dle of the ancient city. He bases his remark on a passage of Steph. Byz. (p. 229, ed. Gronov., Amst., 1678), and on the statement of Strabo, that the navel of the earth was in the midst of the temple of Apollo. (Clarke's Travels, l. c.)

DELPHICUS, a surname of Apollo, from his sanctuary and worship at Delphi.

DELPHUS, a son of Apollo and Celano, who, according to one account, was the founder of Delphi. (Pausan., 10, 6.)

been formed, in part at least, if not altogether, by the deposites of the Nile. (Consult remarks under the article Nilus, and also Lyell's Geology, vol. 1, p. 355.)

ceeded in removing to their own country, since we | Nic., p. 532.) Delphi derived farther celebrity from are told, that, on the capture of Tolosa, a city of Gaul, its being the place where the Amphictyonic council by the Roman general Cæpio, a great part of the Del- held one of their assemblies (Strabo, 420.-Sainte phic spoils was found there. (Strabo, 188.-Dio Croix, des Gouvern. Feder. Art., 2, p. 19), and also Cassius, Excerpt., p. 630.) Pausanias, however, from the institution of the games which that ancient relates, that the Gauls met with great disasters in and illustrious body had established after the successtheir attempt on Delphi, and were totally discomfited ful termination of the Crissæan war. (Vid. Pythia, through the miraculous intervention of the god (10, II., and compare Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, Appen23. Compare Polybius, 1, 6, 5.—Id., 2, 20, 6.— dix, 1, p. 195.) For an account of the ruins of DelJustin, 24, 6). Sylla is also said to have robbed this phi, on part of the site of which stands the present temple, as well as those of Olympia and Epidaurus. village of Castri, consult Clarke's Travels-Greece, (Dio Cass., Excerpt., p. 646.-Diod. Sic., Excerpt., Egypt, &c., vol. 7, p. 225, seqq.-Dodwell's Tour, 406.) Strabo assures us, that in his time the temple vol. 1, p. 174, seqq.-And for some remarks on the was greatly impoverished, all the offerings of any fable of Apollo and Python, consult the latter article. value having been successively removed. The Em--No traces of the sacred aperture remain at the presperor Nero carried off, according to Pausanias (10, 7), ent day. Dr. Clarke, however, inclines to the opinfive hundred statues of bronze at one time. Con-ion that it ought to be searched for in the very midstantine the Great, however, proved a more fatal enemy to Delphi than either Sylla or Nero. He removed the sacred tripods to adorn the hippodrome of his new city, where, together with the Apollo, the statues of the Heliconian muses, and a celebrated statue of Pan, they were extant when Sozomen wrote his history. (Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 17.) Among these tripods was the famous one, which the Greeks, after the battle of Platea, found in the camp of Mardonius. The Brazen Column which supported this tripod is still to be seen at Constantinople. (Clarke's Trav DELTA, a part of Egypt, which received that name els-Greece, Egypt, &c., vol. 3, p. 75, seqq.)-The from its resemblance to the form of the fourth letter spot whence issued the prophetic vapour, which in- of the Greek alphabet. It lay between the Canopic spired the priestess, was said to be the central point and Pelusiac mouths of the Nile, where the river beof the earth, this having been proved by Jupiter him-gins to branch off, and is generally supposed to have self, who despatched two eagles from opposite quarters of the heavens, which there encountered each other. (Strabo, 419.-Pausan., 10, 16.