whereby, should the occasion warrant it, they can issue | shares at a discount, or bring out new classes of shares having prior rights; where they can, in effect, render it practically impossible for any serious proportion of the profits to wander in undesirable directions. Should the inventor have the temerity to suggest that such terms would be hard if applied even to untried inventions which had still to live through that development period where childhood's diseases are active, recourse would be had to the awful effects of example. The ocean of commercial history is foul with the carcasses of dead and gone companies for exploiting chemical and quasi-chemical inventions, and one or more of these would be gibbeted for his benefit. Of course, he would not be given time, even if he had the necessary knowledge, to find out whether the company in question failed because the process was intrinsically bad, or whether, which is much more likely, it perished from that frequent disease of modern limited companies-water on the brain. or rather water in the shares. In my opinion the modern company law, with its attendant train of parasitical followers, is more responsible than anything else for the failure of scientic industries to advance in this country. The longer I am acquainted with the men who are something in the City, the greater is my respect for the workers of the North. Just before the war broke out I had almost completed negotiations whereby it would have been possible to introduce selected British inventions to a powerful group of German capitalists. It had long been obvious that it was a waste of time and energy to endeavour to get these, even intelligently, considered by English manufacturers or English capitalists. It proved possible to do more business in this direction in one week in Germany than in this country in a year. In many cases the German capitalists insisted upon having the right to acquire the English patent along with the German. They knew that England was a great market, and much the finest centre for building up an export trade; they also knew from past experience how small were the chances that they would have to meet any competition in this country. They had found from past experience that it was useless offering their own inventions on this side of the water, and in a large and ever-growing number of cases, convinced of the great value of the processes they were exploiting, they actually bought controlling interests in English companies in order to be in a position to force these to take up new methods which were vital to the progress of the industry in question. If a German discovers a new method for increasing the yield and cheapening the cost of a chemical substance which is an intermediate product in the manufacture of other intermediate products eventually used in dye-making, we can. not take on the manufactures ourselves, for it is valueless. Our chemical works are so far undeveloped in certain directions that they have no use for such a product. It is about as useful as an improved watch escapement would be to an Esquimaux. If the German starts a works in this country for making this and other products, or if he purchases a controlling interest in a firm with the object of compelling its manufacture, we complain of German dominance in our industry. The German commercial man was likened in this room to a burglar, and this because he visits our manufacturers in the middle of the day and finds them asleep. Modern commerce is warfare, and the weapons employed are-inventions, tireless industry, skill, and capital. We make the mistake of putting the last first. Those who do research and make inventions, whether in chemistry, engineering, or any other branch, are the yeasts which leaven the whole mass, but in this country we do not allow those conditions of warmth which permit the yeast to work. Gold in itself is not nearly so valuable a metal as iron, and we are slowly but surely finding out that capital itself is an over-valued possession if it be not used for the benefit of the industries and consequently of the nation as a whole. Our men at the front in defence of British honour and British security are risking their lives, but the English capitalist has no desire to risk CHEMICAL NEWS Jan. 1, 1915 anything. Having, through his own sloth and apathy, through his unwillingness to look ahead, through the inability born of ignorance to appreciate the right use of science, fallen behind in the race, he now desires protection. He would persuade the British people that representative government means government of the people, by the people, for the benefit of the-manufacturer. He is a veritable dog in the manger. He refuses to take up new processes or to apply new methods, and objects still more when others, with greater enterprise, seize the opportunity. If the greatest war, if the greatest opportunity this Empire will ever know will not move him to action, I am not so conceited