apon himself, and has shown very little judgment and discrimination in the execution of it, yet the book is extremely useful as a collection of facts, which we could not have learned from any other quarter, and is entertaining as a sort of omniana on the subject. The article on Epicurus is valuable, as containing some original letters of that philosopher, which comprise a pretty satisfactory epitome of the Epicurean doctrines, and are very useful to the readers of Lucretius. The best editions of Diogenes are, that of Meibomius, Amst., 1692, 2 vols. 4to, and that of Hubner, Lips., 1828, 2 vols. 8vo. who turned them loose; and they strayed on to Mount Olympus, where they were destroyed by the wild beasts. (Apollod., 2, 5, 8.-Heyne, ad loc.) Another account makes Hercules to have given Diomede to be devoured by his own mares; and Eurystheus to have consecrated them to Juno. (Diod. Sic., 4, 15.) DIOMEDIS INSULE, certain small islands opposite the Sinus Urias, and at no great distance from the coast of Apulia. They are celebrated in mythology as connected with the legend of the transformation of Diomede's companions into birds. (Vid. Diomedes I., towards the close of the article.) (Aristot., de MiDIOMEDEE INSULE. Vid. Diomedis Insulæ. rab.-Lycophr., Alex., v. 599.-Ovid, Met., 14, 457.) DIOMEDES, Son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king Ancient writers differ as to their number. Strabo of Etolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian (284) recognises two; whereof one was inhabited, the chiefs in the Trojan war, ranking next to Achilles and other deserted. This is also the account of Pliny (3, Ajax. Homer represents him as one of the favourites 26, and 10, 44), who states, that one was called Dioof Minerva, and ascribes his many acts of valour to medea, and the other Teutria. Ptolemy, however, her protecting influence. Among his exploits, it is reckons five, which is said to be the correct number, recorded of him that he engaged in single combat if we include in the group three barren rocks, which with Hector and Eneas; that he wounded Mars, scarce deserve the name of islands. The island to Eneas, and Venus; and that, in concert with Ulysses, which Pliny gives the name of Diomedea appears to he carried off the horses of Rhesus, and the palladi- have also borne the appellation of Tremitus, as we um; and procured the arrows of Philoctetes. (Soph-learn from Tacitus (Ann., 4, 71), who informs us that ocles, however, makes Ulysses to have been aided it was the spot to which Augustus removed his abanin this last-mentioned affair by Pyrrhus, son of Achil-doned daughter Julia, and where she terminated a life les.) Diomede was deprived of the affection of his of infamy. Of these islands, the largest is now called wife Ægiale, through the wrath and vengeance of Ve- Isola San Domino, the other S. Nicolo. (Romanelli, nus, by whose influence, during his absence at the war, vol. 2, p. 296.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 275.) she had become attached to Cyllabarus, the son of DION, I. an illustrious inhabitant of Syracuse, who, Sthenelus. (But consult Heyne, ad Apollod., 1, 8, 6, deriving an ample inheritance from his father Hippaet ad Hom., Il., 5, 412.) Diomede was so afflicted at rinus, became a disciple of Plato, invited to the court the enstrangement of Egiale, that he abandoned of Syracuse by the elder Dionysius. In consequence Greece, and settled at the head of a colony, in Magna of the instructions of his master, he escaped being inGræcia, where he founded a city, to which he gave the fected with the licentiousness of the capital, and he name of Argyripa; and married a daughter of Dau- shared with his preceptor, at a subsequent period, in nus, prince of the country. In the progress of his the persecutions inflicted by the son and successor voyage to Italy, Diomede was shipwrecked on that part of the tyrant. He was nearly connected with Dionyof the Libyan coast which was under the sway of Ly- sius by having married his daughter, and by his siscus, who, as was his usage towards all strangers, seized ter being one of his wives; and he was also much and contined him. He was, however, liberated by esteemed by him, so as to be employed on several emCallirboë, the tyrant's daughter, who became so en- bassies. At the accession of the younger Dionysius, amoured of him, that, upon his quitting the African Plato was again, at Dion's request, invited to Syrashores, she put herself to death. Diomede, according cuse. In order, however, to counteract his influence, to one account, died in Italy at a very advanced age; the courtiers obtained the recall of Philistus, a man while another legend makes him to have been slain by notorious for his adherence to arbitrary principles. his