—Plut., de Orac. Def., p. 409.) Strabo reports, that the sacred DEMADES, an Athenian, of obscure origin, the son tripod was placed over the mouth of the cave, whence of a mariner, and at first a mariner himself. He afproceeded the exhalation, and which was of great terward, although without any liberal education, came depth. On this sat the Pythia, who, having caught forward as a public speaker, and obtained great influthe inspiration, pronounced her oracles in extempore ence among his countrymen. Demades is described prose or verse; if the former, it was immediately ver- as a witty, acute, and fluent speaker, but an unprinsified by the poet always employed for that purpose. cipled and immoral man. Having been taken prisThe oracle itself is said to have been discovered by oner at Cheronea, he is said, by a free and well-timed accident. Some goats having strayed to the mouth of rebuke, to have checked the insolent joy displayed the cavern, were suddenly seized with convulsions: by Philip, but afterward to have allowed himself to be those likewise by whom they were found in this situa- corrupted, and employed as a venal agent by the contion having been affected in a similar manner, the queror. The first part of this story is hardly credible, circumstance was deemed supernatural, and the cave the latter is fully substantiated. Demades from this pronounced the seat of prophecy. (Pausan., 10, 5. time was the tool of Macedon. He advocated the in-Plut., de Orac. Def., p. 433.-Plin., 2, 93.) The terests of Philip, flattered his successor Alexander, priestess could only be consulted on certain days. sided with Antipater, and, in a word, is described by The season of inquiry was the spring, during the Plutarch as the man who, of all the demagogues of the month Busius. (Plut., Quæst Græc., p. 292.) Sac- day, contributed most to the ruin of his country. (Vit. rifices and other ceremonies were to be performed by Phoc. init.) He was at last put to death by Cassanthose who sought an answer from the oracle, before der, having been proved, by means of an intercepted they could be admitted into the sanctuary. (Herodot., letter, to be in secret league with the enemies of the 7, 140.-Plut., de Orac. Def., p. 435, 437.-Id., de former, B.C. 318. Cicero and Quintilian state, that Pyth. Orac., p. 397.) The most remarkable of the no orations of Demades were extant in their time. Pythian responses are those which Herodotus records (Cic., Brut., 9.- Quint., 2, 17, et 12.) The old as having been delivered to the Athenians, before the rhetorician, however, from whom Tzetzes drew his invasion of Xerxes (7, 140), to Croesus (1, 46), to Ly-information on the subject, had read speeches of his. curgus (1, 65), to Glaucus the Spartan (6, 86), and (Tzetz., Chil., 6, 36, seq.) We have, moreover, reone relative to Agesilaus, cited by Pausanias (3, 8). maining at the present day a fragment of an oration There was, however, it appears, no difficulty in bri- by Demades, entitled Tep Ts dwdekaerías, “ An bing and otherwise influencing the Pythia herself, as apology for his conduct during the twelve years he had history presents us with several instances of this im- been a public orator." It is to be found in the colposture. Thus we are told, that the Alcmeonidæ sug-lections of Aldus, Stephens, and Reiske. (Ruhnken, gested on one occasion such answers as accorded with their political designs. (Herodot., 5, 62, 90.) Cleomenes, king of Sparta, also prevailed on the priestess to aver that his colleague Demaratus was illegitimate. On the discovery, however, of this machination, the Pythia was removed from her office. (Herodotus, 6, 66.) The same charge was brought against Plistonax, another sovereign of Sparta. (Thucyd., 5, 16. -Compare Plut., Vit. Demosth., p. 854. Id., Vit.

