- des. These goddesses are frequently named by Homer, self master also of Toletum (Toledo), up to that period but he says nothing of their origin. In the Theogony, deemed impregnable. Having obtained the consulship, they spring from the blood of Uranus, when mutilated A.U.C. 565, he was intrusted with the war in Greece, by his son Saturn, whose own children they are acduring which he took Ambracia, traversed Epirus as cording to Empedocles; while Eschylus and Sophoconqueror, and reduced to submission the island of cles call them the children of Night. (Esch., EuCephallenia. Two years after this he was accused men., 317, 413.-Soph., Ed. Col., 40, 106.) The before the senate of having maltreated the allies of the Orphic Hymns assign them the rulers of Erebus for Roman people, but was acquitted of the charge, and parents. (Hymn., 70.) In the time of the Alexandrereceived the honour of a triumph. In the year 573 an writers, the Furies, like the Fates, were three in he was elected censor along with Æmilius Lepidus, number, and were named Alecto (Unceasing), Megæhis bitter foe. Apprehending injury to the state from ra (Envier or Denier), and Tisiphone (Blood-avenger). their known enmity, the leading men of the senate ad- The Furies were worshipped at Athens as the revered jured both individuals to lay aside their differences for (oɛuvaí) goddesses; and at Sicyon as the kind (Evthe good of their country. A reconciliation accord-μevides) deities. It is generally thought that both of ingly took place, and nothing occurred to disturb these these appellations were propitiatory ones, and meant friendly feelings during the rest of their joint magis- to appease. Müller, however, is of opinion, that the tracy. Fulvius raised many public structures, a basil- term Eumenides, as applied to the Furies, is connectica, a forum, &c. He also constructed a port at the ed with old religious ideas, according to which, death mouth of the Tiber. (Liv., 33, 42.—Id., 35, 7.—Id., and ruin, as well as life and welfare, were supposed to 20, 22, &c.)-VII. Q. Flaccus, was prætor A.U.C. emanate from one and the same source. (Müller, Eu573, B.C. 181. He took, in this capacity, the city of menid., p. 204.)-The external representation of these Urbicua in Farther Spain, and defeated the Celtiberi goddesses, in the play of Æschylus called after them, is in the battle of Ebura, killing in this and in another founded entirely on the fearful aspect of their ideal naencounter 35,000 men. On his return to Rome he ture. In their exterior configuration the poet seems to received a triumph, and in the same year (575) the have drawn a good deal on his own invention; for the consulship. In A.U.C. 580 he was elected censor earlier bards had no definite image of these goddesses along with Posthumius Albinus. These two censors before their eyes; and though there were in their temple were the first that paved the streets of Rome, B.C. at Athens old carved images of the Semna, still their 174. The next year he built a temple to Fortune, figure could not be adapted to dramatic purposes. and, to adorn it, carried off a large portion of the mar- From the Gorgons Eschylus borrowed the snaky hair ble tiles from the temple of the Lacinian Juno in of the Furies. He took, no doubt, from these also Lower Italy. (Vid. Lacinium.) The senate com- the pendent tongue, red with the lapped gore, and pelled him to restore these. The popular account the grinning mouth, which regularly characterizes the made him to have been deprived of reason for this act Gorgon head in ancient works of art. The long penof sacrilege. (Láv., 39, 56 et 40.—Id., 40, 16.-Vell. I dent tongue, moreover, is most likely. the main type

by which their resemblance to hounds was expressed. | ilton, on an estate of Prince Borghese, known by the (Muller, Eumenid., p. 216, seq.) According to the name of Pantano dei Griffi. (Visconti, Monumenti more common mode of delineating the Furies, they Gabini, Roma, 1792.-Nibby, Viaggio Antiq., vol. 1, are represented as brandishing each a torch in one p. 235.) Gabii is said to have been one of the numer hand, and a scourge of snakes in the other.-For some ous colonies founded by Alba (Dion. Hal., 4, 53), and remarks on the term Erinnyes, consult that article. an obscure tradition represented it as the place in (Keightley's Mythology, p. 196.) which Romulus and Remus were brought up. (Dion. FURII, a family which migrated from Medullia in Hal., 1, 84.-Plut., Vit. Rom.) The artful manner Latium, and came to settle at Rome under Romu-in which Tarquinius Superbus obtained possession of lus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camil.us was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to distinction. (Plut., Vit. Camill.)