father-in-law Daunus. (Tzetz., ad Lycophr., 603, This faction determined to supplant Dion, and availed seqq.) His companions were so much afflicted by his themselves of a real or supposititious letter to fix on death that they were changed into birds. Virgil, how-him the charge of treason. Dion, precluded from deever, makes this transformation earlier in date, and to have taken place during the lifetime of Diomede. (En., 11, 272.) He seems to have followed the tradition recorded by Ovid (Met., 14, 457), that Agnon, one of Diomede's companions in his voyage from Troy, insulted Venus with contemptuous language, and that the goddess, in revenge, transformed not only Agnon, but many others of Diomede's followers into birds. These birds, according to Ovid, resembled swans; they chiefly frequented some neighbouring islands in the Adriatic, and were noted for their fondness for Greeks, and their aversion towards the natives of any other country. (Vid. Diomedis Insula.-Consult Heyne, Excurs, 1, ad Æn., 11, and Lord Bacon's Fables of the Ancients, fab. xviii.)—II. A king of the Bistones, in Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene. His mares fed on human flesh. Hercules sailed to this quarter, having been ordered, as his eighth labour, to bring these mares to Mycenae. The hero overcame the grooms of Diomede, and led the mares to the sea. The Bistones pursued with arms. Hercules, leaving the mares in charge of Abderus, one of his companions, went to engage the foe. Meantime the mares tore their keeper to pieces; and the hero, having defeated the Bistones and slain Diomede, built a city by the tomb of Abderus, which he called Abdera after him. Hercules brought the mares to Eurystheus, fence, was transported to Italy, and from thence proceeded to Greece, where he was received with great honour. Dionysius became jealous of his popularity in Greece, especially at Athens, stopped his remittances, confiscated his estates, and compelled his wife, who had been left at Syracuse as an hostage, to marry another person. Dion, incensed at this treatment, determined to expel the tyrant. Plato resisted his intentions; but, encouraged by other friends, he assembled a body of troops, and with a small force sailed to Sicily, took advantage of the absence of Dionysius in Italy, and freed the people from his control. Dionysius returned, but, after some conflicts, was compelled to escape to Italy. The austere and philosophic manners of Dion, however, soon lost him the favour of his fickle countrymen, and he was supplanted by Heraclides, a Syracusan exile, and obliged to make his retreat to Leontini. He afterward regained the ascendancy, and in a rash moment caused Heraclides to be assassinated. This robbed him ever after of his peace of mind. An Athenian, an intimate friend, formed a conspiracy against his life, and Dion was assassinated in the 55th year of his age, B.C. 354. His death was universally lamented by the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his memory. (Diod. Sic., 16, 6, seqq.-Plut., Vit. Dion.-Corn. Nep., Vit. Dion.)II. Cassius Cocceianus, son of Cassius Apronianus, opportunities, he was well acquainted with the circumstances of the empire during the period for which he is a contemporary authority; and, indeed, we may assign a high value to his history of the whole period from the time of Augustus to his own age. Nor is his work without value for the earlier periods of Roman history, in which, though he has fallen into errors, like all the Greek and Roman writers who have handled the same obscure subject, he still enables us to correct some erroneous statements of Livy and Dionysius.-The best edition is that of Fabricius, completed by Reimar, Hamb., 2 vols. folio, 1751. Notwithstanding, however, the labours of these editors, a new critical edition is much wanted, both from the scarcity of the edition just mentioned, and the fact that the manuscripts have not been collated with sufficient care. The small Tauchnitz edition, 4 vols. 16mo, contains all the fragments. A very useful edition appeared in 1824-1825, by Sturz, from the Leipsic press, 8 vols. 8vo, which some even prefer to the edition of Fabricius and Reimar. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 180, seqq.-Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliog a Roman senator, was born A.D. 155, in Bithynia. | numerous extracts from Dion. Dion has taken PoHis true name was Cassius, but he assumed the other lybius for his model; but the imitator is comparable two names, as being descended on the mother's side with his original neither as respects arrangement and from Dion Chrysostom. Thus, though he was on his the distribution of materials, nor in soundness of views, mother's side of Greek descent, and though, in his and just and accurate reasoning. His style is generwritings, he adopted the then prevailing language of ally clear, though there are occasionally obscure pashis native province, namely, the Greek, he must nev-sages, where there appears to be no corruption of the ertheless be considered as a Roman. Dio Cassius text. His diligence is unquestionable, and, from his passed the greater part of his life in public employments. He was a senator under Commodus; governor of Smyrna after the death of Septimius Severus; for he had displeased this monarch, and held no office, consequently, during the life of the latter; and afterward consul, as also proconsul in Africa and Pannonia. Alexander Severus entertained the highest esteem for him, and made him consul for the second time, with himself, though the prætorian guards, irritated against him on account of his severity, had demanded his life. When advanced in years, he returned to his native country. Dion published a Roman history, in eighty books, the fruit of his researches and labours for the space of twenty-two years. It embraced a period of 983 years, extending from the arrival of Eneas in Italy, and the subsequent founding of Rome, to A.D. 229. Down to the time of Julius Cæsar, he only gives a summary of events; after this, he enters somewhat more into details; and from the time of Commodus he is very circumstantial in relating what passed under his own eyes. We have fragments remaining of the first 36 books: but there is a considerable portion of the 35th book, on the war of Lucullus against Mith-raph., vol. 1. p. 250.)-III. Surnamed Chrysostomus, radates, and of the 36th, on the war with the pirates, and the expedition of Pompey against the King of Pontus. The books that follow, to the 54th inclusive, are nearly all entire: they comprehend a period from B.C. 65 to B.C. 10, or from the eastern campaign of Pompey, and the death of Mithradates, to the death of Agrippa. The 55th book has a considerable gap in it. The 56th to the 60th, both included, which comprehend the period from A.D. 9 to A.D. 54, are complete, and contain the events from the defeat of Varus in Germany to the reign of Claudius. Of the following 20 books we have only fragments, and the meager abridgment of Xiphilinus. The 80th or last book comprehends the period from A.D. 222 to A.D. 229, in the reign of Alexander Severus. The abridgment of Xiphilinus, as now extant, commences with the 35th, and continues to the end of the 80th book. It is a very indifferent performance, and was made by order of the Emperor Michael Ducas: the abbreviator, Xiphilinus, was a monk of the eleventh century.-The fragments of the first 36 books, as now collected, are of three kinds. 1. Fragmenta Valesiana: such as were dispersed throughout various writers, scholiasts, grammarians, lexicographers, &c., and were collected by Henri de Valois. 2. Fragmenta Peiresciana: comprising large extracts, found in the section entitled "Of Virtues and Vices," in the great collection or portative library compiled by order of Constantine VI., Porphyrogenitus. The manuscript of this belonged to Peiresc. 3. The fragments of the first 34 books, preserved in the second section of the same work of Constantine's, entitled "Of Embassies." These are known under the name of Fragmenta Ursiniana, because the manuscript containing them was found in Sicily by Fulvio Orsini. 4. Excerpta Vaticana, by Mai, which contain fragments of books 1-35, and 61-80, and which have been published in the second volume of the Scriptorum Nova Collectio, p. 135, seqq. To these are added the fragments of an unknown continuator of Dion (p. 234-246), which go down to the time of Constantine. Other fragments from Dion belong chiefly to the first 35 books, also published in the same collection (p. 527, seqq.), were found by Mai in two Vatican MSS., which contain a sylloge or collection made by Maximus Planudes. The annals of Zonaras also contain or the Golden-mouthed, on account of the beauty of DIONA, a surname of Venus, as the daughter of DIONE, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer (Д., 5, 370). Dione, according to Knight, is the female AIE, or ZEYE, and therefore associated with him in the most ancient temple of Greece at Dodona. (Inquiry into the Symb. Lang., &c., ◊ 43.— Class. Journ., vol. 23, p. 234.-Compare Buttmann, Mythologus, vol. 1, p. 7, and Constant, de la Religeon, vol. 2, p. 335, in notis.) DIONYSIA, festivals held in honour of the god Dionysus or Bacchus. The most important of these were held at Athens and in Attica; and these derive their importance from their being the occasion on which the dramatic exhibitions of the Athenians took place. An account of these festivals, which were four in number, will be found under the article Theatrum, § 2. DIONYSIAS, a town of Egypt, situate at the southwestern extremity of the Lake Moris. It is now called Beled-Kerun, or, according to some, Scobha. (Ptol.) DIONYSOPOLIS, I. a town of Lower Mosia, in the vicinity of the Euxine Sea. Pliny says that it was also called Crunos, but Pomponius Mela (2, 2) makes Crunos the port of Dionysopolis. The modern name is Dinysipoli.