Hist. Crit. Orat. Græc., in Opusc., vol. 1, p. 349, seqq. -Hauptmann, de Demade Dissert.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 265, seq.)

DEMARATUS, I. the son and successor of Ariston on the throne of Sparta, B.C. 526. He was deposed, through the intrigues of Cleomenes, his colleague, on the ground of his being illegitimate. After his deposition, he was chosen and held the office of magistrate; but, being insultingly derided on one occasion by Le

DEMETRIUS, I. a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcētes (Ioλιopкητns), “besieger of cities," from his talents as an engineer, and his peculiar skill in conducting sieges, especially by the aid of machines and engines either invented or improved by himself. At the age of twenty-two he was sent by his father against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza; but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals of the enemy. He afterward sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by free

otychides, who had been appointed king in his stead, | the defile of Tempe, as well on the side of the plains he retired, first to the island of Zacynthus, whither he as on that of the mountains. Its maritime situation was pursued by the Lacedæmonians, and afterward also, both from its proximity to the island of Eubœa, crossed over into Asia to Darius, who received him to Attica, the Peloponnesus, the Cyclades, and the ophonourably, and presented him with lands and cities. posite shores of Asia, rendered it a most important (Herod., 6, 65, 70.) He enabled Xerxes subsequently acquisition to the sovereigns of Macedonia. Hence to obtain the nomination to the empire, in preference Philip, the son of Demetrius, is said to have termed it to his elder brother Artabazarnes, by suggesting to him one of the chains of Greece. (Polyb., 17, 11.—Liv., an argument, the justice of which was acknowledged 32, 37.-Id., 28, 5.) After the battle of Cynoscephby Darius. (Herod., 7, 3.) We find him after this, alæ, it became the principal town of the Magnesian rethough an exile from his country, yet sending the first public, and the seat of government. It fell under the intelligence to Sparta of the designs of Xerxes against Roman power after the battle of Pydna. Demetrias Greece. (Herod., 7, 239.) He accompanied the is generally thought to coincide with the modern Volo; monarch on his expedition, frankly praised to him the but this last occupies the site of the ancient Pagasæ. discipline of the Greeks, and especially that of the (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 434.) Spartans; and, before the battle of Thermopylæ, explained to him some of the warlike customs of the lastmentioned people. (Herod., 7, 209.) We learn also, that he advised Xerxes to seize, with his fleet, on the island of Cythera, off the coast of Laconia, from which he might continually infest the shores of that country. The monarch did not adopt his suggestion, but still always regarded the exile Spartan as a friend, and treated him accordingly. The nature of the advice relative to Cythera makes it more than probable that Demaratus, in sending home information of the threatened expedition of Xerxes, meant in reality to taunting them from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and alarm his countrymen. (Herod., 7, 234, seqq.) II. A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiada. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before Christ. Commerce had not been deemed disreputable among the Corinthian nobility; and as a mer. chant, therefore, Demaratus had formed ties of friendship at this place. He brought great wealth with him. The sculptors Eucheir and Eugrammus, and Cleo-reduction of Cyprus. After a slight engagement with phantus the painter, were said to have accompanied him; and along with the fine arts of Greece, he taught (so the popular account said) alphabetic writing to the Etrurians. His son Lucumo migrated afterward to Rome, and became monarch there under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. (Plin., 35, 5.-Liv., 1, 34, seqq.)-III. A Corinthian, in the time of Philip and his son Alexander. He had connexions of hospitality with the royal family of Macedon, and, having paid a visit to Philip, succeeded in reconciling that monarch to his son. After Alexander had overthrown the Persian empire, Demaratus, though advanced in years, made a voyage to the east in order to see the conqueror, and, when he beheld him, exclaimed, "What a pleasure have those Greeks missed, who died without seeing Alexander seated on the throne of Darius!" He died soon after, and was honoured with a magnificent funeral. (Plut., Vit. Alex., c. 37.-Id. ibid., c. 56. -Id., Vit. Ages., c. 15.)-IV. A Corinthian exile at the court of Philip, king of Macedonia. (Plut., Alex.) Demetria, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the Greeks Demeter (Anunnp). It was then customary for the votaries of the goddess to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The Athenians instituted for a short time a solemnity of the same name, in honour of Demetrius Poliorcétes.

and expelling the garrison which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. The gratitude of the Athenians to their deliverer passed all bounds, or was only equalled by their fulsome and impious adulation, the details of which are to be found in the pages of Plutarch. (Vit. Demetr., c. 10.) But Demetrius was soon summoned by his father to leave the flattery of orators and demagogues, in order to resume the combined duties of an admiral and an engineer in the Menelaus, the brother of Ptolemy, he laid siege to Salamis, the ancient capital of that island. The occurrences of this siege occupy a prominent place in history, not so much on account of the dete-mined resistance opposed to the assailants, and the great importance attached to its issue by the heads of the belligerent parties, as for a new species of warlike engine invented by Demetrius, and first employed by him against the city of Salamis. The instrument in question was called an Helepõlis, or "Town-taker," and was an immense tower, consisting of nine stories, gradually diminishing as they rose in altitude, and affording accommodation for a large number of armed men, who discharged all sorts of missiles against the ramparts of the enemy. Ptolemy, dreading the fall of Salamis, which would pave the way, as he easily foresaw, for the entire conquest of Cyprus, had already made formidable preparations for compelling Demetrius to raise the siege. A memorable seafight ensued, in which the ruler of Egypt was completely defeated, with the loss of nearly all his fleet, and thirty thousand prisoners. An invasion of Egypt, by Antigonus, then took place, but ended disgracefully; and Demetrius was sent to reduce the Rhodians, who persisted in remaining allies to Ptolemy. The operations of the son of Antigonus before Rhodes, and the resoDEMETRIAS, a city of Thessaly, on the Sinus Pelas-lute defence of the place by the inhabitants, present gicus or Pagasæus, at the mouth of the river OnchesIt owed its name and origin to Demetrius Poliorcetes, about 290 B.C., and derived, as Strabo reports, its population, in the first instance, from the neighbouring towns of Nelia, Pagasa, Ormenium, Rhizus, Sepias, Olizon, Beebe, and Iolcos, all of which were finally included within its territory. (Strabo, 436.-Plut., Vit. Demetr.) It soon became one of the most flourishing towns in Thessaly, and, in a military point of view, was allowed to rank among the principal fortresses of Greece. It was, in fact, most advantageously placed for defending the approaches to

tus.