FURINA, an early Latin goddess, whose name, in the time of Varro, was hardly known to a few. (Varro, L. L., 5, 3.) There was a sacred grove of this goddess beyond the Tiber (in which Caius Gracchus was slain), and this, with the similitude of the name, led Cicero and others to identify Furina with the Furies. (Cic., N. D., 3, 18.-Plut., Vit. C. Gracch., c. 17. -Martian, de Nupt, 2, 40.) The Furinalia were celebrated on the 25th July. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 540, seq.)

FURIUS, M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse. (Quintil., 10, 1, 96.) Horace ridicules him as a turgid and bombastic writer. (Sat., 2, 5, 39, seqq.)

FUSCUS, ARISTIUs, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for integrity as for learning and abilities. The poet addressed to him the 22d Öde of the First Book, and also the 10th Epistle, 1st Book.

FUSIA LEX, I. passed A.U.C. 690, ordained that, in the Comitia Tributa, the different kinds of people in each tribe should vote separately, that thus the sentiments of each rank might be known.-II. Caninia, another, enacted A.U.C. 751, to check the manumission of slaves; limiting this manumission to a certain number, proportioned to the whole amount of slaves which one possessed; from two to ten, the half; from ten to thirty, the third; from thirty to a hundred, the fourth part; but not above a hundred, whatever was the number. (Heinecc., Antiq. Rom., 1, 7, 1.—Blair, on Slavery among the Romans, p. 174.)

G.

GABE, a city of Persia, in the province of Persis, placed by Ptolemy southeast of Pasargada, on the confines of Carmania. Mannert makes it coincide with the modern Darabgherd. (Geogr., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 530, seqq.)-II. A city of Sogdiana, southwest of Cyreschata. D'Anville supposes it to be the modern Kauos; Mannert, on the contrary, is in favour of the modern Rabas, on the river Kressel, north of Samarcand. (Geogr., vol. 4, p. 460, 489.) Gabe was one of the first places to which the exploits of Alexander gave celebrity in this country. It is the same with the Gabaza of Curtius. (Quint. Curt., 8, 4, 1.)

Gabii, after he had failed in the attempt by force of
arms, is well known, as recorded by Livy (1, 58,
seqq.-Dion. Hal., 4, 53). The treachery of Sextus
Tarquinius did not remain unpunished; for, after the
expulsion of his family from Rome, he fell at Gabii,
a victim to his tyranny and oppression. (Liv., 1, 60.)
According to the same historian, the Gauls received
their final defeat from Camillus near this city (5, 49).
This place suffered so much during the civil wars, that
it became entirely ruined and deserted.
We learn,
however, from several monuments discovered in the
excavations already referred to, that Gabii was raised
from this state of ruin and desolation under Antoninus
and Commodus, and that it became a thriving town.
(Visconti, Monumenti Gabini.) In its more flourish-
ing days, Juno seems to have been held in peculiar
honour at Gabii, and the remains of her temple are
said to be still visible on the site of that city. (Nibby,
Viaggio Antiquario, vol. 1, p. 236.) The inhabi-
tants of Gabii had a peculiar mode of folding or gird-
ing the toga, in order to give more freedom to the
person when in motion. In this mode of wearing
the toga, which was called the Cinctus Gabinus, or
"Gabine Cincture," the lappet was thrown back over
the left shoulder, and brought round under the right
arm to the breast; so that it girded the individual,
and made the toga shorter and closer. According to
Servius (ad Virg., En., 7, 612), the inhabitants of Ga-
bii, while engaged in sacrificing, were suddenly attack-
ed by the enemy, whereupon, not having time to array
themselves in arms, they tucked up their togas in this
manner, and advanced to meet the foe. Virgil (En.,
7, 612) represents the Roman consul thus arrayed
when he opens the gates of the temple of Janus; and
in this garb the Decii devoted themselves to death.
(Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 50.)

GABINA, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. (Virg., En., 7, 682.-Vid. Gabii, II.)

GABINIA LEX, I. de Comitiis, proposed by A. Gabinius, the tribune, A.U.C. 614. It required, that, in the public assemblies for electing magistrates, the votes should be given by ballots, and not viva voce. (Cic., de Leg., 3, 16.)-II. Another, brought forward by A. Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the power of carrying on the war against the pirates during three years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean Sea, and in the maritime provinces as far as 400 stadia from the sea. (Cic., pro Leg. Man., 17.-Dio Cass., 36, 7.)-III. Another, de Usura, by Aul. Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery of any money borrowed upon small interest to be lent upon larger. This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of versuram facere. Compare the remarks of Heineccius, Rom. Ant., 3, 15, 14, p. 548, ed. Haubold.