-II. A city of India, supposed by Man-an, V. H., 1,20.) He also made a descent with a fleet nert to be the same with the modern Nagar, or Nughr, on the western bank of the river Cow. Mannert does not consider it to have been the same with the ancient city of Nyssa, but makes the position of the latter more to the north. (Geogr., vol. 5, p. 142.) from a statue of Jupiter, consecrated by Gelon out of the spoils of the Carthaginians, he replaced it by a woollen garment, saying that this was more suited to the vicissitudes of the seasons. He also took away a golden beard from Esculapius, observing that it was not becoming for the son of a beardless father (Apollo) to make a display of his own beard. He likewise appropriated to himself the silver tables and golden vases and crowns in the temples, saying he would make use of the bounty of the gods. (Cic., N. D., 3, 34.-Elion the coast of Etruria, and plundered the temple at Cære or Agylla of 1000 talents. With these resources he was preparing himself for a new expedition to Italy, when a fresh Carthaginian armament landed in Sicily, 383 B.C., and defeated Dionysius, whose DIONYSIUS I., or the Elder, a celebrated tyrant of brother Leptines fell in the battle. A peace followed, of Syracuse, raised to that high rank from the station of which Carthage dictated the conditions. The boundary a simple citizen, was born in this same city 430 B.C. of the two states was fixed at the river Halycus, and He was son-in-law to Hermocrates, who, having been Dionysius had to pay 1000 talents for the expenses of banished by an adverse party, attempted to return by the war. This peace lasted fourteen years, during which force of arms, and was killed in the action. Dionysius Dionysius remained the undisturbed ruler of Syracuse, was dangerously wounded, but he recovered, and was and one half of Sicily, with part of southern Italy. He afterward recalled. In time he procured himself to sent colonies to the coasts of the Adriatic, and his be nominated one of the generals, and, under pretence fleets navigated both seas. Twice he sent assistance of raising a force sufficient to resist the Carthaginians, to his old ally, Sparta; once against the Athenians, he obtained a decree for recalling all the exiles, to 374 B.C., and again in 369, after the battle of Leucwhom he gave arms. Being sent to the relief of Gela,tra, when the Spartans were hard pressed by Epamithen besieged by the Carthaginians, he effected nothing nondas. Meantime the court of Dionysius was freagainst the enemy, pretending that he was not sec- quented by many distinguished men, philosophers, and onded by the other commanders; and his friends sug- poets. Plato is said to have been among the former, gested, that, in order to save the state, the supreme being invited by Dion, the brother-in-law of Dionyspower ought to be confided to one man, reminding the ius; but the philosopher's declamations against tyrpeople of the times of Gelon, who had defeated the anny led to his being sent away from Syracuse. The Carthaginian host, and given peace to Sicily. The poets fared little better, as Dionysius himself aspired general assembly therefore proclaimed Dionysius su- to poetical fame, for which, however, he was not so preme chief of the republic about 405 B.C., when he well qualified as for political success. Those who did was twenty-five years of age. He increased the pay not praise his verses were in danger of being led to of the soldiers, enlisted new ones, and, under pretence prison. Dionysius twice sent some of his poems to of a conspiracy against his person, formed a guard of be recited at the Olympic games, but they were hissed mercenaries. He then proceeded to the relief of Gela, by the assembly. He was more successful at Athens. but failed in the attack on the Carthaginian camp: he A tragedy of his obtained the prize, and the news of his however penetrated into the town, the inhabitants of success almost turned his brain. He had just conwhich he advised to leave it quietly in the night under cluded a fresh truce with the Carthaginians, after havthe escort of his troops. On his retreat he persuaded ing made an unsuccessful attack on Lilybæum, at the those of Camarina to do the same. This raised suspi-expiration of the fourteen years' peace; and he now cions among his troops, and a party of horsemen, riding gave himself up to rejoicings and feastings for his po on