perhaps the most remarkable example of skill and heroism that is to be found in the annals of ancient warfare. The Helepolis employed on this occasion greatly exceeded the one that was used in the siege of Salamis. Its towers were 150 feet high; it was supported on eight enormous wheels, and propelled by the labour of 3400 men. After a siege of a whole year, however, the enterprise was abandoned, a treaty was concluded with the Rhodians, and Demetrius, at the request of the Athenians, who were now again subjected to the Macedonian yoke, proceeded to rescue Greece from the power of Cassander. In this he was so success

ful that he ultimately spread the terror of his arms | perance. His remains were delivered up to his son over the whole of that country. The object of Anti-Antigonus, who interred them with great splendour in gonus and his son was now to effect the final subjuga- the city of Demetrias. The age of Demetrius at the tion of Macedonia, Egypt, and the East. The con- time of his death was fifty-four. His posterity enjoyfederacy of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cas-ed the throne of Macedon in continued succession sander was therefore renewed, with the view of crush- down to Perses, when the Roman conquest took place. ing these ambitious schemes, and in the battle of Ipsus-Demetrius was remarkable for the possession of two they succeeded in effecting their object. Antigonus qualities, which seem to be altogether inconsistent fell in the conflict, and Demetrius, after a precipitate with each other, an excessive love of pleasure and an flight of 200 miles, regained his fleet with only a small ardent passion for glory. His courage in conflicts, his remnant of his once powerful host. Sailing soon after profound acquaintance with the military art, and his to Athens, he received information from the fickle and skill, particularly in the construction of warlike enungrateful inhabitants that they had resolved to admit gines, constitute strong claims on the remembrance of no king within their city; upon which, finding that all posterity. His dissolute morals have been justly cenGreece had now submitted to the influence of Cassan- sured, but there were many excellent traits of characder, he made a descent on the coast at Corinth for the ter which went far towards counterbalancing his vices. mere purposes of plunder and revenge, and afterward He always showed himself a dutiful and affectionate committed similar ravages along the whole coast of son, a mild and generous conqueror, and a liberal paThrace. Fortune, however, soon smiled again. Se-tron of the arts. (Plut., Vit. Demetr.)-II. Son of leucus, jealous of the power of Lysimachus, whose ter- Antigonus Gonatas, and grandson of Demetrius Poliritories now extended to the Syrian borders, resolved orcētes, succeeded his father, B.C. 243. He made to strengthen his own dominions by forming an alli- war on the Etolians and Achæans, and was successful ance with the family of Demetrius, which was still against both, especially the latter, whom he defeated, possessed of considerable claims and interests. He although under the command of Aratus. He had distherefore made proposals for, and obtained in marriage, tinguished himself, before coming to the throne, by the accomplished Stratonice, the daughter of his for- driving Alexander of Epirus out of Macedonia, and mer rival. The power of Demetrius again became also stripping him of his own dominions. He reigned formidable, an alliance with Ptolemy, who gave him ten years, and was succeeded by his son, Philip III. his daughter Ptolemaïs in marriage, having also added (Justin, 26, 2.-Id. ib., 28, 3.)