as to imagine that any dialectic weapon which I can wield will be sharp enough to penetrate his hide-bound self-complacency, still less the triple brass of his imagined self-interest. A LICENCE TAXES AND COMPANY LAW. MEETING of the Imperial Advisory Council of the Institute of Industry and Commerce was held on December 22, 1914, at their offices on Aldwych Site, Strand, for the purpose of considering the best means of approaching the various Dominion Governments with a view to abolishing the payment of Licence Taxes payable by British commercial travellers in the Dominions and Colonies, and also for the purpose of considering the best means of bringing about the standardisation of Company Law throughout Great Britain, the Dominions, and Colonies, in order to facilitate commerce within the Empire. After carefully considering the proposals, the Council decided that a Memorandum should be drawn up by the Institute after consulting with the leading specialised trade organisations, and that this memorandum be submitted to the Agents General of the Dominions and Colonies for submission to their respective Governments. It is gratifying to learn that both suggestions were sympathetically considered and that everything possible will be done to straighten out any inequality that may be prevalent in Company Law and with regard to Licence Taxes payable by British commercial travellers travelling in the Dominions. Should the Committee be successful in accomplishing the objectives aimed at-and it looks as if it will be possible-it will have performed a very considerable service for the industry and commerce of the country. The policy of the Institute of Industry and Commerce is to develop a set of satisfactory working conditions within the Empire in which industry can operate, and if this is accomplished satisfactorily a considerable increase in business should follow. The institute continues to receive very distinguished support from among the leaders of industry and commerce. CONCERNING GAS FLAMES.* FLAME is a very interesting phenomenon when studied scientifically. There are many varieties of flame; to begin with, those that are smoky and those which are not. Our coal fires give out a terribly smoky flame, and thus waste a great deal of the fuel. An old-fashioned fish tail gas burner does not smoke visibly, but the state of any white ceiling above such a flame shows plainly that it does smoke in reality. It cannot help help doing so, becarbon suspended in the flame, and these have not all got cause its luminosity is due to the white-hot particles of time, so to speak, to combine with the oxygen of the air and get converted into carbonic acid. Hold a cold white plate above the gas flame, and it is blackened at once by the carbon particles escaping combustion. The Bunsen From the Pioneer of India, Nov. 4, 1914. (Written by a Member of the Royal Institution). burners used extensively in all chemical laboratories get over this trouble by allowing air to mix with gas just before it is ignited. The combustion of the gas is thus rendered more complete. For that reason it is non-luminous. There are no free carbon particles floating in it, to get hot and give out light, but it is all the hotter for that, because in the process of being properly burned they contribute to the heat of the flame. This is all very elementary chemistry, but it must be borne in mind, if we are to understand a new development connected with the subject of flame which may have a very important bearing on the use of gas, not merely for lighting up rooms, but for hugely important industrial operations. The new development in question, the result of long and patient work on the part of the inventor, Mr. A. C. Ionides, goes one better, or, shall I say, many better than the Bunsen burner. It has been found possible to mix the gas to be burned with exactly the right quantity of air required for its combustion. In this way the mixture is, of course, explosive in the highest possible degree. One cannot see at a glance why such a mixture, supplied through pipes, should not explode back through the pipes and blow up any community rash enough to use it, But before going on to explain how this contingency is averted, let me deal with certain interesting features of the arrangements, accepting for the moment that the explosion difficulty is circumvented. The mixture combines within itself both the combustible and the supporter of combustion. It will burn on indefinitely in a closed vessel, not even incommoded by its own products of combustion. I have seen this proved (at the inventor's laboratory) by an extremely pretty device. A transparent tube, looking like an ordinary glass testtube, but really made of the all-but infusible silica, now so great a blessing to the chemist, is held up inverted in a frame. A fine silica tube carrying the self-supporting mixture is lighted and put up inside the inverted tube, which, of course, is closed at the top. The minute