before the rest, raised, on their arrival at Syracuse, etical triumph. In a debauch with his friends, he ate an insurrection against Dionysius, plundered his house, and drank so intemperately that he fell senseless, and and treated his wife so cruelly that she died in conse- soon after died (some say he was poisoned by his phyquence. Dionysius, with a chosen body, followed sicians, at the instigation of his son), B.C. 367, in the close after, set fire to the gate of Acradina, forced his 63d year of his age, having been tyrant of Syracuse way into the city, put to death the leaders of the re- thirty-eight years. After the death of his first wife, volt, and remained undisputed possessor of the su- he married two wives at once, namely, Doris of Locri, preme power. The Carthaginians, being afflicted by and Aristæneta, daughter of Hipparinus, of Syracuse: a pestilence, made proposals of peace, which were ac- by these women he had seven children, of whom Dicepted by Dionysius, and he then applied himself to onysius, his elder son by Doris, succeeded him in the fortifying Syracuse, and especially the island of Orty- sovereignty.-Dionysius was a clever statesman, and gia, which he made his stronghold, and which he peo- generally successful in his undertakings. He did pled entirely with his trusty partisans and mercenaries, much to strengthen and extend the power of Syracuse, by the aid of whom he put down several revolts. Af- and it was probably owing to him that all Sicily did ter reducing beneath his sway the towns of Leontini, not fall into the hands of the Carthaginians. He was Catana, and Naxus, he engaged in a new war with unscrupulous, rapacious, and vindictive, but several of Carthage, in which he met with the most brilliant suc- the stories stated of his cruelty and suspicious temper cess, making himself master of numerous towns in Si-appear improbable, or at least exaggerated. The cily, and becoming eventually feared both in Italy and works of Philistus, who had written his life, and who Sicily, to the dominion of both of which countries he is praised by Cicero, are lost. Diodorus, who is our seems at one time to have aspired. In order to raise principal remaining authority concerning Dionysius, money, he allied himself with the Illyrians, and pro-lived nearly three centuries after, and was not a critiposed to them the joint plunder of the temple of Delphi: the enterprise, however, failed. He then plundered several temples, such as that of Proserpina at Locri; and as he sailed back with the plunder, with a fair wind, he, who was a humourist in his way, observed to his friends, " You see how the immortal gods favour sacrilege." Having carried off a golden mantle cal writer. The government of Dionysius, like that of many others who are styled tyrants in ancient history, was not a despotism; it resembled rather that of the first Medici, and other leaders of the Italian republics in the middle ages, or that of the stadtholders in Holland. The popular forms still remained, and we find Dionysius repeatedly convoking the assembly of the seqq.-Compare Phot., Biblioth., cod. 83.) The principal work of Dionysius is his Roman Antiquities ('Pwμaikh 'Apxaioλoyia), which commenced with the early history of the people of Italy, and terminated with the beginning of the first Punic war, B.C. 265. It originally consisted of 20 books, of which the first ten remain entire. The eleventh breaks off in the year 312 B.C., but several fragments of the latter half of the history are preserved in the collection of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, and to these a valuable addition was made in 1816, by Mai, from an old MS. Besides, the first three books of Appian were founded entirely upon Dionysius; and Plutarch's biography of Camillus must also be considered as a compilation mostly taken from the Roman Antiquities, so that, perhaps, upon the whole, we have not lost much of his work. With regard to the trustworthiness and general value of Dionysius's history, considerable doubts may justly be entertained: for, though he has evidently written with much greater care than Livy, and tras studied Cato and the old annalists more diligently than his Roman contemporary, yet he wrote with an object which at once invalidates his claim to be considered a veracious and impartial historian. Dionysius wrote for the Greeks, and his object was to relieve them from the mortification which they felt at being conquered by a race of barbarians, as they considered the Romans to be. And this he endeavoured to effect by twisting and forging testimonies, and botching up the old legends, so as to make out a prima facie proof of the Greek origin of the city of Rome; and he inserts arbitrarily a great number of set speeches, evidently composed for the same purpose. He indulges in a minuteness of detail, which, though it might be some people on important occasions, when full freedom of speech seems to have been allowed. (Plut., Vit. Dion. -Diod. Sic., 13, 92, seqq.