-III. Son of Philip to its increase. Having compelled the Athenians to III., of Macedonia. He was an excellent prince, open their gates and receive a garrison, and having greatly beloved by his countrymen, and was sent by generously forgiven their previous fickleness, he turned his father as a hostage to Rome, where he also made his attention to Macedonia, and having embraced an many friends. He was subsequently liberated, and opportunity of interfering in the affairs of that country, not long after paid a second visit to the capital of Itawhich was afforded by dissensions between the two ly, as an ambassador from Philip, on which occasion sons of Cassander, he cut off Alexander, one of the he obtained, by his modest and candid deportment, two princes, and made himself master of the throne. favourable terms for his parent, when the latter was His restless ambition now projected new conquests in complained of to the Roman senate by the cities of Europe and Asia. Turning his arms against Pyrrhus, Greece. Returning home loaded with marks of dishe drove him from Thessaly, and then marched to tinction from the Romans, and honoured by the MaceThebes, which he took by assault. About the same donians themselves, who regarded him as the liberator time also he built the city of Demetrias on the Pelas- of their country, he excited the jealousy of his own fagic gulf; and, in order to increase his naval power, ther, and the envy and hatred of his brother Perses. formed a matrimonial union with the daughter of Aga- The latter eventually accused him of aspiring to the thocles, tyrant of Sicily. His fleet at length amounted crown, and of carrying on, for this purpose, a secret to 500 gallies, many of them having fifteen or sixteen correspondence with the Romans. Philip, lending too banks of oars; while his land forces exceeded consid- credulous an ear to the charge, put his son Demetrius erably 100,000 men, of which more than 12,000 were to death, and only discovered, when too late, the utter cavalry. This formidable power excited the alarm of falsity of the accusation. (Liv., 33, 30.—Id., 39, 35, Lysimachus and Ptolemy; the latter advanced against seqq.-Id., 40, 5.-Id., 40, 24.-Id., 40, 54, seqq.)— Greece with his fleet, while the former, with Pyrrhus IV. Surnamed Soter (Ewrnp), or "the Preserver," his ally, made a land attack on Macedon in two differ- was the son of Seleucus Philopător; and was sent by ent points at once. Demetrius took the field with his his father, at the age of twenty-three, as a hostage to usual alacrity, but when he approached the position of Rome. He was living there in this condition when Pyrrhus, the greater part of his troops deserted him, his father died of poison, B.C. 176. His uncle Antiand he was compelled to flee. Leaving Macedon a ochus Epiphanes thereupon usurped the throne, and prey to Lysimachus and Pyrrhus, the active Demetrius was succeeded by Antiochus Eupator. Demetrius, passed over into Asia Minor with a body of his best meanwhile, having in vain endeavoured to interest the troops, resolved to assail his adversary in the most senate in his behalf, secretly escaped from Rome, vulnerable quarter. The enterprise was at first at through the advice of Polybius the historian, and, findtended with the most brilliant success. In a short ing a party in Syria ready to support his claims, detime, however, a check was imposed on his career by feated and put to death Eupator, and ascended the Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus, and Demetrius throne. He was subsequently acknowledged as king was compelled to apply for protection to his aged son- by the Romans. After this he freed the Babylonians in-law Seleucus. The latter yielded to his solicita- from the tyranny of Timarchus and Heraclides, and tions only so far as to grant him permission to spend was honoured for this service with the title of Soter. two months within his territory; and was subsequently At a subsequent period he sent his generals Nicanor induced by his courtiers to rid himself of so dangerous a guest, by sending him a prisoner to a strong fortress on the Syrian coast, about sixty miles south of Antioch. A sufficient revenue was allowed him for his support, and he was permitted to indulge in the chace and other manly exercises, always, however, under the eye of his keepers. At last, however, giving up all active pursuits, he closed his checkered life, at the end of three years, a victim to chagrin, sloth, and intem