colourless flame burns within half an inch of the top, and then, as the whole arrangement gets hot, apparently goes out. But one sees by the intensity of the heat maintained that it has not really gone out. It has simply subsided into the condition of perfect combustion, which does not express itself in a flame at all. Perfect combustion, in fact, is an invisible process, or one that only betrays itself by generating intense heat, which has the usual effect on bodies in the neighbourhood of making them visible enough; intensely luminous indeed, if they can bear heat without catching fire. Visible flame thus turns out to be itself, in a minor degree, wasteful like smoke. This flame which you cannot see is a curiously fascinating spectacle-to put the idea paradoxically-for anyone who appreciates its scientific significance. And the experiment with the silica tube is significant in another way. That confined space must obviously become filled at once with the products of the combustion going on-CO2 and H2O. That does not interfere at all with the comfort of the invisible flame, and the products in question are simply driven down as they accumulate. Perfect combustion, in short, does not require a chimney, only a drain pipe to carry off the H2O. No such wholesale precaution is required when the new self-supporting gas is simply used for domestic illumination. In that connection the invisble flame is employed to heat an incandescent mantle, and it does so much more effectually than the ordinary Bunsen flame now used for that work. But the big, important application of the new process has to do with furnace work. Applied on a large scale to the work of heating crucibles, the results are very striking. Any given quantity of gas does so much more work when burned as a self-supporting mixture than it does burned in the ordinary way, that the economy is something like 40 per cent. And many factories concerned with melting metal use gas furnaces, so that there seems to be an important practical future for the invention I have been describing. | 9 vide for the safety of a system that at the first glance seems equivalent to a proposal to use gunpowder as a new kind of fuel for fire grates. The rate at which explosion waves travel through pipes has been long under investigation, and a pressure that is not at all excessive for gas lighting purposes would exceed the rate at which explosion waves start. But pressure may vary. It was obvious that the new system could not rely on pressure alone. Elaborate experiment has shown that there is a way of baffling the explosion wave. It just behind the burner, the flow of the explosive gases is interrupted by a flat disc of small diameter, round the edges of which the gas has to pass, no explosion wave will ever get back beyond that obstruction. The aggregate sectional area of the crack round the disc must be just equal to the sectional area of the pipe conveying the gas, but that condition once established the explosive gas may, it appears, be burned with perfect safety. The disc need not be very large. For a quarterinch tube, conveying enough gas mixture to heat up a mantle giving 160 candle-power, a disc only only one and a-quarter inch in diameter is enough to baffle explosion. With a half-inch pipe, such as would be required for a gas fire in an ordinary room, the baffling disc would be three inches in diameter. In the case of large gas furnaces no such arrangements are required, because the gas and air are only mixed just before the place of ignition. In order to keep the mixture just right a device is employed which could not be explained without diagrams. Enough to say that it depends upon balancing the respective pressures of gas and air, so that the character of the mixture, as delivered at the place of ignition, is always the same. PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. - CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Prof. W. H. PERKIN, LL.D., F.R.S., President, THE PRESIDENT mentioned, with deep regret, that Mr. John Gunning Moore Dunlop, of Caius College, Cambridge, who was elected a Fellow on June 17, 1909, had been killed in action on August 27. It was announced that the Council had passed the following resolution : "The President and Council of the Chemical Society, at their first meeting of the Session, desire to be associated with the statements and opinions set forth by certain scholars and public men in their manifesto published in The Times of October 21, 1914." It was also announced that a Research prize of the value of £200 has been placed by Sir Robert Hadfield, F.R.S., Past-President of the Iron and Steel Institute, at the disposal of the Council of that Institute, to be awarded by the Council to the author of the best contribution to the publications of the Institute on the subject of the "Different Forms or Combinations of Carbon in Iron, Steel, and Alloys of Iron with other Elements." Competition for the prize is open to metallurgists, chemists, and others interested in metallurgy, and it is proposed that the prize shall be awarded at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute in May, 1916, for the best paper presented before February 1, 1916. Intending competitors are requested to communicate, in the first place with Mr. G. C. Lloyd, Secretary of the Iron and Steel Institute, 28, Victoria Street, S.W., from whom further information may be obtained. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Messrs. Frank Buckley, 10, Berry Street, Greenfield, But I have not yet dealt with the arrangements that pro- | Oldham; Reginald Robert Kuntzen, Grammar School, Progressi e Bromination of Toluenė. Ipswich, Queensland; Harry Shulman, 21, Tredegar A certificate has been authorised by the Council for presentation to ballot, under By-law I. (3}, in favour of Mr. Thomas Clifton Hurford, Puket, Siam. by adding alkaline chloroamine to aqueous aminocamphor hydrochloride, crystallises from petroleum in colourless needles melting at 43° and decomposing at 85°; it liberates iodine from potassium iodide, and regenerates aminocamphor with sodium sulphite. The dry substance rapidly changes into a honey-like mass, losing chlorine, and solutions in benzene or petroleum quickly deposit aminocamphor hydrochloride and contain the anhydride of cyanolauronic acid. In acetone it also gives aminocamphor hydrochloride along with a compound, C16H23ON, melting at 155°. Ammonia converts it into iminocamphor, and aniline is oxidised to azobenzene. DISCUSSION. ~ Prof. GREEN suggested that camphorylhydrazine might possibly be obtainable either by treating chloro(or bromo). camphor with hydrazine, or by the action of dry ammonia gas on N-chloroaminocamphor in a non-aqueous solvent. *278. "The Dissociation Pressures of Alkali Bicarbonates. Part II. Potassium, Rubidium, and Casium Hydrogen Carbonates." By ROBERT MARTIN CAVEN and HENRY JULIUS SALOMON SAND. The dissociation pressures of the hydrogen carbonates of potassium, rubidium, and cæsium have been determined by means of the apparatus formerly employed for sodium hydrogen carbonate (Trans, 1911, xcix., 1359), and curves have been drawn which accord with the formula: log pa-b/T. The values of the constants are:-For KHCO3, a=10832, b=3420; for RbHCO3, a=12712, b = 4300; for CSHCO3, a = 16.930, b 6300. From the values of the constant b the following heats of dissociation per 2-grm.-molecules of hydrogen carbonate are derived: KHCO3, 31,460 cals.; RbHCO3, 39,560 cals.; CsHCO3, 57,960 cals. The results of the experiments on the dissociation pressures of the alkali hydrogen carbonates show that not only that the stabilities towards heat of these salts increase with rise of atomic weight, but also that sodium hydrogen carbonate is widely separated from the other three salts in stability. This furnishes another illustration of the fact that a break occurs in the gradation of properties of compounds of the alkali metals at the point of transition from the short to the long periods in the periodic classification of the elements. 279. "The Removal of Sulphur from Silver." CRELLYN COLGRAVE BISSETT. By The effect produced by adding varying percentages of copper and iron respectively to molten silver containing silver sulphide in solution has been determined. In the case of iron it was found that ferrous sulphide was formed, the whole of the silver in combination with sulphur being displaced by iron if sufficient for this purpose was added. Ferrous sulphide is insoluble in silver. Copper was found to behave differently. It was only when a considerable percentage of the copper had alloyed with the silver that the sulphide was removed completely from solution. Even under these conditions the sulphide layer still contained a fairly large percentage of silver. The results obtained by blowing a current of dry air through molten silver containing sulphur have also been determined. CHEM CAL NEWS, Jan 1, 1915 280. "Osmotic Pressure of Alcoholic Solutions." By TUDOR WILLIAMS PRICE, Measurements have been made of the vapour pressure of alcohol and of alcoholic solutions of carbamide and nitrobenzene, of various concentrations, at 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60° by the air bubbling method. The densities were also determined. The osmotic pressures were calculated from the formula: whereP a Þ p' Vo == osmotic pressure of the solution. coefficient of compressibility of the solvent. vapour pressure of the solvent. vapour pressure of the solution. 