GABII, I. a town of the Sabines, near the Via Salaria, and not far from Cures. Its site is now called Grotte di Torri, or simply Torri. (Galetti, Gabio, antica citta di Sabina, scoperta ov' è ora Torri, ovvero le Grotte di Torri, Roma, 4to, 1757.)-II. An ancient city of Latium, somewhat to the northwest of Tusculum, and beyond the little river Veresis. (Strabo, 239.) Its site corresponds, as is thought, to the modern l'Osa. Strabo mentions that it was on the Via Prænestina, and about GABINIUS, I. Aulus, the author of what were termed, 100 stadia from Rome. Dionysius of Halicarnassus from him, the Gabinian Laws, attached himself at first gives the same distance (4, 53); and Appian places it to Sylla, and afterward to Pompey. When tribune midway between Rome and Præneste. (Bell. Civ., 5, of the commons, B.C. 69, he proposed a law giving 23.) The Itineraries reckon twelve miles from Rome Pompey almost absolute control over the coasts of to this town. These data enabled Holstenius and Fa- the Mediterranean, together with the command of the bretti to fix the position of Gabii with sufficient accura- sea itself, for the purpose of suppressing the Cilician cy at a place called l'Osteria del Pantano; and this pirates. The leading men in the state endeavoured, opinion was satisfactorily confirmed by the discoveries but in vain, to prevent the passage of this law. They made here in 1792, under the direction of Gavin Ham-succeeded, however, in thwarting Gabinius' wish to

|

appellation is a Grecian one. Near it lay the small island Erythea, called by the inhabitants Juno's island. (Vid. Erythea.) Gades came into the power of the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and in the second surrendered itself voluntarily to the Romans. From Julius Cæsar it received the name and privileges of a Roman colony; and in a later age it was styled Augusta Julia Gaditana. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus, had here a celebrated temple. (Plin., l. c.-Flor., 2, 17.—Liv., 28, 37.-Justin., 44, 5.) GADITANUS SINUS, now the Bay of Cadiz. GADITANUM FRETUM, now the Straits of Gibraltar.

GÆTULIA, a country of Africa, south of Numidia, and now answering in some degree to Biledulgerid, or the region of locusts. Its situation and limits are not properly ascertained, and, indeed, do not seem to have been always the same. Isidorus (c. 9) gives a curious account of the origin of the Gætuli: "Gatuli Getæ dicuntur fuisse, qui ingenti agmine a locis suis navibus conscendentes loca Syrtium in Libya occupaverunt: et, quia ex Getis venerant, derivato nomine Gatuli cognominati sunt." This statement is very properly refuted by the president Des Brosses; but he himself assigns an etymology just as uncertain, namely, from the Phoenician term Geth, "a flock," on the supposition that they were a shepherd-race. (Flor, 4, 12.-Mela, 1, 4.—Plin., 5, 1.--Id., 21, 13, &c.)

go as one of Pompey's lieutenants, although the latter expressly asked for him as such. Gabinius very probably was recompensed by Pompey in some other way, since, according to Cicero, he was so needy at the time, and so corrupt in principle, that, had this law not been passed, he would have turned pirate himself. Having obtained the consulship, B.C. 58, he took part with Clodius against Cicero, and powerfully contributed to the exile of the latter. The next year he obtained the government of Syria. Judæa, which was comprised in this province, was at that period a scene of trouble, owing to the rival claims of Hyrcanus and Aristobulus to the throne. Gabinius defeat-(Vid. Abyla and Calpe.) ed Aristobulus in a great battle near Jerusalem, and then wrote home to the senate, and claimed a thanksgiving for his victory. This was refused him, and he was ordered to return. Disobeying the authority of the senate, he continued in command, and acted in the most arbitrary and oppressive manner. He even had the hardihood to march into Egypt, thus violating a positive law by making war beyond the boundaries of his own province. His object in passing into this country was to reinstate Ptolemy, which he successfully effected, after two victories over his rebellious subjects. The senate, highly incensed at his conduct, ordered him at last to return home and defend himself. Having obeyed this mandate, he was immediately accused of high treason. The interest of Casar and Pompey, however, obtained his acquittal. He was immediately after accused of extortion, and was less successful, notwithstanding the same powerful influence was exerted in his behalf; and even Cicero himself, yielding to the solicitations of Pompey, actually appeared as his advocate. Gabinius was condemned to perpetual banishment. After an exile of some years he was recalled by Cæsar, and remained thenceforth attached to the party of the latter. Sub-from his writings under various heads. The "Instisequently to the battle of Pharsalia, he was sent into tutions" of Gaius were probably the earliest attempt Illyricum with some newly levied-legions, but his army to present a sketch of the Roman law in the form of was almost destroyed, in several encounters, by the an elementary text-book. This work continued in barbarians, and he was compelled to shut himself up general use till the compilation of the Institutes of in Salona, where he died of a malady brought on Justinian, which were not only mainly based on the by chagrin at his discomfiture. His death happened Institutions of Gaius, but, like this earlier work, were about A.U.C. 707. (Cic., pro Dom., 9.-Id., pro divided into four books, with the same general distriLeg. Man., 17.-Id., Phil., 14, 8.--Plut., Vit. Pomp.bution of the subject-matter as that adopted by him. -Id., Vit. Cic., &c.)-II. A Roman general under Claudius, about A.D. 31, who gained some successes over the Germans.