and Bacchides into Judæa, at the solicitation of Alcimus, the high-priest, who had usurped that office with the aid of Eupator. These two commanders ravaged the country, and Bacchides defeated and slew the celebrated Judas Maccabæus. Demetrius, at last, became so hated by his own subjects, and an object of so much dislike, if not of fear, to the neighbouring princes, that they advocated the claims of Alexander Bala, and he fell in battle against this competitor for the crown,

after having reigned twelve years (from B.C. 162 to him into Upper Asia. He reigned a little over six B.C. 150). His death was avenged, however, by his years. The Abbé Belley has written a learned disserson and successor Demetrius Nicator. (Polyb., 31, tation on the reign of this monarch, illustrated by med12.-Id., 31, 19.—Id., 32, 4, seqq.-Id., 33, 14, seqq. als. (Mem. de l'Acad. des. Inscr., vol. 29.)—VII. -Justin, 34, 3.—Id., 35, 1.)—V. Son of the prece- Pepagomenus, a medical writer, who flourished during ding, was surnamed Nicator, or "the Conqueror." the reign of Michael VIII. (Palæologus). By the orHe drove out Alexander Bala, with the aid of Ptole- der of this monarch, he wrote a work on the Gout my Philometor, who had given him his daughter Cle- (πɛρì Пodáypas). We have two treatises under his opatra in marriage, though she was already the wife of name; but it is extremely doubtful whether he was Bala. He ascended the throne B.C. 146, but soon indeed their author. The first is on the art of training abandoned himself to a life of indolence and debauch- falcons; the second, on the mode of breaking and ery, leaving the reins of government in the hands of training dogs. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 265.) Lasthenes, his favourite, an unprincipled and violent The best edition of the treatise on the gout is that of man. The disgust to which his conduct gave rise in- Bernhard, Amst., 1753, 8vo.-VIII. Phalereus (three duced Tryphon, who had been governor of Antioch syllables-aλnpɛúç), a native of Phalerum in Attica, under Bala, to revolt, and place upon the throne Anti- and the last of the more distinguished orators of ochus Dionysius, son of Bala and Cleopatra, a child Greece. He was the son of a person who had been only four years of age. A battle ensued, which De- slave to Timotheus and Conon. (Compare Elian, metrius was defeated, and Antiochus, now receiving Var. Hist., 12, 43, and the remarks of Perizonius, ad the surname of Theos, was conducted by the victors loc.) But, though born in this low condition, he soon to Antioch, and proclaimed king of Syria. He reign-made himself distinguished by his talents, and was aled, however, only in name. The actual monarch was ready a conspicuous individual in the public assemTryphon, who put him to death at the end of about blies when Antipater became master of Athens; for two years, and caused himself to be proclaimed in his he was obliged to save himself by flight from the venstead. Demetrius, meanwhile, held his court at Se- geance of the Macedonian partv. He was compelled leucia. Thinking that the crimes of Tryphon would to quit the city a second time, when Polysperchon soon make him universally detested, he turned his took possession of it through his son. Subsequently arms in a different direction, and marched against the named by Cassander as governor of Athens (B.C. Parthians, in the hope that, if he returned victorious, he 312), he so gained the affections of his countrymen, would be enabled the more easily to rid himself of his that, during the ten years in which he filled this ofSyrian antagonist. After some successes, however, fice, they are said to have raised to him three hunhe was entrapped and made prisoner by the Parthian dred and sixty statues. Athenæus, however, on the monarch Mithradates, and his army was attacked and authority of Duris, a Samian writer, reproaches him cut to pieces. His captivity among the Parthians was with luxurious and expensive habits, while he prescrian honourable one, and Mithradates made him espouse bed, at the same time, frugality to his fellow-citizens, his daughter Rhodoguna. The intelligence of this and fixed limits for their expenditures. It is thought, marriage so exasperated Cleopatra, that she gave her however, that Duris, or else Athenæus in copying him, hand to Antiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, who erred with respect to the name; since what the latter thereupon ascended the throne. Sidetes having been relates of Demetrius Phalereus, Ælian mentions of Deslain in a battle with the Parthians after a reign of metrius Poliorcetes. (Var. Hist., 9, 19.) After the several years, Demetrius escaped from the hands of death of his protector, Demetrius was driven from Mithradates and remounted the throne. His subjects, Athens by Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes (B.C. however, unable any longer to endure his pride and 306). The people of that city, always fickle, always cruelty, requested from Ptolemy Physcon, a king of the ungrateful, always the sport of the demagogues who race of the Seleucide to govern them. Ptolemy sent ruled them, overthrew the numerous statues they had Alexander Zebina. Demetrius, driven out by the Syr-erected to him, although he had been their benefactor ians, came to Ptolemais, where Cleopatra, his first wife, and idol, and even condemned him to death. Demethen held sway, but the gates were shut against him. trius, upon this, retired to the court of Alexandrea, He then took refuge in Tyre, but was put to death by where he lived upward of twenty years. It is generthe governor of the city. Zebina recompensed the ally supposed that he was the individual who gave Tyrians for this act, by permitting them to live ac- Ptolemy the advice to found the Museum and famous cording to their own laws, and from this period com- library. This prince consulted him also as to the mences what is called by chronologists the era of the choice of a successor. Demetrius was in favour of independence of Tyre, which was still subsisting at the monarch's eldest son, but the king eventually dethe time of the council of Chalcedon, 574 years after cided for the son whom he had by his second wife this event. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 13, 9.—Id. ib., 13, Berenice. When Ptolemy II., therefore, came to the 12.-Id. ib., 13, 17.—Justin, 36, 1.—Id., 39, 1.-throne, he revenged himself on the unlucky counselL'Art de verifier les Dates, vol. 2, p. 331.)-VI. Sur-lor by exiling him to a distant province in Upper named Eucarus (Eukaιpor), "the Seasonable" or "Fortunate," was the fourth son of Antiochus Grypus. He was proclaimed king at Damascus, and, in conjunction with his brother Philip, to whom a part of Syria remained faithful, drove out Antiochus Eusebes from that country, compelling him to take refuge among the Parthians. The two brothers then divided Syria between them, Antioch being the capital of Philip, and Damascus that of Demetrius. The latter afterward marched to the aid of the Jews, who had revolted from their king Alexander Janneus. He was recalled, however, to his own dominions by the news of an invasion on the part of his own brother Philip. He took Antioch, and besieged Philip in Berca; but the latter being succoured by the Parthians and Arabians, Demetrius was besieged in his own camp, and at length taken prisoner. He was brought to the King of Parthia, who treated him with great distinction, and sent