281. "The Polysulphides of the Alkali Metals. Part II. The Polysulphides of Potassium." By Alexander Rule. In continuation of previous work on the polysulphides of the alkali metals (Rule and Thomas, Trans., 1914, cv., 177) the author has investigated the action of sulphur on alcoholic solutions of pure anhydrous potassium hydrosulphide. With varying proportions of sulphur the only polysulphide product obtained was the pentasulphide, which was readily isolated in the pure state. It is an orange-red crystalline compound, melting at about 220". By determining the amount of hydrogen sulphide evolved by the action of varying amounts of sulphur on a constant amount of hydrosulphide throughout, it is also shown that the pentasulphide is the polysulphide present in predominating amount in solution. Considering the results in general, and comparing them with those obtained for sodium, and for rubidium and cæsium by Biltz and Dörfurt (Ber., 1905, xliii., 53; Zeit. Anorg. Chem., 1906, xlviii., 297; 1., 67), the stability of the higher polysulphides appears to increase with increase in the atomic weight of the alkali metal. The highest stable polysulphide of sodium is the tetrasulphide. The pentasulphides of potassium, rubidium, and cæsium are perfectly well defined, and exhibit an inverse order of solubility with increasing atomic weight, thus coming into line with the platinichlorides, alums, &c., of the same metals. No indication of the formation of a hexasulphide of potassium has been obtained in the course of the author's experiments, whereas Biltz and Dōrfurt were able to show the existence of hexasulphides, both of rubidium and cæsium. The possible influence of the alkali metal on the number of atoms of sulphur taken up to form the polysulphide complex was discussed. 282. "The Progressive Bromination of Toluene." (A Reply). By JULIUS BEREND COHEN and PAVITRA KUMAR Dutt. (Rec. Trav. Chim., 1914, xxxiii., 183) Prof. A. F. Holleman In the appendix to a paper on the bromination of toluene has thrown doubt on the production of m-bromotoluene by the direct bromination of toluene which the authors have observed (Trans., 1914, cv., 504). Prof. Holleman says:-"Il me semble que la preuve que MM. Cohen et Dutt ont donnée de sa présence n'est pas tout-à-fait rigoureuse. Car d'abord ces savants se sont placés dans des circonstances défavorables pour la découverte de petites quantités de l'isomère méta en faisant réagir le brome et le toluène molécule par molécule, ce qui cause la formation de produits bromés supérieurs. Par oxydation ceux-ci donnent des acides dibromobenzoïques qui sont très difficiles à séparer, aussi bien entre eux que des acides monobromobenzoïques. Nonobstant que les savants nommés aient trouvé des points de fusion de l'éther méthylique et de l'acide, correspondant à peu près avec ceux des substances méta pures, cette preuve ne peut donc être regardée comme décisive, surtout parce que ni l'essai de la mélange, ni des analyses ont corroboré ce résultat." CHEMICAL NEWS, Jan. 1, 1915 Researches on Silicon Compounds. Prof. Holleman's criticism is to some extent justified, although the boiling-point of the mixed bromotoluenes (180-190°) would obviously exclude the presence of dibromo-derivatives which boil at about 240°. In order to meet this criticism the authors have (1) mixed the m-bromobenzoic acid (m. p. 157—158°), obtained by the oxidation of the bromotoluene by direct bromination, with a pure specimen prepared by brominating benzoic acid (m. p. 157'5—158.5°), and found that the mixture melted at 157-158°; (2) made an analysis of the acid with the following result : 0.1232 gave O'1160 AgBr; Br=40'06. C7H5O2Bг requires Br-39.8 per cent. The above affords conclusive proof that the substance in question is m-bromotoluene. 283. "Researches on Silicon Compounds. Part VI. Preparation of Silicon Tetrachloride, Disilicon Hexachloride, and the Higher Chlorides of Silicon by the Action of Chlorine on 50 per cent Ferrosilicon, together with a Discussion on their Mode of Formation." By GEOFFREY MARTIN. The author described a very cheap process of preparing the chlorides of silicon by the action of chlorine on 50 per cent ferrosilicon. He has investigated the most favourable conditions for the action to take place, and described his apparatus, whereby he produced more than 50 kilos. of silicon tetrachloride and 3 kilos. of disilicon hexachloride by passing 150 kilos. of chlorine over about 50 kilos. of 50 per cent ferrosilicon. The apparatus used for distilling large amounts of the chlorides of silicon in absence of atmospheric moisture was also described. By this process the author prepared some kilos. of the hitherto difficultly accessible and costly disilicon hexachloride, Si2C16, and was able to investigate its properties more carefully than has hitherto been possible. He also obtained 180 grms. of trisilicon octachloride, Si3Cl8, and smaller quantities of higher chlorides. Gattermann and Weinlig (Ber., 1894, xxvii., 1943) attributed the formation of disilicon hexachloride in the chlorination of silicon to the fact that silicon tetrachloride reacted with silicon to produce the hexachloride, thus: Si+3SiCl4=2Si2Cl6. Experiments were quoted, however, to show that Gattermann and Weinlig were wrong in this, as at the low temperatures employed in the preparation of silicon tetrachloride the latter does not react with silicon to produce noticeable amounts of disilicon hexachloride. The only explanation that meets the facts of the case is the supposition that in elementary silicon or in metallic silicides the silicon atoms are directly united in chains, and❘ that the first action of chlorine on silicon (or metallic silicides) is not immediately to break up these chains of silicon atoms, but that there are first produced complex chlorinated products still containing chains of silicon atoms directly united. These complex chlorides are then attacked by more chlorine, and decompose into simple chlorides, silicon tetrachloride being thus not the first product of chlorination, but rather the final product. 