-Id., 14, 7, seqq., &c.) An account of the famous prison, or "Ear of Dionysius," will be found under the article Lautumiæ.-II. The second of that name, surnamed the Younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. His father, whom he succeeded, had left the state in a prosperous condition, but young Dionysius had neither his abilities, nor his prudence and experience. He followed at first the advice of Dion, who, although a republican in principle, had remained faithful to his father, and who now endeavoured to direct the inexperienced son for the good of his country. For this purpose Dion invited his friend Plato to Syracuse about 364 B.C. Dionysius received the philosopher with great respect, and, in deference to his advice, reformed for a while his loose habits and the manners of his court. But a faction, headed by Philistus, who had always been a supporter of the tyranny of the elder Dionysius, succeeded in prejudicing the son against both Dion and Plato. Dion was exiled, under pretence that he had written privately to the senate of Carthage for the purpose of concluding a peace. Plato urgently demanded of Dionysius the recall of Dion, and, not being able to obtain it, he left Syracuse, after which Dionysius gave himself up to debauchery without restraint. Dion, meanwhile, was travelling through Greece, where his character gained him numerous friends. Dionysius, moved by jealousy, confiscated his property, and obliged his wife to marry another. Upon this, Dion collected a small force at Zacynthus, with which he sailed for Sicily, and entered Syracuse without resistance. Dionysius retired to the citadel in Ortygia, and, after some resistance, in which Philistus, his best support-proof of veracity in a contemporaneous history, is a ter, was taken prisoner and put to death, he quitted palpable indication of want of faith in the case of an Syracuse by sea and retired to Locri, the country of ancient history so obscure and uncertain as that of his mother, where he had connexions and friends. Rome. With all his study and research, Dionysius was Dion having been treacherously murdered, several ty- so imperfectly acquainted with the Roman constiturants succeeded each other in Syracuse, until Dionys-tion, that he often misrepresents the plainest stateius himself came and retook it about B.C. 346. In- ments about it. (Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 2, p. 13, stead, however, of improving by his ten years' exile, he Cambr. transl.) For instance, he thought the original had grown worse. Having, during the interval of his constitution of Rome was a monarchical democracy, absence from Syracuse, usurped the supreme power and he calls the curiæ the demus (dñμoç). He bein Locri, he had committed many atrocities, had put lieved, when he wrote his second book, that the decrees to death several citizens, and abused their wives and of the people were enacted by the curiæ and confirmed daughters. Upon his return to Syracuse, his cruelty by the senate (Antiq., 2, 14), and not, as he afterward and profligacy drove away a great number of people, discovered, the converse. (Antiq., 7, 38.) In a word, who emigrated to various parts of Italy and Greece, though the critical historian may be able to extract while others joined Iketas, tyrant of Leontini, and a much that is of great importance for the early history former friend of Dion. The latter sent messengers of Rome from the garbled narrative and dull trifling of to Corinth to request assistance against Dionysius. Dionysius, he cannot be regarded as a meritorious wriThe Corinthians appointed Timoleon leader of the ter, or recommended to the student of ancient history expedition. This commander landed in Sicily B.C. as a faithful guide.-Dionysius also wrote a treatise 344, notwithstanding the opposition of the Carthagin-on rhetoric; criticisms on the style of Thucydides, jans, and of Iketas, who acted a perfidious part on Lysias, Isocrates, Isæus, Dinarchus, Plato, and Demosthe occasion; he entered Syracuse, and soon after thenes; a treatise on the arrangement of words, and obliged Dionysius to surrender. Dionysius was sent some other short essays. His critical works are much to Corinth, where he spent the remainder of his life in more valuable than his history, and are, indeed, written the company of actors and low women; some say, with considerable power. The criticism on Dinarchus that at one time he kept a school. Justin (21, 5) states, displays good sense and judgment, and shows the that he purposely affected low habits in order to dis- great pains which the author took to separate the genarm revenge, in that, being despised, he might no long- uine writings of the Attic orators from the fabrications er be feared or hated for his former tyranny. Several which passed under their name. The best editions of repartees are related of him in answer to those who Dionysius are, that of Hudson, Oxon, 1704, 2 vols. fol., taunted him upon his altered fortunes, which are not and that of Reiske, Lips., 1774-1777, 6 vols. 8vo. destitute of wit or wisdom. (Plut., Vit. Dion.