Egypt, where Demetrius put an end to his own life by the bite of an asp (B.C. 284.—Compare the dissertation of Bonamy, on the life of Demetrius Phalereus, Mem. de l'Acad. des. Inser. et Belles Lettres, vol. 7, p. 157, seqq.). Cicero describes Demetrius as a polished, sweet, and graceful speaker, but deficient in energy and power. (De Orat., 2, 23.—Brut., 9.) Quintilian assigns to him much of talent and fluency. (Inst. Or., 10, 1, 80.) Both writers, however, agree that he was the first who deviated in a marked degree from the character that previously belonged to Attic eloquence. We cannot form any opinion of our own respecting the merits of this writer, because his historical, political, and philosophical writings are all lost. In the number of these was a treatise "On the Ionians," and another "On the Laws of Athens," two pieces, the acquisition of which would prove of great value to us. Plutarch cites his treatise "On Socrates," which

eca,

66

appears to have contained also "a Life of Aristides." means of subsistence. His brother Damosis, howevWe have said that the works of Demetrius are lost: er, received him kindly, and liberally supplied all his there exists, it is true, under his name A Treatise wants. It was a law in Abdera, that whoever should on Elocution" (Tepì 'Épμnveiaç), a work full of in- waste his patrimony, should be deprived of the rites genious observations; but critics agree in making it of sepulture. Democritus, desiring to avoid this disof later origin. It appears that the copyists have con- grace, gave public lectures to the people, chiefly from founded Demetrius Phalereus with Demetrius of Alex- his larger Diacosmus, the most valuable of his wriandrea, who flourished under Marcus Aurelius, and was, tings; in return, he received from his hearers many perhaps, the author of the work in question. Besides valuable presents, and other testimonies of respect, the treatise on Elocution, there exists a small work On which relieved him from all apprehension of suffering the Apophthegms of the Seven Sages, which Stobæus public censure as a spendthrift. Democritus, by his has inserted in his third discourse, as being the produc- learning and wisdom, and especially by his acquainttion of Demetrius Phalereus.-The best editions of the ance with natural phenomena, acquired great fame, and treatise on Elocution are, that of Gale, Oxon., 1676, excited much admiration among the ignorant Abderites. 8vo, re-edited by Fischer, Lips., 1773, 8vo, and that By giving previous notices of unexpected changes in of J. G. Schneider, Alten., 1779, 8vo. This last is the weather, and by other artifices, he had the address printed with but little care; yet it is critical, and sup- to make them believe that he possessed a power of plied with an excellent commentary. (Schöll, Hist. predicting future events, and they not only looked upon Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 241, seqq.)—IX. A Cynic philos-him as something more than mortal, but even proposed opher, who flourished at Corinth in the first century. to invest him with the direction of their public affairs. During the reign of Caligula, he taught philosophy at From inclination and habit, however, he preferred a Rome, where he obtained the highest reputation for contemplative to an active life, and therefore declined wisdom and virtue. He was banished from Rome in these public honours, and passed the remainder of his the time of Nero, for his free censure of public man- days in solitude. It is said that from this time he ners. After the death of this emperor he returned to spent his days and nights in caverns and sepulchres; Rome; but the boldness of his language soon offend- and some even relate, that, in order to be more pered Vespasian, and again subjected him to the punish- fectly master of his intellectual faculties, he deprived ment of exile. Apollonius, with whom he had con- himself, by means of a burning-glass, of the organs of tracted a friendship, prevailed on Titus to recall him; sight. The story, however, is utterly incredible, since but under Domitian he shared the common fate of the writers who mention it affirm that Democritus philosophers, and withdrew to Puteoli. Seneca, who employed his leisure in writing books, and in dissectwas intimately acquainted with him, speaks in the ing the bodies of animals, neither of which could well highest terms of his masculine eloquence, sound judg- have been effected without