GABINUS Cinctus. Vid. Gabii.

GAIUS (vid. remarks under Caius), one of the Roman classical jurists, whose works entitle him to a place among the great writers on law, such as Papinian, Paulus, and Ulpian. Nothing is known of the personal history of Gaius beyond the probable fact that he wrote under Antonius Pius and Aurelius. His works were largely used in the compilation of the "Digest" or "Pandects," which contain extracts

The Institutions of Gaius appear to have been neglected after the promulgation of Justinian's compilation, and were finally lost. All that remained was the detached pieces collected in the Digest, and what GADES (ium), GADIS (is), and GADIRA, a flourishing could be gathered from the " Breviarium Alaricicommercial city of Spain, at the mouth of one of the anum," as the code of the Visigoths is sometimes arms of the Bætis, now Cadiz. It was founded by called. But in 1816, Niebuhr discovered a manua Phoenician colony about 1500 B.C., according to script in the library of the chapter of Verona, which some; others, however, make its foundation coeval he ascertained to be a treatise on the Roman law, and with that of Utica, and this last to have been 287 which Savigny, founding his opinion on the specimens years before Carthage. Its name in Phoenician was published by Niebuhr, conjectured to be the InstituGaddir, and signified a hedge or limit, as it was thought tions of Gaius. This conjecture was soon fully conthat here were the western limits of the world. Thus firmed, though the MS. has no author's name on it. Pliny (4, 36) remarks, “ Pœni Gaddir, ita Punica lin- Göschen, Bekker, and Hollweg undertook to examgua septum significante," and Solinus (c. 23), “ Quam ine and copy this MS., an edition of which appearTyrii, a Rubro profecti mari, Erythream, Pani lingua ed at Berlin in 1820, by the first of these scholars. sua Gaddir, id est sepem, nominarunt."-The Greek To form some idea of the labour necessary to deciname is Túdɛipa, and hence we have in Hesychius, pher this MS., and of the patient perseverance of Γάδειρα· τὰ περιφράγματα, Φοίνικες. (Compare the those who undertook this formidable task, the reader Hebrew form Gederah, which Gesenius defines a is referred to the report of Göschen to the Acadeplace surrounded with a wall, into which the shep-my of Berlin, Nov. 6th, 1817. A second examination herds drove their flocks by night, for security against wild animals. Consult also Gesenius, Geschichte der Hebraischen Sprache und Schrift, p. 227.) It was situate on a small island of the same name, which was separated from the main land by a strait only one stadium wide. This island is said to have abounded at an early period with wild olive-trees, and to have been hence named Cotinusa (Kortvovca), not by the early inhabitants of the land, however, as some of the ancient writers thought, but by the Greeks; for the

of this MS. was made by Bluhme, and a new edition
of the Institutions was published by Göschen, at Ber-
lin, in 1824, which presents us with an exact copy of
the MS., with all its deficiencies, and contains a most
copious list of all the abbreviations used by the copyist
of Gaius.-The Institutions of Gaius form one of the
most valuable additions that have been made in mod-
ern times to our knowledge of the Roman law.
fourth book is particularly useful for the information
which it contains on actions and the forms of proce-

The

« PoprzedniaDalej »