284. "Researches on Silicon Compounds. Part VII. The Action of Ethyl Alcohol on Disilicon Hexachloride." By GEOFFREY MARTIN. When ethyl alcohol acts on disilicon hexachloride the following nine substances are, theoretically, capable of of which has hitherto been being produced, none described : SiCl3 SiC13 SiCl2 OEt SiCl, SiCl2 OEt | I Each direct Si - Si linking thus corresponds with the evolution of one molecule of hydrogen. The curious circumstance was noted that great cold is produced when alcohol acts on disilicon hexachloride, a vigorous action going on at the same time. Although the first equivalents of chlorine of the disilicon hexachloride molecule are readily displaced by ethoxy-groups, yet it was shown that as each successive chlorine atom is removed the displacement proceeds with greater and greater difficulty, so that the substances Si2Cl2(OEt), and SiCI(OEt), are scarcely acted on by ethyl alcohol at the ordinary temperature. 285. "Investigations on the Dependence of Rotatory Power on Chemical Constitution. Part XI. The Coordination of the Rotatory Powers (a) of Menthyl Compounds, (b) of the Menthones, and (c) of the Borneols." By JOSEPH KENYON and ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD. One "characteristic diagram" (compare Armstrong and Walker, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1913, [A], lxxxviii., 388) serves to co-ordinate the rotatory powers for different wavelengths, not only of l-menthol, d-neomenthol, and theit esters, but also of l-menthylamine and its simple derivatives. This method of plotting rotation values fails when the compound contains two possible and dissimilar centres of dynamic isomerism, such as, for example, the menthyl esters of the nitro- and o-iodo-benzoic acids and 2The rotatory powers, hownaphthylmenthylcarbamide. ever, of the menthyl esters of a number of mono- and dinitrobenzoic acids can all be co-ordinated on another diagram, which differs considerably from that drawn for the simpler menthyl compounds. The rotation of l-menthone and d-isomenthone can also be co-ordinated on a characteristic diagram, whilst the same method has been applied successfully to the rotatory powers of l-borneol, disoborneol, and esters of these. 286. "The Rotatory Powers, Refractivities, and Molecular Solution-volumes of Cinchonicine and some Derivatives." (Preliminary Note). BY DAVID HENRY PEACOCK. The greater number of the investigations on the connection between rotatory power and constitution have been carried out on esters. Pope and Winmill (Trans., 1912, ci., 2309) examined the derivatives of tetrahydroquinaldine, and it was thought that a similar examination of cinchonicine and its derivatives might produce useful results. The preparation of the acyl derivatives proved, however, exceedingly troublesome. In several cases, even after many modifications, of the method of working, only uncrystallisable gums were obtained. Owing to the pressure of other work this investigation has been temporarily stopped, but the following results are given as of interest. The examination of the physical expressions for refractivity and optical rotatory power at once shows that there should subsist a close connection between the two properties (see, for example, Wood's "Physical Optics "). Optical rotatory power may be altered owing to a change in the degree of asymmetry of the molecule; for instance, SiCl2 OEt SiCl(OEt)2 SiCl2 OEt Si(OEt), SiCl(OEt)2 it vanishes when the molecule becomes symmetrical, or by r Two forms. such changes in the internal forces as affect both rotatory power and refractivity, for instance, the presence of conjugated double bonds. Substitution may act in both ways, and by a comparison of its effect on both properties it might be possible to separate these two effects; at present, however, the only means of deducing the refractivity of a dissolved substance is from the value of d n2+2 Benzoylcinchonicine was prepared by the usual SchottenBaumann process. It crystallises in rosettes of small prisms melting at 65° (found, N=7'00; C26H26O2N2 requires N=704 per cent). m-Nitrobenzoylcinchonicine forms colourless needles melting at 119° : 01507 gave 1132 cc. N2 at N.T.P; N = 9'44; С26H2504N3 requires N = 9.48 per cent. p-Toluenesulphonylcinchonicine crystallises from alcohol in skew tetrahedra melting