-Diod. Mai's fragments were first published at Milan in 1816, Sic., 16, 5, seqq.)-III. Halicarnassensis or Halicar-and reprinted the following year at Frankfort. They nasseus, an historian and critic, was born at Halicarnassus in the first century B.C. We know nothing of his history beyond what he has told us himself. He states, that he came to Italy at the termination of the civil war between Augustus and Antony (B.C. 29), | and that he spent the following two-and-twenty years at Rome in learning the Latin language, and in collecting materials for his history. (Antiq. Rom., 1, 7, also appear in the second volume of Mai's Nova Collectio, Rome, 1827.-IV. The author of a Greek poem in 1186 hexameters, entitled Tñç Oikovμévпs Пepińynois, "A Description of the Habitable World." It is not clearly ascertained where he was born. The probability is, however, that he was a native of Charax, in Susiana. It is uncertain, also, when he flourished; he belonged, however, according to the general opinion, to the lat ter part of the third or the beginning to the fourth | quem Algebram vocant, celebris est." According to century A.D. He derived from his poem the surname Ideler, however (in a communication to Schulz), the of Periegetes. This production of his has little merit Arabic text, when rendered into Latin, runs as follows: as a work of imagination, and but feeble interest for the · Cujus liber Ab-kismet de Algebra et Almokabala celegeographer. The commentary, however, of Eustathius bris est." The two words Al-dgebr and Almokabala,. upon it possesses some value from the miscellaneous designate with the Arabians what we call algebra. information which is scattered throughout. There are The term Kismet means "division," but Ab-Kismet two Latin translations of the poem, one by Rufus Fes- is unintelligible: it may, perhaps, be the Greek word tus Avienus, and the other by Priscian. The last and for arithmetic ('Aptoμntik?), in a corrupt and mutilabest edition of the Periegesis is that of Bernhardy, ted state. Some critics, who attach no great weight to Laps., 1828, 8vo, in the first volume of his Geographi this testimony of the Arabian writer just referred to, Græci Minores. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 59.)- declare that there is no reason whatever for fixing any V. A Christian writer, called Areopagita, from his hav-precise period between B.C. 200 and A.D. 400.~~ Diing been a member of the court of Areopagus at Athens. ophantus is certainly later than the first of these dates, He was converted to Christianity by St. Paul's preach- since he cites Hypatia; he is anterior to the year 400 ing. (Acts, 17, 34.) He is reported to have been of our era, since, according to Suidas, the celebrated the first bishop of Athens, being appointed to that office Hypatia, who perished A.D. 415, commented upon by the apostle Paul, and to have suffered martyrdom his writings. The reputation of Diophantus was so under Domitian. During the night of learning, a great great among the ancients that they ranked him with number of writings were circulated under his name, Pythagoras and Euclid. From his epitaph in the Anwhich were collected together and printed at Cologne thologia, which furnishes a kind of arithinetical prob in 1536, and subsequently at Antwerp in 1634, and at lem, the following particulars of his life have been Paris in 1646, 2 vols. fol. They have now, for a long collected: viz., that he was married when thirty-three time, been deemed spurious, although the learned dif- years old, and had a son five years after; that his son fer in respect to the times and authors of the fabrica- died at the age of forty-two, and that his father did not tion. The most probable reasoning, however, fixes survive him above four years; whence it appears that them at the end of the fifth century. (Suid-Cave, Diophantus was eighty-four years old when he died. Hist. Lit.-Lardner's Creed, pt. 2.)