eyes. Nor is greater credment, intrepid fortitude, and inflexible integrity. (Sen- it due to the tale that Democritus spent his leisure de Vit. Beat., 25.) hours in chemical researches after the philosopher's stone, the dream of a later age; or to the story of his conversation with Hippocrates, grounded upon letters which are said to have passed between the father of medicine and the people of Abdera, on the supposed madness of Democritus, but which are so evidently spurious that it would require the credulity of the Abderites themselves to suppose them genuine. The only reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from these and other marvellous tales, is, that Democritus was, what he is commonly represented to have been, a man of lofty genius and penetrating judgment, who, by a long course of study and observation, became an eminent master of speculative and physical science; the natural consequence of which was, that, like Roger Bacon in a later period, he astonished and imposed upon his ignorant and credulous countrymen. Petronius relates, that he was perfectly acquainted with the DEMOCRITUS, a celebrated philosopher, born at Ab- virtues of herbs, plants, and stones, and that he spent dera, about 490 or 494 B.C., but according to some, his life in making experiments upon natural bodies.460 or 470 B.C. His father was a man of noble fam- Democritus has been commonly known under the apily and of great wealth, and contributed largely to- pellation of "The Laughing Philosopher;" and it is wards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes, on his gravely related by Seneca (De Ira, 2, 10.—De Tranq., return to Asia. As a reward for this service, the Per-15), that he never appeared in public without expresssian monarch made him and the other Abderites rich ing his contempt of the follies of mankind by laughpresents, and left among them several Chaldæan Magi. ter. But this account is wholly inconsistent with Democritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was in- what has been related concerning his fondness for a structed by these Eastern sages in astronomy and the-life of gloomy solitude and profound contemplation; ology. After the death of his father, he determined and with the strength and elevation of mind which his to travel in search of wisdom; and devoted to this philosophical researches must have required, and which purpose the portion which fell to him, amounting to are ascribed to him by the general voice of antiquity. one hundred talents. He is said to have visited Egypt Thus much, however, may be easily admitted on the and Ethiopia, the Persian Magi, and, according to some, credit of Ælian (V. H., 4, 20) and Lucian (Vit. Auct., even the Gymnosophists of India. Whether, in the vol. 3, p. 112, ed. Bip.), that a man so superior to the course of his travels, he visited Athens or attended generality of his contemporaries, and whose lot it was to upon Anaxagoras, is uncertain. There can be little live among a race of men who were stupid to a proverb, doubt, however, that, during some part of his life, he might frequently treat their follies with ridicule and was instructed in the Pythagorean school, and particu- contempt. Accordingly, we find that, among his fellarly that he was a disciple of Leucippus. After a low-citizens, he obtained the appellation of yeλaoïvos, long course of years thus spent in travelling, Democri- or the " Derider." Democritus appears to have been tus returned to Abdera, richly stored with the treas-in his morals chaste and temperate; and his sobriety ures of philosophy, but destitute even of the necessary was repaid by a healthy old age. He lived and en

DEMOCEDES, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from Samos to Darius, king of Persia, where he acquired great riches and much reputation by two cures which he performed, one on the king, and the other on Atossa. Always desirous of returning to his native country, he pretended to enter into the views and interests of the Persians, and procured himself to be sent with some nobles to explore the coast of Greece, and to ascertain in what parts it might be attacked with the greatest probability of success. Stopping at Tarentum, the Persians were seized as spies, and Democedes escaped to Crotona, whither the Persians followed him, and demanded, but in vain, that he should be restored. He settled there, and married the daughter of Milo. (Elian, V. H., 8, 18. -Herodot., 3, 124, &c.)