at 127°. These are sparingly soluble in alcohol at 25° : 01560 gave 8.06 cc. N2 at N.T.P.; N = 6'5; C26H28O3N2S requires N = 6.25 per cent. Picrylcinchonicine was prepared from the base and picryl chloride. It crystallises from acetone in lustrous golden scales, melting at 180°, and is very sparingly soluble in most organic solvents : 01117 gave 12.70 cc. N2 at N.T.P.; N = 13'97; C25H23O7N5 requires N = 13·86 per cent. The solutions of the above compounds were examined at 25°. The rotatory powers were measured in 2-dcm. tubes, the densities measured in pyknometers holding about 10 cc., and the refractivities measured in a Zeiss total reflection refractometer. In the following table are collected the molecular weights, rotatory powers, refractivities, and solutionvolumes at 25° of the above substances : The results show some interesting effects. Like sec.butylamine (Pope and Gibson, Trans., 1912, ci., 1702), cinchonicine has its rotatory power lowered considerably by the introduction of the p-toluenesulphonyl group. The introduction of the picryl group causes a complete change in the sign of the rotation, and also increases the magnitude very considerably. There do not seem to be any details of other cases of the effect of the picryl group, and it is hoped to examine further this behaviour. Adopting the electronic theory of molecular structure then, the effect of a substitution will be due partly to its disturbance of the intramolecular electrical field of force and partly to the mass of the substituent. If rotatory power is due to vibrating electrons, then the relative effect of these two quantities will depend on the value of elm for the vibrating electron, and on the magnitudes of the {CHEMICAL NEWS Jan. 1, 1915 about within the molecule. This second type of change changes in mass and intramolecular electrical force brought may be deducible on lines similar to those used by Flürscheim in his applications of Thiele's theory of partial valencies, and has already been examined to some extent by Hilditch. NOTICES OF BOOKS. The Raw Materials for the Enamel Industry and their Chemical Technology By JULIUS GRÜNWALD, Dr. Ing. Translated by HERBERT H. HODGSON, M.A. (Camb.), B.Sc. (London), Ph.D. (Heidelberg). London : Charles Griffin and Co., Ltd. 1914. THE enamel industry has been developed entirely within the last twenty years, and has rapidly become of great economic importance, especially in Germany and Austria. There is no reason why it should not be prosecuted with equal success in England, and the present time offers British manufacturers an excellent chance of undertaking a lucrative enterprise. This book by Dr. Grünwald, who is a foremost authority in the enamel industries, will be of the greatest interest to those who are engaged, or hope to be engaged, in similar work. The geology and chemical technology of felspars, clays, borax, cryolite, and other raw materials are fully discussed, and detailed descriptions are given of methods of preparation and purification. Statistics of prices, production, &c., and also many recipes for enamels are included. Technical Methods_of_Chemical Analysis. Edited by GEORGE LUNGE, Ph.D. English Translation edited by CHARLES ALEXANDER KEANE, D.Sc., Ph.D. Volume III., Part I. London: Gurney and Jackson. 1914. THE third volume of this treatise is a translation with some alterations and additions of the third and fourth volumes of the last German edition published in 1910-II. Part I. includes Oils, Fats, and Waxes, Gums, Drugs, Organic Preparations, Rubber, Leather, Tanning Materials, and Inks. Each section has been revised by an English expert, and where necessary alterations have been made in accordance with English practice. For comprehensiveness and reliability the book is unsurpassed, and it is too well known in analytical and college laboratories to need further recommendation. Food Industries. By HERMANN T. VULTE, Ph.D., F.C.S., and SADIE B. VANDERBILT, B.S. Easton, Pa.: The Chemical Publishing Co. 1914. THIS book will be useful for students of home economics who are attending a course of lectures and practical work upon the processes employed in the manufacture and preparation of foods, and the educated housekeeper who takes an intelligent interest in her work will be able to learn much from it. In order to profit by the information given in it a knowledge of physics and chemistry would be useful, but it need not be regarded as entirely indispensable. The functions and nature of different classes of food are discussed in an introductory chapter, and then each important class of food is treated in more or less detail. Much attention is paid to wheat, flour, bread, and the manufacture and uses of various cereals for breakfast foods. The packing house and the canning industry are also fully discussed, and some account is given of methods of pre serving foods. The book contains much historical informa tion, and is written in a very interesting and readable style. |