-VI. Surnamed The problem amounts to this, viz., to fiħd a number Exiguus, or the Little, on account of the smallness of such that its sixth, twelfth, and seventh parts, with his stature, was a Scythian monk of the sixth century, five, its half, and four, amount to the whole number; who became an abbot at Rome. Cassiodorus, who which is evidently eighty-four. Diophantus wrote a was his intimate friend, speaks highly of his learning work entitled Arithmetical Questions, in thirteen books, and character. At the request of Stephen, bishop of of which only six remain. It would seem that in the Salona, he drew up a body of canons, entitled "Col- fifteenth, and even at the beginning of the seventeenth, lectio, sive Coder Canonum Ecclesiasticorum," &c., century all the thirteen books still existed. John Mültranslated from the Greek, containing the first 50 ler, known by the name of Regio-montanus, assures apostolical canons, as they are called, with those of the us that he saw a complete manuscript of the work; councils of Nice, Constantinople, Chalcedon, Sardis, and, according to Bachet de Meziriac, Cardinal Perand including 138 canons of certain African councils. ron also once possessed a complete copy. The He afterward drew up a collection of the decretals, arithmetic of Diophantus is not merely important for and both are to be found in the Bibliotheca Juris Ca- the study of the history of mathematics, from its manonici Veteris of Justell. To this Dionysius some king known the state of the exact sciences in the fourth writers ascribe the mode of computing the time of century before the Christain era, but is interesting Easter, attributed to Victorinus, and of dating froin the also to the mathematician himself, from its furnishing birth of Christ. (Cave's Hist. Lit.-Hutton's Math. him with luminous methods for the resolution of anaDict.)-VII. A Greek poet and musician, the author lytical problems. We find in it, moreover, the first of the words and music of three hymns, addressed traces of that branch of the exact sciences called algeto Calliope, Apollo, and Nemesis. They were pub- bra. It is scarcely to be conceived, however, that, lished by Vincent Galilei, at Florence, in 1581; and while the cumbrous machinery of common language again by Dr. Fell, at Oxford, in 1672, from a manu- constituted the sole instrument of investigation, the script found among the papers of Archbishop Usher. very curious conclusions which we find in this work It appears by these notes, that the music of the hymus could have resulted from the researches of one single in question was in the Lydian mode and diatonic ge- mind. To suppose that Diophantus was the author of Galilei asserts that he had them from a Floren- the analysis which bears his name is so contrary to all tine gentleman, who copied them from an ancient analogy with experience and the history of mental Greek manuscript in the library of Cardinal St. Angelo phenomena, as to be utterly impossible to admit. Still, at Rome, which manuscript also contained the treatises if we inquire into the history of this branch of analyon music by Aristides, Quintilianus, and Bryennius, sis, and ask who were the predecessors to Diophantus, since published by Meibomius and Dr. Wallis. The or whether they were Greeks or Hindus, no satisFlorentine and Oxford editions of these hymns exactly factory answer can be given. We have also a secagree; and they have since also been printed in the ond work of Diophantus on Polygon Numbers (Пɛpi fifth volume of the French Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions, &c. (Burney's History of Music.) nus. DIOPHANTUS, a mathematician of Alexandrea, who, according to the most received opinion, was contemporary with the Emperor Julian. This opinion is founded upon a passage of Abulpharadge, an Arabian author of the thirteenth century: he names, among the contemporaries of the Emperor Julian, Diophantes (for Diophantus), as the author of a celebrated work on algebra and arithmetic; and he is thought to have derived his information from an Arabic commentator on Diophantus, Muhammed al Buziani, who flourished about the end of the eleventh century. The passage of Abulpharadge, in the translation of Pococke, is as follows: "Ex iis etiam Diophantes, cujus liber A, B, oλvyóvwv ȧpiðμan). He himself cites a third, under the title of Пopíopara, or Corollaries. The best edition of Diophantus is that of Fermat, Tolos., 1670, fol. It is a republication of that of Meziriac (Paris, 1621, fol.), with additions. A valuable translation of the Arithmetical Questions into German was published by Otto Schulz, Berlin, 1822, 8vo, to which is added Poselger's translation of the work on Polygon numbers. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 43, seqq.) DIORES, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the games exhibited by Æneas on his father's tomb in Sicily. (Virg., En., 5, 297; 12, 509.) DIOSCORIDES, I. a disciple of Isocrates, who wrote, 1. A work on the government of Lacedæmon (Hoλirɛia AaRedayoviwv); 2. Commentaries, or Historic Memoirs |